Children learn from a variety of sources. One of the most powerful pedagogical sites for kids is the consumer sphere. Marketers recognize this and have recently carved out a new consumer niche for those between childhood and adolescence, marking them as tweens. La Senza Corporation, which specializes in women's lingerie, responded to this trend by opening a tween store with a name heavily laden with meanings of sexuality: La Senza Girl. This study will apply a textual analysis to the tween retail space, in an effort to understand the informal pedagogy that takes place within this milieu. While La Senza Girl celebrates girlhood by creating a space that tween girls can call their own, it is important to take stock of the meanings of girlhood being celebrated. This study interrogates La Senza Girl's 'pedagogies' of femininity, sexuality and girlhood.

This dissertation explores the cultural practice of smoking and its connection to social relations from the beginning of cigarette mass production in Montreal in 1888 to the First World War. It uncovers the norms of smoking etiquette and taste, their roots in gender, class and race relations and their use in reproducing these power relationships. It argues that these prescriptions reflected and served to legitimize beliefs about inclusion, exclusion and hierarchy that were at the core of nineteenth century liberalism. Liberal ideals of self-control and rationality structured the ritual of smoking: from the purchase of tobacco; to who was to smoke; to how one was supposed to smoke; to where one smoked. These prescriptions served to normalize the exclusion of women from the definition of the liberal individual and to justify the subordination of the poor and cultural minorities. Furthermore, even while these prescriptions were at their height, an emergent group of beliefs began to recast notions of respectable smoking around new ideals of speed and ungendered universality. This challenge was not only part of the transition from bourgeois to mass consumption, it was the roots of a transformation of the liberal order in the years previous to the First World War.

The purpose of this research was to investigate what traditional healing practices African immigrants are using and have ceased to use, during the process of resettlement into Canadian society. An additional purpose was to investigate the participants' reasons for using or not using their traditional healing practices. One aim of the study was to provide information about these traditional differences and the ways in which professionals in the social service sector acknowledged African immigrants and have been helpful to them. Another aim of the study was to identify whether, and in what ways, professionals have been helpful. The study is important not only for social workers and human service professionals, but also for African immigrants themselves as well as for African immigrant community groups within Victoria. The African immigrants' traditional practices and the ways in which they adapt and resettle into the new society remain unknown in the literature. Perhaps, the African immigrants common challenges and their unique traditional approach to resettlement into the Canadian society have not yet captured the full attention of social work and human service professionals. This study was grounded in structural theory, migration theory, settlement theory and adaptation theory in order to draw theoretical understanding of the relationship between immigrants resettlement process and their experiences. The research was qualitative and exploratory. It included a participatory interview design. Twenty African immigrants from five different regions of Africa participated in the study. Two distinct traditional practices were identified (i.e. material tradition and non material tradition) which are the foundation of African immigrants traditional healing practices. This research has found that the use or abstention of traditional healing practices in re-settlement depends on the participants reasons for migration. There were distinct differences in the use or non-use of traditional healing practices between those who planned (economic), and those who were forced (political) to migrate / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

Submitted in fulfillment for the Degree Master of Arts in the Department of African Languages at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2006. / Lolu lucwaningo lolumayelana nekulahleka kwemasiko nemihambo yemaSwati. Luhleleke ngetehluko. Lolucwaningo lugcile kakhulu emaSwatini aseNingizimu Afrika luye luyewuphelela kaNgwane eSwatini. Sehluko I, sichaza lucwaningo kutsi lumayelana nekulahleka kwemasiko esiveni semaSwati, Sivete kubaluleka kwemasiko esiveni. Siveta tinhloso telucwaningo, tindlela telucwaningo, kubaluleka kwelucwaningo, nemkhawulo lucwaningo, sigcine ngekuvuselelwa kwesimilo. Sehluko 2, sichaza imphilo yemaSwati ngembi kwekufika kwebadzeshi. Siveta umlandvo wemaSwati aseNtalasifali, simonhlalo nekudla kWemaSwati. Siphindze sivete, umuti, kufa kwemnumzane ekhaya nemisimeto lechutjwako nakufiwe. Kubuywe kwachazwa imisebenti yemaSwati ngebulili nangekwehlukana kwetigaba . Sehluko 3, Sichaza ngekubaluleka kwemphilo nemikhosi lemikhulu yesive. Siveta kubaluleka kwekutimbandzakanya nalemikhosi, kanye nemvunulo yemaSwati. Sehluko 4, Sibuka tinkholelo temaSwati nalokunye lokubukeka kuligugu esiveni semaSwati. Sehluko 5, Siveta sikhatsi semphucuko esiveni semaSwati. Sitsintsa tintfo letehlukene letiyinkhomba yekulahleka kwemasiko nemihambo yesintfu. Sehluko 6, Sibutselandzawonye konkhe lokntsintfwe lucwaningo. Siphindze sivete nalokntfolakele ngesikhatsi selucwaningo kanye netincomo.

