The negative social and health impacts of living in areas of concentrated poverty have been demonstrated in numerous studies. Residents of old public housing estates experience higher levels of delinquent behaviour and health risks. As a remedy to the challenges associated with living in concentrated poverty, initiatives have been undertaken to ‘revitalize’ such neighbourhoods and at the same time change the population composition to achieve greater social mix. Socially-mixed public housing revitalization initiatives have been widely implemented in the United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Australia to improve the living conditions in public housing estates and the well-being of public housing residents. Despite its wide implementation, empirical results on the effect of such initiatives have been inconsistent. Further, very few research efforts have been dedicated to looking at outcomes of children and families. This dissertation consists of three unique mixed-method studies to investigate whether socially-mixed public housing revitalization, through the process of physical and social reconstruction, could improve the health and wellbeing of disadvantaged children and families. The first study is a quantitative analysis on the effect of the Regent Park Revitalization Project – a socially-mixed public housing revitalization initiative – on child mental health outcomes. The second study is a qualitative analysis to investigate the scholarly consensus on the purported mechanisms of socially-mixed public housing revitalization initiatives and their expert opinion on contextual factors and program components that trigger these mechanisms through stakeholder interviews. The third study is a realist synthesis that systematically reviewed the evidence regarding effects of socially-mixed public housing revitalization initiatives on the health and well-being of low-income children and families. Together, these three studies contributed new knowledge on how socially-mixed public housing revitalizations, through changes to the social and the physical environments of the neighbourhood, reduce health inequalities and improve the life trajectories of low-income children and families. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Public housing developments built in the middle of the 20th century created large spatially-concentrated pockets of poverty in hundreds of cities worldwide. Over the past 20 years, cities in several countries have sought to redevelop, or revitalize public housing by demolishing the existing housing and building mixed income communities. These mixed communities are built to deliberately promote, sustain, and manage, social inclusion in a community of social integration for disadvantaged groups within society. The goal of this dissertation is to better understand how socially-mixed public housing revitalization operate and produce results for disadvantaged children and families. Three original studies were conducted, which provided unique empirical analyses on: 1) the impact of the Regent Park Revitalization Project on child mental health; 2) the scholarly consensus on purported mechanisms and program outcomes of socially-mixed public housing revitalization; and 3) an evidence synthesis to elucidate the mechanisms underlying socially-mixed public housing redevelopment.

Denna studie har syftat till att jämföra och analysera vad allmännyttan betyder för integration för Sveriges kommuner, både etnisk och socioekonomisk. Genom en kvantitativ studie har samtliga 290 kommuner inkluderats för att få en övergripande förståelse för vad allmännyttans roll för integration är. Utifrån tidigare forskning om allmännyttan, public- och social housing samt om integration, segregation och social mix har flera integrationsmått och variabler testats i flera regressionsanalyser. Resultatet visar att allmännyttans effekt på integration skiljer sig åt beroende på vilket integrationsmått som allmännyttan testats emot, där både negativa och positiva effekter kunde hittas. Detta både stämde överens med och stod i motsats till tidigare forskning. De integrationsmått som andelen allmännytta gav tydligast effekt mot var boendesegregationsindexet och ginikoefficienten (inkomstspridning), där andelen allmännytta både visade positiva och negativa effekter på. De kontrollvariabler som hade tydligast effekt på samtliga integrationsmått var andelen utrikes födda samt andelen eftergymnasial utbildning som båda visade starkare effekter på integrationsmåtten än andelen allmännytta och övriga kontrollvariabler. Resultatet i denna studie påvisar att beroende på vilka integrationsmått som testas så förändras de oberoende variablernas signifikans, vilket tyder på att det svårt att mäta integration baserat på få variabler.

Maintaining affordable housing in Canadian cities remains a challenge for municipal governments. With few political and financial resources, local governments often turn to zoning bylaws to protect affordable housing opportunities. This research focuses on the development and implementation of inclusionary zoning programs in Toronto and Vancouver. In order to understand the value of these policies, this research asks how planners implemented inclusionary zoning and with what outcomes. Interviews with key actors in the public and private sector form the basis of an account that details the implementation of affordable housing requirements negotiated at two new-build gentrification sites in Toronto and Vancouver. The findings from this research show mixed results and highlight the barriers to the successful implementation of inclusionary zoning. While capable of securing subsidized units in gentrifying neighbourhoods, the poor results of these policies demonstrates the difficulty of managing gentrification unleashed by the state.

Maintaining affordable housing in Canadian cities remains a challenge for municipal governments. With few political and financial resources, local governments often turn to zoning bylaws to protect affordable housing opportunities. This research focuses on the development and implementation of inclusionary zoning programs in Toronto and Vancouver. In order to understand the value of these policies, this research asks how planners implemented inclusionary zoning and with what outcomes. Interviews with key actors in the public and private sector form the basis of an account that details the implementation of affordable housing requirements negotiated at two new-build gentrification sites in Toronto and Vancouver. The findings from this research show mixed results and highlight the barriers to the successful implementation of inclusionary zoning. While capable of securing subsidized units in gentrifying neighbourhoods, the poor results of these policies demonstrates the difficulty of managing gentrification unleashed by the state.

