This study aimed to determine whether there are significant relationships between fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS), social cognition, and adult insecure attachments. It was also hypothesised that social cognition would mediate the relationship between insecure attachment style and FMS. A quantitative, cross-sectional design was employed to compare experiences of 105 individuals with FMS and 172 healthy controls (HC). A correlation and a mediation analysis were used to explore relationships between insecure attachment, social cognition, and FMS symptoms. Data were obtained via self-report measures filled in either in paper form or via on-line questionnaire. The relationships between anxious and avoidant attachment styles and FMS were confirmed. The significance of the relationship between social cognition and FMS varied depending on the measure used. When ability to recognise emotions in others was tested (Reading the mind in the eyes test) there were no significant differences between FMS and HC. However, the mentalization measure- Reflective Function Questionnaire, which additionally tests the ability to recognise one’s own feelings, showed a significant relationship with FMS. The relationship of FMS with both insecure attachment styles as well as with mentalization were strongly mediated by psychological distress. Social cognition was not shown to mediate the relationship between insecure attachment and FMS. Although causality cannot be inferred, psychological distress was strongly related to FMS and significantly influenced the way FMS is related to insecure attachment and poor social cognition. Implications for clinical practice and future research are discussed.

The benefits of breastfeeding for mother and baby are well established; however, only 37.5% of Scottish women are currently breastfeeding at six to eight weeks with less than 1% breastfeeding exclusively for six months, as recommended by UK and international health policy. Family influence is amongst the socio-demographic factors which affect breastfeeding initiation and duration and women who were not breastfed themselves are 25% less likely to initiate breastfeeding. While there is a growing body of literature which seeks to understand breastfeeding by exploring the perspectives of breastfeeding mothers, no studies can be found describing the experience of making a different feeding choice from that of one’s family-of-origin, nor of the potential impact of this decision on relationships with them. As such, this study exploring the experience of being the first in your family to breastfeed is novel. The aim of the study was to investigate the experience and meaning of being the first person to breastfeed in a family. Consequently, areas explored included women’s experience of initiating and sustaining breastfeeding when they have no immediate family history of breastfeeding, how women make sense of their decision to breastfeed and their understanding of how their decision has affected their relationships. A methodological development in the form of an Infant Feeding Genogram was used to record relevant demographic and family information and semi-structured interviews with fourteen women obtained in-depth narratives. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was used as an approach and to analyse the data. Following the completion of idiographic analysis, cross participant analysis was undertaken and four superordinate themes emerged: Breaching Family and Social Norms; Volitions and Imperatives; Unprepared for the Challenge; and A Sacrifice but Worth It. Within these superordinate themes, 13 themes were identified and articulated. Findings from this research were synthesised to provide an account of how women experience being the first to breastfeed in a family, make sense of their decisions and the impact this has on their relationships with their family. This provides an understanding of women’s experience in an original context, and the contextualising within the existing literature generates commonalities and highlights differences between the experience of this group of breastfeeding women and the wider cohort. The findings of this research inform recommendations for practice at both an individual and public health levels, and have implications for policy makers, health professionals and breastfeeding support organisations. It is asserted that policy makers and the health service need to acknowledge the unanticipated consequences of some current breastfeeding discourses associated with health promotion practices, and take a mother and family focussed approach to breastfeeding that acknowledges women’s embodied experience, which often includes breastfeeding difficulties. A mother and family centred approach can identify and adapt to women’s support needs in their own particular context, which may include very limited community and family support for their decision.

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This thesis examines the representation of disabled people in Western culture within the context of feminist theoretical analyses to compare images of disabled people with the representations of women's bodies that are found in cultural representations. The body of the thesis is comprised of six chapters which explore images of disability in six major cultural sites for such images: charitable advertising, popular women's magazines, literature for children, film, biblical narratives and pornography. My analysis of these sites suggests that there are parallels between the ways in which women's bodies and the bodies of disabled people are represented. In Chapter 1 I analyse the discourse of charity advertising and the ways in which it presents disabled people in feminised scenarios. In Chapter 2 I examine the ways in which disability is allied to gender in popular women's magazines where certain bodily specificities and disabilities are associated with female characters. I consider in Chapter 3 the ways in which disabled characters in literature for children are presented as morally inadequate and lacking in self-control, exactly as female characters are depicted in Western culture. In Chapter 4 I address the identity of disability in film as a construction and in some respects as an illusion, as well as the role of disabled characters in the Freudian narrative of psycho-sexual development, and equate this with the role of the female in cultural expressions. In Chapter 5 I examine the cures of the New Testament and the ritual purifications of the Old Testament as a means to eradicate difference from the ideal of the male body. I argue that biblical narrative establishes women and disabled people as a violation of the ideal male body through their categorisation as unclean. In Chapter 6 I analyse pornographic representations of disabled women to investigate the ways in which disabled characters are positioned, like female characters, as the object of the gaze and as such as castrated and fetishised figures. The Conclusion summarises the argument of the thesis and briefly analyses some of the issues that arise around general concerns about the representation of disability.