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Patterns of participation in formal organizations by residents of a rural non-farm community are compared with those of residents in an urban community. Multi-stage random sampling is utilized in Denton to select those interviewed. In Krum, each residence was numbered and a table of random numbers was used to select households. Chapter One includes the study's purpose, review of the literature, and statement of the hypothesis. Methodology is discussed in the second chapter. Chapter Three focuses on findings and discussions. Data indicate that in the urban community social class, age, homeownership, and length of residency are related to amount of participation. In the rural non-0farm community social class is related to participation. Residents in the urban community participate more than those in the rural non-farm community.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Arts, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, for the Degree of Master of Arts. / This dissertation is a study of the iconology of paraphernalia produced by women, among the Ntwane. It represents the culmination of primary field research into the matelial culture of this group, as well as supplementary research conducted at the Africana Museum in Johannesburg, the South African Museum in Cape Town, the National Museumin B1u~!mfontein and the Duggan-Cronin Museumin Kimberley. My investigative methods consisted of unstructured interviews with both married and unmarried members of the Ntwane community at :Kwarrielaagte. Although the focus of my research was primarily on paraphernaIia produced and worn by women, I also interviewed Ntwane men in order to obtain a variety of interpretations and opinions as to the 'meanings' of the objects and traditions under analysis. In addition to the above mentioned field work and gallery research, I consulted a wide range of literature on critical theories, auch as marxism, structuralism end paststructuralism, 141 order to supplement my methodological approach to the iconology of women's art among the Ntwane. It also referred to literature on a number of traditional South. African groups, such as the Pedi and Ndebele. in order to identify the cross-cultural influ8nces between these groups and the Ntwane. The literature on these closely related However, this definition constitutes a gross oversimplification of the concept, for it doe) not allow for a shift in aesthetic criteria from culture to culture. It establishes the concept 'aesthetic' as an absolute, whereas in actuality, it is a value-laden term, whose problems of definition are exacerbated '.men attempting cross cultural research. It is therefore necessary at the outset of this dissertation to formulate a working definition of 'aesthetics' within the context of the Ntwane. It is suggeuted that the aesthetic componsnts of Ntwane objects include style. technique and medium, but extend beyond their formal qualities into activities such as ritual and custom. The socio-cultural activities performed by the Ntwane may be regarded as intrinsically significant to the formal characteristics of their paraphernalia. It may therefore be argued that their objects are the concrete. tangible manifestations of a set of underlying constructs. expressed in adherence to particular conventions of representation; furthermore, that the reduction of the aesthetic component of Ntwane objects to merely an ase ssment; of their formal criteria, would constitute an impoverishment of their levels of meaning. A formalist approach to the art of Ntwane women also fails to consider issues of change in the form and function of their paraphernalia and the effects of broader social transformations on the material culture of the Ntwane. Chapter One of my dissertation will comprise a brief survey of the literature on the Ntwane. In addition to identifying the existing information, methodological gaps in the literature will be mentioned. It is the partial aim of this dissertation to "fill in" some of the gaps by groups helped to shed light on signitficant aspects of Ntwane material culture, which in turn, provided me with greater insight into the iconology of their paraphernalia. / Andrew Chakane 2018

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the validity of previous theories concerning women’s access to roles of power within hunter-gatherer societies. This study examines how accurately immanent social identity theory and bifurcated role circumstantiality predict women’s access to the role of healer (shaman) within California hunter-gatherer groups. A sample of 27 California hunter-gatherer groups was analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Notably, chi-square tests of independence evinced a correlation between men’s and women’s circumstantial labor and observed healer gender. Through the statistical verification of such engendered ideas, this study tests notions concerning the strict binary division of labor and posits that gender may have operated as a role-based identity marker rather than one structured around innate characteristics. This research ultimately provides a better analytical framework from which archaeologists can interpret the past through the use of ethnographic analogies that are more inclusive of gender-enriched methodologies. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2016. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Wang Yu. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 106-111). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.iii / Table of Contents --- p.iv / Tables and Notes --- p.v / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Scope of Study --- p.2 / The Development of Naxi Studies --- p.6 / Theoretical Framework --- p.11 / Methodologies --- p.22 / Structure of Thesis --- p.27 / Chapter 2 --- Background to Tourism Development in Lijiang --- p.30 / Naxi Culture and Dongba Religion --- p.30 / Naxi's Family and House --- p.32 / Economy in Lijiang --- p.35 / Tourism Development in Lijiang --- p.38 / Tourism-related Impacts on Lijiang Old Town --- p.41 / Homestay Guesthouse in Lijiang Old Town --- p.44 / Chapter 3 --- Encounter with Homestay Tourism --- p.47 / Hosts and Guests --- p.47 / Guesthouses and Local Hotels --- p.52 / Hosts and Migrants --- p.55 / Hosts and the Local Government --- p.59 / Conclusion --- p.63 / Chapter 4 --- """World Heritage"" Discourse and Homestay Tourism" --- p.64 / Preparation for the Inscription --- p.64 / UNESCO and World Heritage --- p.66 / Scholars and Heritage Preservation --- p.71 / UNESCO Conference and Problems --- p.74 / Conclusion --- p.78 / Chapter 5 --- """Authenticity"" within Homestay tourism" --- p.80 / Constructing Naxi Ethnicity --- p.80 / Constructing Home --- p.85 / Constructing Heritage --- p.92 / Conclusion --- p.99 / Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.101 / Bibliography --- p.106