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Twenty factors identified through a factor analysis of a 102-item biographical inventory were used as predictors in a multiple regression equation to predict on-the-job performance (supervisory ratings) of oil field employees. This yielded a multiple R of .41. A total of 295 subjects participated in the study. Cross-validation yielded a correlation coefficient of .06. The t-test analyses of the factor means of equipment operators and field mechanics proved that two factors could discriminate between the groups, Mechanical Experience (p<.01) and Social Orientation (p<.05). The results of this study indicate that conducting a factor analysis of unvalidated biographical items and attempting to predict performance would be less appropriate than factor analyzing predictive items to gain an understanding of their underlying dimensions.

This thesis deals with a possibility of measuring levels of social skills using the Social Orientation Scale (SOS) in stories made up with the Thematic Apperception Test. In the theoretical part we introduce the Thematic Apperception Test, the scoring systems used to interpret it and the Social Orientation Scale of Goldmann and Soukupová. This part also introduces the concept of social competence, describe the characteristics of an adolescence development stage and specifics of youth detention centers, their clients and a problematic behavior observed at most of them. In the empirical part we compare two groups of adolescents, each consisting of 30 probands. The first group was made up by girls and boys currently undergoing a diagnostic stay in youth detention centers, while the second group consisted of their same-age peers from an ordinary population. To obtain the basic characteristics of the subjects under test, we employ semi-structured anamnestic interview. Furthermore, the Thematic Apperception Test is evaluated using the Social Orientation Scale and the results thereof are statistically analysed. Our research focuses mainly on figuring out the differences in the competence levels reached at the particular tables and as a whole. Besides that, the stories are analyzed content-wise, focusing...

O free-riding (trapaça) e a coordenação são dois tipos de problemas potenciais em contratos de incentivo em grupo, especificamente, em contratos de incentivo baseado em meta orçamentária de grupo. A orientação de valor social (SVO - Social Value Orientation), medida de diferença individual que classifica as pessoas em individualistas - maximizadores do interesse próprio, competidores - maximizadores da vantagem relativa, e pró-sociais - maximizadores do resultado do grupo -, é fator importante que tem implicações no desenho dos contratos de incentivo em grupo. O estudo de Upton (2009) revelou que, com base na orientação de valor social dos indivíduos, os indivíduos de orientação pró-social apresentam maior desempenho e menor probabilidade de trapacear sobre as contribuições dos membros do grupo do que os indivíduos de orientação individualista e competidora. Além disso, para as empresas que adotam este tipo de contrato para o fornecimento de incentivo em grupo, a seleção de trabalhadores com preferência do tipo pró-social seria mais adequada para assegurar a produtividade do trabalho em grupo, e assim melhorar o desempenho empresarial. Nesse contexto, este trabalho busca mostrar que embora a SVO seja uma importante consideração para o desenho do contrato, outro fator tal como a identidade do grupo é também um elemento a ser incorporado neste processo, uma vez que um dos grandes desafios para resolver os problemas de uma situação de dilema social, como a do contexto de incentivo em grupo, é promover o comportamento cooperativo em ambiente de produção em grupo. Portanto, manipulações baseadas na ativação da identidade, processo pelo qual os indivíduos manifestam suas preferências em recompensas individuais ou do grupo, poderiam ter influência no desempenho de grupos com diferentes tipos de SVO. O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar o papel moderador da ativação da identidade no efeito da SVO sobre o desempenho de grupo em contrato de incentivo baseado em meta orçamentária de grupo. Em um experimento, 135 estudantes de curso de graduação de quatro (4) Instituições de Ensino Superior do Estado da Paraíba realizaram um jogo repetido de dilema de bem público nas condições experimentais de identidade pessoal e identidade de grupo. Os resultados indicaram significância estatística do efeito principal da identidade no desempenho de grupo, enquanto a SVO não teve efeito significativo. Encontraram-se evidências de moderação da SVO no efeito da ativação da identidade de grupo nos grupos de participantes com SVO individualista e competidor, confirmando assim a hipótese de transformação de motivos. Porém, nenhum efeito foi observado nos grupos de participantes com SVO pró-social, refutando desta forma a hipótese de ampliação de