Invasive non-native species are believed to be one of the biggest threats to biodiversity. Until now biological invasions have been mainly studied from a biological perspective and much research has been undertaken to investigate species’ ecology and potential options for management. Comparatively little attention has been devoted to questions regarding the social construction of the issue. This is despite invasion biologists increasingly acknowledging the fundamental importance of human perceptions, beliefs, attitudes and values inherent in debates about invasive non-native species. This thesis employs a mix of methods from the social sciences to investigate the social construction of biological invasions. Research conducted here is based on the theory of social representations. Thus, taking a social scientific perspective, the thesis contributes to both the development of the theory and an identification of beliefs inherent in the debate on biological invasions and their relationship to people’s attitudes towards species and their management. Those species attributes that predominantly shape the debate – but yet appear to be under-researched – are identified. Based on the findings in this thesis I argue that invasion biology would benefit from a more explicit and transparent use of its concepts and terminology. This will have implications also for the communication with policy makers, conservation managers and the general public. Recommendations for future research are discussed along with limitations of the thesis.

This thesis explores age differences in the ability to decode basic social cues from the face and, in particular, the eye region. Age-related declines in complex aspects of social perception, such as forced choice labelling of emotional expressions and theory of mind reasoning, are well documented.  However, research, to date, has not assessed age differences in more basic aspects of social perception such as eye-gaze detection, joint attention, or more implicit responses to emotional cues.  The first two experimental chapters of this thesis report a series of studies investigating age-related changes in gaze processing.  Both the ability to detect subtle differences in gaze direction and to subsequently follow the gaze cues given by others was found to decline with age. Age-related changes were also found in the integration of gaze direction with emotional (angry, joyful and disgusted) facial expressions, when making emotion perception and approachability judgements (Chapters 4 and 5).  Age differences in responses to happy facial expressions are further investigated in Chapter 6 by assessing sensitivity to discriminate between enjoyment and non-enjoyment smiles.  Findings indicated that older adults demonstrated a greater bias towards thinking that any smiling individual was feeling happy.  They were also more likely than younger participants to choose to approach an individual displaying a non-enjoyment smile.  The final experimental chapter explores whether the age of the face influences age-related changes in gaze following.  Age-related declines in gaze following were greatest when following the gaze cues of younger (vs. older) adults, highlighting the importance of closely matching age of stimulus and participant when investigating age differences in social perception.  Perceptual, neuropsychological and motivational explanations for these results are evaluated and implications of these research findings for older adults’ social functioning are discussed.

The purposes of this study were to determine student teacher expectations of the behavior of the principal in two dimensions of leadership as measured by the Ohio State Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire (LBDQ) and the extent to which these expectations were related to sex, race, level of preparation, and the eight personality traits measured by the Gordon Personal Profile (GPP) and the Gordon Personal Inventory (GPI).

Clinical depression is characterized by alterations in thoughts, judgment, cognition and social behavior. This study focuses on non-optimal views of self and significant others that are proposed to underlie many of these alterations. Perceptions of self and significant others were elicited using the Role Construct Repertory Grid (Kelly, 1955a). Participants included depressed outpatients with high levels of trait anxiety (n = 27), depressed outpatients with lower levels of trait anxiety (n = 29) and a control group of never-depressed volunteers (n = 28). Consistent with prediction, significant group differences were found for negative self perception, discrepancies between actual self and self goals, alienation from significant others, and inconsistencies in self image. Results provided partial support for the self discrepancy theory of emotionality (Higgins, 1987). Among depressed patients, higher levels of anxiety were associated with increased self negativity and greater discrepancies between actual self and self goals. Increased levels of depression were associated with more alienation from significant others and more consistency in self image. Depressed patients' judgments of self and others were altered from optimal ratios, as predicted by the theory of interpersonal judgment (LeFebvre, LeFebvre & Adams-Webber, 1986). Findings have theoretical and clinical importance for the understanding and treatment of persons with clinical depression. They suggest that self image and interpersonal perceptions may be important characteristics to consider in chosing the most effective treatment for these individuals.