<p> Briefly, the idea of this paper is to discuss the recent British and American new towns in the light of various theories of the nature of (the formation of) community, and to use that discussion to generate research themes and research categories for new towns and new communities. The main part, then, (Chapter 3) is devoted to what might be termed "middle range" theories of the nature of urban community, and draws heavily on the distinction between "neighbourhood" and "City" approaches, and that between "class-structural" and "status-issue" approaches. Chapter 3 provides antithesis to those ideas I term "geographic" or "psychological", (Chapter 2) which tend to ask how man is determined by the physical or social nature of community rather than vice versa. The interpretation of the new towns (Chapter 4) is very much in terms of the preceding chapter, and here the concept of class mix, or social mix, is here drawn on at some length. In Chapter 5 the examination of research ideas attempts to probe this interpretation, and further to characterize the divergent empirical approaches suggested by more (Chapter 3) or less (Chapter 2) socially theoretic approaches.</p> / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

Social mix is a highly contested global trend in urban planning as it can result in some of the same negative social consequences as gentrification, such as displacement and social polarization. In 2014, the City of Vancouver approved a social mix strategy for one of its low-income neighbourhoods in their Downtown Eastside (DTES) Local Area Plan (LAP). With this plan, the city aimed to increase mid- and high-income residents in a predominately low-income neighbourhood. Included were Social Impact Objectives to mitigate harm to existing low-income residents, and assurances the approach would benefit all community members. The LAP provoked questions of whether social mix could, indeed, benefit low-income residents. This qualitative single-case research study investigates the experiences of residents with low incomes in the DTES neighbourhood, three years after the implementation of the LAP. The study is grounded in an anti-oppressive framework, with attention to anti-colonization and the unique experiences at the intersection of gender and colonial oppression. Three key findings emerged from neighbourhood observations and semi-structured focus groups conducted in 2017 with twenty-four research participants. First, experiences of displacement in the DTES were reported; second, experiences of social polarization within their neighbourhood were described; and, third, most participants demonstrated strong community connections despite the social mix changes. The findings suggest low-income residents did not benefit from social mix and, if further displacement and polarization were to continue, the negative impact on low-income residents would increase. / Graduate

Residential segregation is a major challenge facing Swedish cities today, with its consequences putting a significant toll on society as a whole. Gothenburg Municipality has named segregation the municipality ́s biggest challenge and one of the main focuses for the municipality to handle going forward. With this increased focus on segregation in the municipality of Gothenburg, this thesis is set out to study the municipality ́s view and interpretation of residential segregation as a problem and, through that, the municipality’s ambitions and policies to tackle segregation. This has been done through semi-structured interviews with officials within the municipal organisation, spanning multiple departments and document analysis of the main municipal documents laying out Gothenburg municipality ́s work on residential segregation. The results of this thesis show a multi-faceted approach to the municipality ́s ambitions to tackle segregation, with different approaches being favoured among the municipal departments. With the growing concern for the problems with residential segregation, new policies taking a different approach on its view of the foundational problem with segregation.

In response to increasing patterns of socio-spatial segregation, Swedish cities have adopted policies to promote social mix, which is generally considered positive due to its effect on spatial justice and social cohesion. However, institutional changes have negatively impacted the possibilities of fulfilling this policy objective. Moreover, there is a suggested discrepancy between objective and outcome. This paper is a comparative study on the operationalisation and outcomes of social mix policies in Sweden, focusing on two large-scale urban development projects; Stockholm Royal Seaport and RiverCity Gothenburg. Qualitative content analysis of planning documents and interviews with key actors have been conducted and the results demonstrate that in both cases, social mix has been promoted to some extent by planning for a diverse housing structure. In Gothenburg, additional measures have been taken in order to safeguard affordability. However, the absence of such measures in the case of Stockholm has resulted in the exclusion of low-income households. I argue that while there is a perceived inability among the planners of Stockholm to influence housing costs, the planners of Gothenburg have found ways of utilising the current institutional setting in favor of social mix. By applying a social justice perspective, I conclude that a policy approach safeguarding the affordability of housing is critical for combating residential segregation and spatial injustice.

