An intrinsic case study (Stake, 1995) was implemented to analyze data on social groups. In particular, naturally occurring social interactions were observed to decipher how cliques and hierarchies were displayed among groups of young children aged three to six. Participants were 16 pre-kindergarten children, four core staff members, three student teachers, and nine student workers or practicum students in a laboratory classroom setting. The fieldwork transpired over 28 visits, totaling approximately 93 hours, at a campus childcare facility referred to as The Center. Data collection consisted of observation, time samples, and semi-structured interviews. Distinct characteristics of this study included the uniqueness of the setting and the areas of data collection within the classroom. The researcher documented every 30 minutes where the children were located as well as with whom they were playing. The time samples resulted in 307 single interactions, 273 dyadic interactions, 131 triadic interactions, 58 quad interactions, and 60 interactions with five or more children which calculated to 829 total interactions documented in 182 time samples. The form and function of each relationship identified was explored through the use of observational field notes and semi-structured interviews with the children. In addition, supplemental perspectives from the core staff member interviews were included. Three sets of children had notably more dyadic interactions captured in the time samples. One triadic set of children had considerably more interactions captured and another set, although not as evident in the time samples, was identified by the core staff members. The researcher explored the relationships identified to determine the consistency within the roles, the impact of gender, and manner in which power was established. One small scale hierarchy transformed into an established hierarchy as two children floated in and out of the clique or when other children attempted to enter their play. Close examination of the functioning of this hierarchy led to the emergent themes of The Power of Exclusiveness and The Power of Exclusion. Suggestions for future research and implications for practice are detailed.

<p>Salmonids, such as rainbow trout, form social hierarchies, consisting of dominant and subordinate individuals, when in groups in environments with limiting resources, such as space or food. There were two main objectives for this thesis: to investigate the physiological consequences of being in a social hierarchy as well as to investigate whether grouped social status or individual behaviour most accurately recorded physiological data for a hierarchy and secondly, to investigate the behavioural and physiological changes of groups of rainbow trout exposed to ammonia concentrations which are above chronic protected guidelines.</p> <p>To create social hierarchies, groups of four fish were fed by a new method using a darkened feeding container, twice daily (morning and evening) for eight days. Each morning feeding was videotaped in order to record aggressive behaviour. Each aggressive act was scored, allowing for fish to be assigned a social status. For ammonia exposures, groups of fish were exposed to either 700, 1200 and 1500 µM total ammonia (or 2.97, 5.10, 6.37 µM NH3, respectively) 24 hours before first feeding and these concentrations were maintained throughout the experiment. On day 5 and day 10, physiological parameters were taken in fish fasted for 24-h in control and 700 µM total ammonia exposed hierarchies.</p> <p>Social hierarchies were created in all ammonia-free and 700 µM total ammonia groups, with no hierarchies formed in 1200 and 1500 µM total ammonia groups. In M.Sc. Thesis – Josias (Si) Grobler McMaster University – Department of Biology iv ammonia-free hierarchies, one fish would become dominant, while the three subordinate individuals would each assume a stable social rank and display similar physiology which was different from the dominant fish.</p> <p>Fish from the 700 µM total ammonia group showed reductions in various physiological parameters during period 1, however, these fish displayed similar values as what was reported in ammonia-free hierarchies during period 2. This suggests biochemical or physiological changes occurring in these fish in order to acclimate to the high ammonia environment</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

A problemática central deste trabalho é a multifacetada relação estabelecida entre as estruturas eclesiásticas da América portuguesa e o Santo Ofício por intermédio do clero (e de suas carreiras) no decorrer do século XVIII. Elucidamos aspectos ainda pouco conhecidos dos instrumentos e estratégias que tornaram possível a presença inquisitorial no Brasil, território que nunca sediou um tribunal da Inquisição. Tal ausência hipertrofiava as conexões entre a esfera eclesiástica local e a esfera inquisitorial. Investigamos também o impacto destes aparatos institucionais na sociedade colonial, evidenciando principalmente seus papéis na estruturação das hierarquias sociais. / The main question of this work is the multifaceted relationship established between the ecclesiastical structures of Portuguese America and the Holly Office through the clergy (and their careers) during the eighteenth century. We clarify these little known aspects of the strategies that made possible the presence of the Inquisition in Brazil, a land that has never hosted a tribunal of the Inquisition. This lack hypertrophied the connections between the local ecclesiastical sphere and the inquisitorial sphere. We investigate also the impact of these institutional apparatuses in colonial society, particularly highlighting their roles in the process of structuring of social hierarchies.