motivos. / Free-riding and coordination are two types of potential problems in group incentive contracts, specifically in incentive contracts based on budget target group. The social value orientation (SVO - Social Value Orientation), individual difference measure that classifies people in individualistic - maximizers of self-interest, competitors - maximizing the relative advantage, and prosocial - maximizing the outcome of the group -, is an important fator which has implications for the design of group incentive contracts. Upton (2009) revealed that based on the social value orientation of individuals, pro-social value orientation of individuals have higher performance and less likely to free-ride on the contributions of members of the group than individuals having individualistic value orientation and competitor. In addition, for companies that adopt this type of contract for the supply of incentive group, the selection of workers prefer the pro-social type would be best suited to ensure the group in labor productivity, and improving business performance. In this context, this thesis seeks to show that while the SVO is an important consideration for the contract design, other factors such as group identity is also an element to be incorporated in this process, since one of the major challenges to solve the problems of a social dilemma situation as the group incentive context, is to promote cooperative behavior in group production environment. Therefore, manipulations based on the activation of identity, the process by which individuals manifest their individual preferences rewards or group could have an influence on the performance of groups with different types of SVO. This study aimed to investigate the moderating role of identity activation in the effect of the SVO on the group of performance incentive contract based on budgetary target group. In one experiment, 135 students of undergraduate course of four higher education institutions of the Paraíba State conducted a repeated game of public good dilemma in the experimental conditions of personal identity and group identity. The results showed statistically significant main effect of identity in the group of performance, while the SVO had no significant effect. They have found evidence of moderation in SVO effect of group identity activation in groups of participants with SVO individualistic and competitive, thus confirming the hypothesis of transformation motives. However, no effect was observed in groups of participants with pro-social SVO, thereby disproving hypothesis amplification motives.

O free-riding (trapaça) e a coordenação são dois tipos de problemas potenciais em contratos de incentivo em grupo, especificamente, em contratos de incentivo baseado em meta orçamentária de grupo. A orientação de valor social (SVO - Social Value Orientation), medida de diferença individual que classifica as pessoas em individualistas - maximizadores do interesse próprio, competidores - maximizadores da vantagem relativa, e pró-sociais - maximizadores do resultado do grupo -, é fator importante que tem implicações no desenho dos contratos de incentivo em grupo. O estudo de Upton (2009) revelou que, com base na orientação de valor social dos indivíduos, os indivíduos de orientação pró-social apresentam maior desempenho e menor probabilidade de trapacear sobre as contribuições dos membros do grupo do que os indivíduos de orientação individualista e competidora. Além disso, para as empresas que adotam este tipo de contrato para o fornecimento de incentivo em grupo, a seleção de trabalhadores com preferência do tipo pró-social seria mais adequada para assegurar a produtividade do trabalho em grupo, e assim melhorar o desempenho empresarial. Nesse contexto, este trabalho busca mostrar que embora a SVO seja uma importante consideração para o desenho do contrato, outro fator tal como a identidade do grupo é também um elemento a ser incorporado neste processo, uma vez que um dos grandes desafios para resolver os problemas de uma situação de dilema social, como a do contexto de incentivo em grupo, é promover o comportamento cooperativo em ambiente de produção em grupo. Portanto, manipulações baseadas na ativação da identidade, processo pelo qual os indivíduos manifestam suas preferências em recompensas individuais ou do grupo, poderiam ter influência no desempenho de grupos com diferentes tipos de SVO. O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar o papel moderador da ativação da identidade no efeito da SVO sobre o desempenho de grupo em contrato de incentivo baseado em meta orçamentária de grupo. Em um experimento, 135 estudantes de curso de graduação de quatro (4) Instituições de Ensino Superior do Estado da Paraíba realizaram um jogo repetido de dilema de bem público nas condições experimentais de identidade pessoal e identidade de grupo. Os resultados indicaram significância estatística do efeito principal da identidade no desempenho de grupo, enquanto