How accurately people perceive interpersonal relationships, both among others and with themselves, forms the basis of social inferences about the structure of the social environment and one's place in it. Six hypotheses were tested using the cognitive social structures method from social network analysis with five independent but similar student networks from two universities. Results from all networks were meta-analyzed. Participants gave both their self-reported friendship ratings for every alter in their group and also gave their perceptions of the ratings the other member would give. Perception ratings were correlated to self-report ratings for each participant as a measure of accuracy of social network perception. Participants perceived more structural balance than was present in self-reports in four out of five networks and in the meta-analysis, providing evidence for the balance schema. Attachment anxiety correlated negatively with accuracy for one of the networks but was not statistically significant in the meta-analysis. Being located in a tightly-knit subgroup reduced overall network accuracy, consistent with the strength of weak ties (SWT) theory, in one network but not in the meta-analysis. In only one network did participants overestimated how central they were, though not significantly in the meta-analysis. Being more central in the social network was unrelated to accuracy, as was the mean social network distance between perceiver and targets. Results provide meta-analytic support for the balance schema and limited support for attachment, SWT, and egocentric bias in social network perception.

Les troubles du spectre autistique sont vraisemblablement liés à des altérations des circuits neuronaux au cours du développement. Des études en imagerie cérébrale ont mis en évidence des anomalies anatomo-fonctionnelles localisées notamment au niveau du sillon temporal supérieur (STS) dans l’autisme. Chez le sujet sain, le STS est impliqué dans la perception et la cognition sociale, dont les dysfonctionnements sont au coeur des symptômes autistiques. En effet, des anomalies de la perception sociale, notamment un manque de préférence par les yeux, ont été mises en évidence dans l’autisme. Dans cette thèse nous avons montré qu’il est possible de moduler l’activité neuronale du STS droit à l’aide de la stimulation magnétique transcranienne (TMS) avec un impact significatif sur la perception sociale, mesurée par l’eye-tracking. En effet, suite à une inhibition du STS, des jeunes volontaires sains regardent moins les yeux des personnages dans les scènes sociales. Par ailleurs, cette perception sociale a été corrélée au débit sanguin cérébral (DSC) au repos, mesuré en IRM avec la séquence arterial spin labelling. Ainsi, les volontaires sains qui regardaient le plus les yeux des personnages étaient ceux chez qui le DSC au repos était plus élevé au niveau des régions temporales droites. De plus, cette corrélation a été également observée chez des enfants avec autisme: les enfants qui regardaient le plus les yeux des personnages étaient ceux chez qui le DSC au repos était plus important au niveau des régions temporales droites. Enfin, les résultats préliminaires concernant l’application de la TMS chez des adultes avec autisme ouvrent des nouvelles perspectives thérapeutiques. / Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder associated with alterations of neural circuits. Neuroimaging studies in autism have revealed anatomo-fonctional abnormalities, particularly located within the superior temporal sulcus (STS). In normal subjects, STS is largely implicated in social perception and social cognition. Deficits in social cognition and particularly in social perception are the core symptoms of autism. Indeed, abnormalities of social perception have been described in adults and children with autism. These abnormalities are characterized by a lack of preference for the eyes. In this thesis, we have shown that it is possible to modulate neural activity within the right STS using a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) protocol, with significant effects on social perception parameters, measured by eye-tracking during passive visualization of social scenes. Furthermore, social perception parameters were correlated with rest cerebral blood flow (CBF), measured with arterial spin labelling (ASL) MRI. We have shown that the healthy young volunteers who looked more to the eyes during passive visualization of social scenes were those who had higher rest CBF values within right temporal regions. In addition, this correlation was also observed in children with autism: children who looked more to the eyes during passive visualization of social scenes were those who had higher rest CBF values within right temporal regions. Finally, preliminary results concerning application of the TMS protocol in adults with autism open up new perspectives on innovate therapeutically strategies.