O objetivo da presente tese foi investigar o efeito do nível de dificuldade do adversário nas respostas hormonais, comportamentais e de desempenho de jovens jogadores de basquetebol. Para tanto, 29 atletas de basquetebol do sexo masculino, das categorias sub-15, sub-16 e sub-17 de um mesmo clube (15,3 ± 1,1 anos; 85,5 ± 15,0 kg; 189,0 ± 7,9 cm) foram avaliados na primeira fase do Campeonato Paulista em três partidas com diferentes níveis de dificuldade do adversário (Difícil, Médio e Fácil) para cada uma das três categorias, somando um total de nove partidas. As concentrações salivares de cortisol (C) e testosterona (T) pré e pós-partida, a ansiedade pré-competitiva, o desempenho técnico através do número de envolvimentos técnico-táticos com bola de cada jogador, a percepção subjetiva de esforço da sessão (PSE da sessão) e o desempenho percebido, foram consideradas em cada partida. A comparação de T e C, e o desempenho técnico foi realizada com uma análise de modelos mistos de um (nível de dificuldade) ou dois fatores (nível de dificuldade e momento), com medidas repetidas. Por sua vez, a comparação das variáveis ansiedade pré-competitiva, PSE da sessão e desempenho percebido foi realizada pelo teste de Friedman, seguido do teste de Wilcoxon, quando necessário. Em ambas as análises foi utilizado o post hoc de Bonferroni. Além disso, a associação entre as repostas normalizadas pelo score Z da variação de T com o desempenho percebido e técnico foi verificada por meio da correlação de Pearson. Em todas as análises foi adotado o nível de significância de 5%. Foi verificado aumento de T do pré para o pós nas partidas contra adversários de nível de dificuldade Fácil (p = 0,0064) e Médio (p = 0,0375). A C pós-partida foi superior aos valores pré (p < 0,0001), independentemente do nível de dificuldade; e C no nível Fácil foi inferior ao nível Médio (p = 0,0351) e Difícil (p = 0,0035). A ansiedade cognitiva foi maior no nível Difícil em relação ao nível Fácil (p < 0.01). A ansiedade somática, por sua vez, foi maior no nível Difícil em relação aos níveis Fácil (p<0,001) e Médio (p = 0,01), e maior no nível Médio em relação ao nível Fácil (p = 0,004). A PSE da sessão foi maior no nível Difícil em relação aos níveis Fácil (p = 0,003) e Médio (p = 0,003). Não foi observado efeito do nível de dificuldade para autoconfiança (p = 0,118), desempenho técnico (p = 0,728) e desempenho percebido (p = 0,113). Além disso, não foi verificada correlação significante entre as variáveis desempenho técnico e percebido com a variação da concentração de T (r < 0,35 e p > 0,07 para todas as comparações). Os resultados da presente tese indicam que quanto maior o nível de dificuldade do adversário maior a ansiedade pré-competitiva e a PSE da sessão. A concentração de C aumentou independente do nível do adversário. Já a T aumentou nos jogos de menor dificuldade, mas não no jogo Difícil. Esse aumento da T não se correlacionou significativamente com o desempenho técnico ou percebido. Não houve influência do nível do adversário no desempenho técnico ou percebido / The aim of this thesis was to investigate the effect of the adversary difficulty level on hormonal and behavioral responses, technical performance and perceived performance in young basketball players. Thereunto, 29 male young basketball players, from under-15, under-16 and under-17 categories from the same club (15.3 ± 1.1 years, 85.5 ± 15.0 kg, 189.0 ± 7.9 cm) were evaluated in the first phase of the Paulista Championship in three matches with different opponent difficulty levels (Hard, Medium and Easy) for each of the three categories, totaling nine matches. Salivary concentrations of cortisol (C) and testosterone (T) pre and post-match, pre-competitive anxiety, technical performance through individual technical-tactical ball involvements, session rating of perceived exertion (session-RPE) and perceived performance were considered in each match. The comparisons of T and C, and technical performance were performed with a mixed model analysis with one (difficulty level) or two factors (difficulty level and moment), with repeated measures. On the other hand, the comparisons of pre-competitive anxiety, session-RPE and perceived performance were performed by the Friedman test, followed by the Wilcoxon test, when it was necessary. In both analyses, Bonferroni post hoc was used. Moreover, the association between the responses normalized by the Z score of T variation with the perceived and technical performance was verified through the Pearson correlation. A significance level of 5% was adopted for all analyzes. It was verified an increase in T from pre- to post-match against Easy (p = 0,0064) and Medium (p = 0,0375) opponent levels. C level increased from pre- to post-match, regardless of the difficulty level; and C in the Easy level was lower than the Medium (p = 0.0351) and Hard (p = 0.0035) difficulty levels. Cognitive anxiety was higher in the Hard level compared to the Easy one (p <0.01). Somatic anxiety, on the other hand, was higher in the Hard level compared to the Easy (p <0.001) and Medium (p = 0.01) levels and was higher in the Medium level compared to the Easy one (p = 0.004). Session-RPE was higher in the Hard level compared to the Easy (p = 0.003) and Medium (p = 0.003) levels. No effect of difficulty level for self-confidence (p = 0.118), technical performance (p = 0.728) and perceived performance (p = 0.113) was observed. In addition, no significant correlation was observed between the technical and perceived performance with T variation (r <0.35 and p> 0.07 for all comparisons). The results of this thesis indicate that the higher the opponent difficulty level, the greater the pre-competitive anxiety and the session-RPE. C increased independently of the opponent level. T increased in less difficult matches, but not in the Hard one. This increase in T did not correlate significantly with the technical or perceived performance. There was no influence of the opponent\'s level on technical or perceived performance