Des événements auxquels sont confrontées les PME, la transmission est l'un des plus importants. Celui-ci va en effet affecter les fondements, la propriété et le pouvoir de gestion, remettant en cause la relation Cédant/Repreneur/Salariés. En effet, chacune des parties prenantes agit selon des processus différents. Alors que le cédant doit réussir à faire le deuil de son entreprise, le repreneur doit limiter les résistances au changement et se faire accepter. Enfin, le personnel en place doit faire preuve de coopération. Cette recherche vise à s'intéresser plus particulièrement aux salariés clés du cédant qualifiés ici de Noyau dur humain. Plus précisément, il s'agit d'évaluer l'impact du maintien du Noyau dur dans le succès de la transmission/reprise. Afin d'appréhender le concept de Noyau dur, il a été retenu la théorie des Actifs Spécifiques Humains (ASH) et plus précisément la théorie des Actifs Spécifiques Humains Imparfaitement Transférable (ASHIT) ainsi que le Mix social. Basés sur une étude de cas multiples, les résultats soulèvent l'existence d'un Noyau dur humain « latent » et montre l'intérêt de maintenir le Noyau dur humain de l'entreprise qui représente une extension fructueuse du concept de Noyau dur humain du cédant. Au final, un outil d'aide à la gestion et au pilotage des PME reprises axés sur le management du Noyau dur humain a été proposé. / Of all the events with which SMEs are confronted, takeover is one of the most important. It can have an effect on foundations, property and power of management, while bringing into question the seller / buyer / employee relationships. Indeed, each of the stakeholders acts according to different processes. While the assignor has to manage the mourning of his company, the rescuer has to limit resistances to change and be accepted, and staff, for their part, have to cooperate. This research takes a particular interest in the key employees of the assignor, qualified here as ?human hard core?. More precisely, it looks to estimate the impact of the preservation of the Hard core in the success of a takeover. In order to comprehend the concept of Hard core, the theory of the Human Specific Assets (HAS) has been considered and, more exactly, the imperfectly Transferable Human Specific theory of Assets (ASHIT) as well as the social Mix. Based on a study of multiple cases, the results raise the idea of the existence of a "latent" human hard core and show the advantages of maintaining the human hard core of the company which represents a fruitful extension of the concept of human hard core of the assignor. Finally, a support tool to assist the management and piloting of SMEs which centered on the management of the human Hard core was proposed.

L'ordre et le désordre. Cette simple phrase résume à elle seule l'évolution du droit de l'urbanisme. Naguère ambitieux, quelques fois abscons mais toujours clair sur ses objectifs, efficace, ce droit est devenu bavard, brouillon, incohérent. L'objet de notre recherche a été donc de comprendre cet avachissement qui n'en finit plus, pour cela il nous fallait identifier le thème moteur de la discipline : la lutte contre la ségrégation urbaine. La L.O.V., ainsi que les lois S.R.U. et A.L.U.R. le confirmaient. L'étude de la lutte contre la ségrégation urbaine par le droit de l’urbanisme impose d'être abordée sous différents approches. La première est très chronologique et nous renvoie aux débuts juridiques de la matière, au moment de la création de l'ordre urbanistique, qui ne cessa de croître et de se perfectionner. Il nous transporta ensuite au moment de la critique de cet ordre, puis à sa lente déconstruction, destruction, puis à son remplacement. Il nous conduisit enfin au moment où les masques tombèrent, quand les illusions se dissipèrent et laissèrent place au désarroi urbanistique ; ce moment où les pouvoirs publics semblaient donner corps à la maxime d'Henri Bergson : Le désordre est simplement l'ordre que nous ne cherchons pas. Ce constat d’échec fut le point de départ de notre seconde approche. Ce droit crépusculaire se maintient contre vents et marrées. L'étude des traitements de la ségrégation urbaine éclaire une réalité, les pouvoirs publics ont focalisé leur attention sur les métropoles, et ont laissé de côté la « France périphérique ». Ceci explique à la fois pourquoi ce droit s'est maintenu jusqu'à présent et pourquoi il est à terme condamné. / The order and disorder. This simple phrase sums up the evolution of the Urban Planning Law. Once ambitious, sometimes abstruse but still clear on its objectives, effective, this right has become talkative, messy, and incoherent. The purpose of our research was to understand this relaxation which does not seem to end. To do that, we had to identify the main theme of the discipline : the fight against urban segregation. The L.O.V., as well as the S.R.U. and A.L.U.R. laws confirmed it. The study to fight urban segregation with the urban planning law requires to be addressed under different approaches. The first is very chronological, and refers us to the legal beginning of the material, at the time of the creation of the urban order, which never ceased to grow and develop. It later took us to the criticism of this order, then to its slow dismantling, destruction, and its replacement. It led us finally to the point where masks fell, illusions were dispelled and urban distress appeared ; the moment where public authorities seemed to give credit to what Henri Bergson once said : “Mess is simply the order we do not search for”. This admission of failure was the starting point of our second approach. This obscure right continues to live against winds and waves. The study of treatments of urban segregation illuminates a reality, Governments have focused their attention on cities, and have left out the “peripheral France”. This explains both why this right has maintained so far and is condemned at the same time.