a SVO não teve efeito significativo. Encontraram-se evidências de moderação da SVO no efeito da ativação da identidade de grupo nos grupos de participantes com SVO individualista e competidor, confirmando assim a hipótese de transformação de motivos. Porém, nenhum efeito foi observado nos grupos de participantes com SVO pró-social, refutando desta forma a hipótese de ampliação de motivos. / Free-riding and coordination are two types of potential problems in group incentive contracts, specifically in incentive contracts based on budget target group. The social value orientation (SVO - Social Value Orientation), individual difference measure that classifies people in individualistic - maximizers of self-interest, competitors - maximizing the relative advantage, and prosocial - maximizing the outcome of the group -, is an important fator which has implications for the design of group incentive contracts. Upton (2009) revealed that based on the social value orientation of individuals, pro-social value orientation of individuals have higher performance and less likely to free-ride on the contributions of members of the group than individuals having individualistic value orientation and competitor. In addition, for companies that adopt this type of contract for the supply of incentive group, the selection of workers prefer the pro-social type would be best suited to ensure the group in labor productivity, and improving business performance. In this context, this thesis seeks to show that while the SVO is an important consideration for the contract design, other factors such as group identity is also an element to be incorporated in this process, since one of the major challenges to solve the problems of a social dilemma situation as the group incentive context, is to promote cooperative behavior in group production environment. Therefore, manipulations based on the activation of identity, the process by which individuals manifest their individual preferences rewards or group could have an influence on the performance of groups with different types of SVO. This study aimed to investigate the moderating role of identity activation in the effect of the SVO on the group of performance incentive contract based on budgetary target group. In one experiment, 135 students of undergraduate course of four higher education institutions of the Paraíba State conducted a repeated game of public good dilemma in the experimental conditions of personal identity and group identity. The results showed statistically significant main effect of identity in the group of performance, while the SVO had no significant effect. They have found evidence of moderation in SVO effect of group identity activation in groups of participants with SVO individualistic and competitive, thus confirming the hypothesis of transformation motives. However, no effect was observed in groups of participants with pro-social SVO, thereby disproving hypothesis amplification motives.

Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 20 novembre 2023) / Alors que de plus en plus d'études dénotent la pertinence, pour les étudiantes et étudiants en travail social, de s'interroger sur les motivations qui les ont encouragés à choisir ce domaine d'étude, peu de connaissances existent en ce qui a trait aux modalités pertinentes et adaptées pour soutenir une telle réflexion dans la formation initiale. De plus, rares sont les recherches qui se sont intéressées à l'expérience et au processus de construction de l'engagement en travail social des étudiantes et étudiants. Cette thèse aborde la question de l'engagement en travail social depuis une perspective existentielle et envisage ce choix comme une manière, pour les étudiantes et étudiants, de donner un sens à leur existence. Elle pose la question de la place à privilégier, dans la formation initiale en travail social, à une réflexion approfondie sur le sens et les motivations qui ont poussé la population étudiante à s'engager dans cette voie professionnelle, tout en s'intéressant aux moyens pédagogiquement pertinents et adaptés pour le faire. Cette thèse est une recherche-action qui propose l'utilisation de l'autobiographie en petit groupe comme voie intéressante pour aborder la construction du sens de l'engagement en travail social chez les étudiantes et étudiants. Quatre (4) étudiantes volontaires ont participé à un atelier autobiographique sur quatre (4) rencontres, ayant pour thème le sens de l'engagement en travail social. Des entrevues semi-dirigées ont été réalisées et un groupe de discussion a été animé auprès des étudiantes après l'atelier. Les participantes ont été mobilisées à titre de cochercheuses pour contribuer à retirer des connaissances de la démarche vécue. Cette recherche, qualitative et inductive, s'inscrit aussi dans une approche phénoménologique afin de dévoiler l'expérience vécue des participantes au projet quant au sens de leur engagement en travail social, tel qu'il s'est raconté et transformé