A problemática central deste trabalho é a multifacetada relação estabelecida entre as estruturas eclesiásticas da América portuguesa e o Santo Ofício por intermédio do clero (e de suas carreiras) no decorrer do século XVIII. Elucidamos aspectos ainda pouco conhecidos dos instrumentos e estratégias que tornaram possível a presença inquisitorial no Brasil, território que nunca sediou um tribunal da Inquisição. Tal ausência hipertrofiava as conexões entre a esfera eclesiástica local e a esfera inquisitorial. Investigamos também o impacto destes aparatos institucionais na sociedade colonial, evidenciando principalmente seus papéis na estruturação das hierarquias sociais. / The main question of this work is the multifaceted relationship established between the ecclesiastical structures of Portuguese America and the Holly Office through the clergy (and their careers) during the eighteenth century. We clarify these little known aspects of the strategies that made possible the presence of the Inquisition in Brazil, a land that has never hosted a tribunal of the Inquisition. This lack hypertrophied the connections between the local ecclesiastical sphere and the inquisitorial sphere. We investigate also the impact of these institutional apparatuses in colonial society, particularly highlighting their roles in the process of structuring of social hierarchies.

Racism in the United States is persistent and its negative effects are widespread. The social hierarchy in the United States positions White people as the dominant culture and Black people, among other races, as a minority culture. Current literature provides insight into explicit and implicit individual expressions of racism; however, very little research clarifies the effects racism has on the continuance and structure of the social race hierarchy. This study utilizes social gender hierarchy research to investigate how racism-induced hostility toward the dominant culture relates to an individual's perception of the stability of the race hierarchy. This quantitative survey study compared a prime versus a non-prime condition. In the prime condition, Black participants (n = 129) were presented with racist statements to elicit a "hostility toward White individuals" response. A 6-point Likert-type scale quantified participants' perceptions of the stability of the race hierarchy. A one-way between subjects ANOVA was conducted by comparing the perceived stability means as measured by the Race Hierarchy Scale. Contrary to expectation, the prime did not produce a statistically significant change in the perceived stability of the race hierarchy. The data did reveal a chronic individual perception of the race hierarchy as unchanging. This study contributes to positive social change by illuminating social structure aspects and how individual perception functions to maintain the race hierarchy in America. This knowledge will help direct future research, policy makers, the legal system, and the private sector. Attempting to understand the effects of racism from the perspective used in this study, may encourage other researchers to generate novel approaches and methods to combat discrimination.

O objetivo da presente tese foi investigar o efeito do nível de dificuldade do adversário nas respostas hormonais, comportamentais e de desempenho de jovens jogadores de basquetebol. Para tanto, 29 atletas de basquetebol do sexo masculino, das categorias sub-15, sub-16 e sub-17 de um mesmo clube (15,3 ± 1,1 anos; 85,5 ± 15,0 kg; 189,0 ± 7,9 cm) foram avaliados na primeira fase do Campeonato Paulista em três partidas com diferentes níveis de dificuldade do adversário (Difícil, Médio e Fácil) para cada uma das três categorias, somando um total de nove partidas. As concentrações salivares de cortisol (C) e testosterona (T) pré e pós-partida, a ansiedade pré-competitiva, o desempenho técnico através do número de envolvimentos técnico-táticos com bola de cada jogador, a percepção subjetiva de esforço da sessão (PSE da sessão) e o desempenho percebido, foram consideradas em cada partida. A comparação de T e C, e o desempenho técnico foi realizada com uma análise de modelos mistos de um (nível de dificuldade) ou dois fatores (nível de dificuldade e momento), com medidas repetidas. Por sua vez, a comparação das variáveis ansiedade pré-competitiva, PSE da sessão e desempenho percebido foi realizada pelo teste de Friedman, seguido do teste de Wilcoxon, quando necessário. Em ambas as análises foi utilizado o post hoc de Bonferroni. Além disso, a associação entre as repostas normalizadas pelo score Z da variação de T com o desempenho percebido e técnico foi verificada por meio da correlação de Pearson. Em todas as análises foi adotado o nível de significância de 5%. Foi verificado aumento de T do pré para o pós nas partidas contra adversários de nível de dificuldade Fácil (p = 0,0064) e Médio (p = 0,0375). A C pós-partida foi superior aos valores pré (p < 0,0001), independentemente do nível de dificuldade; e C no nível Fácil foi inferior ao nível Médio (p = 0,0351) e Difícil (p = 0,0035). A ansiedade cognitiva foi maior no nível Difícil em relação ao nível Fácil (p < 0.01). A ansiedade somática, por sua vez, foi maior no nível Difícil em relação aos níveis Fácil (p<0,001) e Médio (p = 0,01), e maior no nível Médio em relação ao nível Fácil (p = 0,004). A PSE da sessão foi maior no nível Difícil em relação aos níveis Fácil (p = 0,003) e Médio (p = 0,003). Não foi observado efeito do nível de dificuldade para autoconfiança (p = 0,118), desempenho técnico (p = 0,728) e desempenho percebido (p = 0,113). Além disso, não foi verificada correlação significante entre as variáveis desempenho técnico e percebido com a variação da concentração de T (r < 0,35 e p > 0,07 para todas as comparações). Os resultados da presente tese indicam que quanto maior o nível de dificuldade do adversário maior a ansiedade pré-competitiva e a PSE da sessão. A concentração de C aumentou independente do nível do adversário. Já a T aumentou nos jogos de menor dificuldade, mas não no jogo Difícil. Esse aumento da T não se correlacionou significativamente com o desempenho técnico ou percebido. Não houve influência do nível do adversário no desempenho técnico ou percebido / The aim of this thesis was to investigate the effect of the adversary difficulty level on hormonal and behavioral responses, technical performance and perceived performance in young basketball players. Thereunto, 29 male young basketball players, from under-15, under-16 and under-17 categories from the same club (15.3 ± 1.1 years, 85.5 ± 15.0 kg, 189.0 ± 7.9 cm) were evaluated in the first phase of the Paulista Championship in three matches with different opponent difficulty levels (Hard, Medium and Easy) for each of the three categories, totaling nine matches. Salivary concentrations of cortisol (C) and testosterone (T) pre and post-match, pre-competitive anxiety, technical performance through individual technical-tactical ball involvements, session rating of perceived exertion (session-RPE) and perceived performance were considered in each match. The comparisons of T and C, and technical performance were performed with a mixed model analysis with one (difficulty level) or two factors (difficulty level and moment), with repeated measures. On the other hand, the comparisons of pre-competitive anxiety, session-RPE and perceived performance were performed by the Friedman test, followed by the Wilcoxon test, when it was necessary. In both analyses, Bonferroni post hoc was used. Moreover, the association between the responses normalized by the Z score of T variation with the perceived and technical performance was verified through the Pearson correlation. A significance level of 5% was adopted for all analyzes. It was verified an increase in T from pre- to post-match against Easy (p = 0,0064) and Medium (p = 0,0375) opponent levels. C level increased from pre- to post-match, regardless of the difficulty level; and C in the Easy level was lower than the Medium (p = 0.0351) and Hard (p = 0.0035) difficulty levels. Cognitive anxiety was higher in the Hard level compared to the Easy one (p <0.01). Somatic anxiety, on the other hand, was higher in the Hard level compared to the Easy (p <0.001) and Medium (p = 0.01) levels and was higher in the Medium level compared to the Easy one (p = 0.004). Session-RPE was higher in the Hard level compared to the Easy (p = 0.003) and Medium (p = 0.003) levels. No effect of difficulty level for self-confidence (p = 0.118), technical performance (p = 0.728) and perceived performance (p = 0.113) was observed. In addition, no significant correlation was observed between the technical and perceived performance with T variation (r <0.35 and p> 0.07 for all comparisons). The results of this thesis indicate that the higher the opponent difficulty level, the greater the pre-competitive anxiety and the session-RPE. C increased independently of the opponent level. T increased in less difficult matches, but not in the Hard one. This increase in T did not correlate significantly with the technical or perceived performance. There was no influence of the opponent\'s level on technical or perceived performance