dans la démarche intersubjective vécue. Les objectifs de la recherche-action sont de concevoir et d'expérimenter un dispositif autobiographique en petit groupe pouvant inspirer d'autres personnes enseignantes intéressées à soutenir la construction du sens de l'engagement de leurs étudiantes et étudiants (1) ; d'offrir une compréhension de l'expérience vécue des étudiantes participantes dans la démarche, notamment en ce qui concerne le processus de (re)construction du sens de leur engagement, expérimenté dans la recherche-action (2) ; d'accroitre la compréhension de la portée potentielle du travail autobiographique en petit groupe dans la formation initiale en travail social, notamment dans la construction du sens de l'engagement (3) ; et de contribuer à façonner les programmes de travail social en éclairant la pertinence d'y inscrire une réflexion sur le sens de l'engagement (4). Des récits phénoménologiques ont été rédigés à partir des prises de parole des participantes pour rendre compte de leur expérience vécue quant à la construction du sens de leur engagement en travail social. Ces récits portent une force évocatrice donnant accès au vécu subjectivement ancré de chacune d'elles. En outre, ils permettent un approfondissement des connaissances sur les processus de construction de l'engagement en travail social chez les personnes étudiantes, et montrent comment cet engagement est un maillage de plusieurs mouvements de sens. Cinq mouvements ont été identifiés : dépasser et transformer l'impuissance et la vulnérabilité reliées à des expériences d'adversité ; s'affilier à des personnes inspirantes ; rêver une vie satisfaisante ; marcher le chemin de l'indignation et s'affirmer ainsi que prendre pouvoir sur sa vie, parfois au travers de certains détours. Les implications relatives à la formation en travail social sont discutées, notamment l'importance de considérer la prévalence des expériences d'adversité vécues par les personnes étudiant dans ce champ d'étude ainsi que l'intrication de leurs processus de résilience, d'engagement et de formation en travail social, de même que de développement de leur identité professionnelle. La portée de la démarche réalisée pour la formation en travail social est aussi discutée. Les étudiantes soulignent notamment qu'elle leur a permis de consolider leur choix et leur identité professionnelle en travail social ; de développer une meilleure connaissance de soi et de porter un regard renouvelé sur leur histoire. L'atelier a également été l'occasion pour elles d'apprendre à prendre soin d'elles-mêmes et des autres d'approcher leur vulnérabilité et d'être sensibilisées à l'effort que l'introspection demande. Elles ont ainsi été encouragées à instaurer une relation plus égalitaire avec les personnes accompagnées dans la pratique. / While more and more studies denote relevance, for social work students, to question the motivations that encouraged them to study and practice social work, few studies have shown interest in relevant and adapted pedagogical modalities to do so in initial social work training. In addition, research is scarce about the experience and the construction process of commitment to social work amongst students. This study approaches commitment to social work in an existential perspective and considers the choice to become a social worker as a way for students to give meaning to their existence. We raise the question of the place to be allotted, in initial social work education, to in-depth reflection on the meaning and motivations that have pushed students to engage in this professional path, while we also focus on the pedagogically relevant and adapted means to do so. This action-research dissertation proposes the use of small group autobiography as an interesting way to approach the construction of meaning of commitment to social work amongst students. Four students volunteered to participate in an autobiographical workshop with meaning of commitment towards social work as its central theme. Semi-structured interviews as well as a focus group discussion were conducted with participants after the workshop. Acting as co-researchers, participants collaborated on knowledge-building from the process that took place in the workshop. This qualitative and inductive research is also rooted in a phenomenological approach and aims to unveil the lived experience of participants around their commitment to social work. Attention was put on their lived experience, as they told it but also transformed it in our intersubjective process. The goals of this action-research are to: Elaborate and experiment a small group autobiographical device, that might inspire other social work educators willing to support meaning construction about social work commitment amongst their students (1) ; Provide an understanding of the lived experience of participants, especially with regard to the process of (re)construction of the meaning of their commitment to social work, as it was experienced