Sabang used to be a small, marginalized Philippine fishing village that in the span of three decades became a well-known international sex tourism site. This thesis deals with the implications of tourism (including sex tourism) and how it has become embedded in the daily life in today’s Sabang. The thesis highlights the local populations’ diverse reactions to the various changes associated with tourism growth, in particular how various symbolic, moral, and spatial boundaries are constructed and maintained. The ethnographic material examined in this thesis builds on several periods of fieldwork, in total 18 months, that were carried out between 2003 and 2015. Analytical tools found in tourism anthropology and in particular the branch of postcolonial tourism studies has guided the discussion and analysis of the socio-cultural effects of becoming a tourism town. This thesis argues that complex networks of boundaries are significant in maintaining a sense of order and social cohesion in times of change. Notions of cultural differences are expressed through the narratives and behaviors of the various inhabitants, and contribute to the maintaining of boundaries within and between groups. From the beginning of tourism growth commercial sex has been central and has become a significant factor in the tourism economy. While residents acknowledge their dependency on the go-go bars, the business of the night is framed so as not to defeat the inhabitants’ struggles to maintain local community’s sense of morality, or at least to set up boundaries between the outsiders’ immorality and insiders’ morality. Tourism has also offered opportunities to challenge conventional social hierarchies and local seats of power, and there are also recurrent discussions about who has the right to control resources and who can claim entitlement to a place now shared by people from all over the world.

Este artículo propone algunas ideas respecto a la historia de la peregrinación de Quyllurit’i a través del análisis de las particularidades de la danza wayri ch’unchu. Luego de revisar la evidencia histórica disponible sobre esta, el texto propone que la ubicación del santuario de Quyllurit’i en las faldas del nevado Qulqipunku (Ocongate, Cusco) se explica por su carácter liminal entre los valles interandinos y las quebradas que descienden hacia la amazonía. La ubicación del Qulqipunku, y su diferencia del Ausangate, es evidente para las comunidades circundantes a aquel nevado, que propongo como las protagonistas de esta peregrinación, por lo menos, hasta final del siglo XIX. El artículo explica por qué la danza wayri ch’unchu —en la cual las poblaciones serranas representan a indígenas amazónicos— era en el pasado la de más importancia y mayoritaria presencia en la peregrinación. Finalmente, el texto muestra cómo el continuo crecimiento de la peregrinación en el siglo XX ha significado una progresiva marginación de estas comunidades del control de la peregrinación así como una progresiva disminución del número de comparsas de wayri ch’unchu. La disminución de comparsas de esta danza está vinculada a intentos de retar ideologías de diferenciación social presentes en la región enmarcados en un proceso más amplio de des-indianización en la sociedad regional. / This paper proposes some ideas regarding the history of the Quyllurit’i pilgrimage by paying close attention to the particularities of the wayri ch’unchu ritual dance. After reviewing the available historic evidence about it, the text proposes that the location of the shrine at the bottom of the Qulqipunku glacier (Ocongate, Cusco) is explained by its liminal position between the Andean highlands and the Amazon. The location of the Qulqipunku, and its difference with the Ausangate, is very evident for the communities living in the surroundings of Qulqipunku. The text proposes that these communities were the main protagonists of the pilgrimage at least until the end of the 19th century. The paper explains why the wayri ch’unchudancers of these communities —highlanders who represent indigenous peoples of the Amazon— were so important and numerous in the past. Finally, the text shows how the continuous grow of the pilgrimage along the 20th century has meant a progressive marginalization of these communities within the pilgrimage as well as a clear decrease in the preponderance of wayri ch’unchu dancers. The decrease is directly related to attempts to subvert ideologies of social differentiation present in the region that are framed in a broader and ongoing process of de-indianization.

This thesis is an attempt to analyze the binary oppositions between the &ldquo / rich&rdquo / and the &ldquo / poor&rdquo / as well as the &ldquo / good&rdquo / and the &ldquo / evil&rdquo / in the 1960s&rsquo / YeSil&ccedil / am melodramas. It analyzes the narrative structure of YeSil&ccedil / am melodramas which interweave fiction with certain embedded social values and argues that a number of cooperating and contending discourses interanimate each other in the form of binary oppositions in YeSil&ccedil / am narratives. The cinematic representation of the lower and upper class is analyzed, underlining how the relation between the two was constructed by YeSil&ccedil / am melodramas. The study focuses on the symbolic world established by YeSil&ccedil / am narratives through the use of common meanings attributed to characters (e.g. delikanli and z&uuml / ppe), values (e.g. honesty, modesty, ostentation and artificialness) and places (e.g. meyhane and coffeehouse).