in the action-research (2) ; Broaden understanding of the potential of autobiographical work in social work education, especially with regard to meaning construction on commitment (3) ; Contribute to shaping social work curriculum by eliciting the relevance of in-depth reflection about commitment for students (4). Phenomenological self-narratives were written from the voices of participants, in order to make visible their lived experience about the construction of meaning towards their commitment to social work. These self-narratives carry an evocative strength giving access to the subjective experience of each of the participants; also, they allow deepening of knowledge about the processes of construction of commitment in social work students, especially by showing how these processes are a meshing of intertwined movements of meaning. Five movements were identified in the action-research: Overcome and transform powerlessness and vulnerability experienced during adversity; affiliate with inspiring individuals; dream a fulfilling life; walk the path of indignation; and assert oneself and take power over one's life, sometimes through certain detours. Implications for social work education are discussed. Notably, the importance, for curriculum, to consider the high prevalence of adverse experiences amongst social work students is raised. In addition, the entanglement of their resilience process, commitment process, professional identity development process, and social work training process is highlighted. Also, the scope of autobiographical work that took place in the workshop are discussed. Participants pointed out that the process allowed them to strengthen their choice of social work practice in addition to their professional identity as social workers; helped them deepen self-knowledge and take a renewed look at their life story and helped them learn how to care for themselves and others. The workshop also offered the means and possibility, for participants, to approach their own vulnerability and be made aware of the effort introspection requires, therefore rendering them more willing to establish egalitarian relationships within social work practice.

In this essay the aim is to analyse the Social orientation course as a part of the Establishment program of newly arrived immigrants in Sweden. The questions I intend to answer through qualitative interviews and analysis of policy documents are: What factors limit the local work with refugees and immigrants within the framework of the Social orientation course as an establishment effort? How is the Social orientation course as a part of the Establishment Reform implemented in Växjö Municipality? And, how can the result of the Social orientation course in the local context be explained by the theory of street-level bureaucracy? In the light of Michael Lipsky’s theory about street-level bureaucracies the study contributes to a better understanding of the factors that limit the work with Social orientation as an establishment effort. The result shows that the local work with newly arrived immigrants in Sweden is much influenced and limited by the features of street-level bureaucracies: the resources are inadequate to the task, goal expectations are vague and conflicting, goal achievement is difficult to measure, and the clients do not serve as bureaucratic reference groups. The limitations result in an introduction program which is an inadequate basis for successful integration of immigrants. This knowledge of the outcomes of the Establishment Reform is of great importance for the newly arrived immigrants in Sweden to whom the reform is directed, as well as for the policy makers.

The aim of this study is to examine the Swedish social orientation law. The question that we seek to answer is “how the social communicators interpret the social orientation law?” The findings in this study are based on a qualitative method of semi-structured interviews and the study participants are six social communicators from six different municipalities. The data that we gathered was analyzed by Jurgen Habermas perspective of lifeworld and system. The main findings show that the nonspecific character of the social orientation law made the social communicator’s interpretation of the law highly subjective. With the use of Habermas, we interpreted this as a colonization of the system made by the lifeworld. Other findings show that the social communicators felt that they had too much of a scope in the shaping of the social orientation law and that they in many cases used their own past experiences as immigrants as a tool when teaching. At the same time, they felt that the role as a social communicator was not well defined and because of this they were not sure of what their work duties were. We hope that the findings in this study show that the lax approach that the Swedish government has had with the integration policy, may need some changes in the form of stronger directives.