How do self-identified heterosexual Kaqchikel men in the rural areas of Sololá attain status and power in their relationships with women? This question is explored here by analyzing different masculine roles in various social spaces. The complexity of masculine identity requires a meticulous analysis to assess the extent to which the masculine role and identity has been or not a determinant factor in the social and personal development of both women and men in the communities. This exploration also allows us to see the different expressions of masculine identities and evaluate their current role in society. I learned that the Kaqchikel men I interviewed find their social power and status in part through well-established, old ideologies and belief systems, as well as their perception of a biological superiority, which they justify by their hard work in agricultural activities. Based on this socially constructed beliefs and practices, men emphasize the passivity of the women and their social absence – their subordinate status in society. However, the authority of the men is not limited to their remarkable role as leaders and head of the households; it also encompasses pernicious acts such as domestic violence, which is still highly prevalent in contemporary Sololá. This project also explores these men’s perceptions about: (1) the women living in their communities, (2) the low level of education of these women, and (3) the justice system that is still weak and flawed. While all of these are indeed prevailing problems in the communities, women are challenging to an extent all the practices and beliefs associated with the authority of the men. / text

The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationships among life satisfaction, status inconsistency, marital status, sex, race, and age. Status inconsistency is determined through a comparison of the status indicators of education, occupation, and income. Life satisfaction is determined by the responses to five areas of satisfaction which are presented in the 1976 General Social Survey conducted annually by the National Opinion Research Center (NORC). The five satisfaction variables are factor analyzed to assure the appropriateness of their use in the construction of the life satisfaction index. Analysis of the data consists of the use of chi-squares, Cramer's V, and Kendall's tau-b. Findings are reported and suggestions are presented for future research.

In this short- term longitudinal study (N=428), the unique predictive association between the positive peer nominated characteristic of being fun and peer status (peer preference and popularity) was assessed in a sample of fourth through sixth grade students. Concurrent hierarchical regression analyses and longitudinal structural equation modeling analyses found that peer nominated fun positively predicted preference and popularity, after accounting for the contribution of predictors potentially confounded with being fun, such as prosocial behavior, academic achievement, relational aggression, and physical aggression. The longitudinal association between fun and preference was qualified by grade in school, such that being fun predicted increases in preference for younger children but not for older children. There were bidirectional associations between peer status and fun; fun predicted increases in peer preference and popularity, but peer preference and popularity also predicted later increases in fun. The findings point to the need to expand existing conceptualizations of the antecedents of peer status beyond known predictors and to examine the developmental shifts in the landscape of children’s peer interactions that make certain characteristics more desirable at different ages. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2016. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

麥勁生. / 手稿本, 複本據手稿本影印. / Thesis (M.A.)--香港中文大學, 1988. / Shou gao ben, fu ben ju shou gao ben ying yin. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 265-276). / Mai Jingsheng. / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 1988. / Chapter 第一章 --- 導言 --- p.1-12 / Chapter 第二章 --- 階級，社會地位及地位團體 / Chapter (1) --- 引言 / Chapter (2) --- 韋伯論「階級」的特性及其存在基礎 / Chapter (3) --- 韋伯論「地位團體」的特性及其存在基礎 / Chapter (4) --- 「階級」與「地位團體」的比較 / Chapter (5) --- 小結 / Chapter (6) --- 註釋 --- p.13-54 / Chapter 第三章 --- 韋伯的宗教學說 / Chapter (1) --- 引言 / Chapter (2) --- 幾個觀念的詮釋：社會行動（Social Action) 理性與理性化（Rationality and Rationalization)及選擇的親近性(Elective Affinity) / Chapter (3) --- 宗教的形成與發展´ؤ´ؤ一個「理性化」的過程 / Chapter (4) --- 社會因素與宗教發展的關係 / Chapter (5) --- 宗教對社會、經濟、政治及藝術的影響 / Chapter (6) --- 小結 / Chapter (7) --- 註釋 --- p.55-116 / Chapter 第四章 --- 地位團體與宗教的關係 / Chapter (1) --- 宗教義理與「實用倫理 」(Practical Ethic) / Chapter (2) --- 「地位團體」與「實用倫理」的關係 / Chapter (3) --- 試論韋伯宗教學說的得失 / Chapter (4) --- 小結 / Chapter (5) --- 註釋 --- p.117-152 / Chapter 第五章 --- 韋伯論儒家與中國士大夫 / Chapter (1) --- 引言 / Chapter (2) --- 韋伯論中國的家產制，封建制和士的興起 / Chapter (3) --- 士大夫集團的形成和正統儒家學說的產生 / Chapter (4) --- 儒家學說的特性及影响 / Chapter (5) --- 小結 / Chapter (6) --- 註釋 --- p.153-196 / Chapter 第六章 --- 韋伯的中國觀及其影响 / Chapter (1) --- 契題 / Chapter (2) --- 史賓高論韋伯的中國政治、社會研究 / Chapter (3) --- 墨子刻與新儒家學說 / Chapter (4) --- 咸美頓論中國的家產制 / Chapter (5) --- 陳其南對中國士大夫職業倫理及家族的討論 / Chapter (6) --- 余英時論中國近世宗教倫理與商人精神 / Chapter (7) --- 結論 / Chapter (8) --- 註釋 --- p.197-251 / Chapter 第七章 --- 結論 --- p.252-264 / 書目 --- p.265-276

研究者主要關注人類公正感的意識加工層面，而忽視其無意識層面。基於文化社會學家的觀點和心理學家的雙通道模型，本研究旨在揭示平等意識（按平等分配）和優才意識（按能力和業績分配）的雙通道過程對行為的作用。 / 平等意識作為人類固有心理特質，操作过程較少依賴認知資源，所以更快、更穩定；優才意識更多是習得的，其操作需投入/收益、能力等信息，較依賴認知資源，因而操作過程較緩慢且不穩定。本研究認為，平等意識較之優才意識對行為有更顯著的作用，因而即便優才意識幫助人們合理化分配的不平等效果甚微。 / 本研究裏採用三階段任務：被試在第一階段通過努力掙得收入，在第二階段啟動他們的優才意識（僅啟動組有此操縱），在第三階段他們進行金錢分配任務。研究用不同的方法來操縱平等意識和優才意識。不平等感通過第一階段形成的收入差異來實現。優才意識通過按優才原則進行收入分配（無啟動組）和啟動方法（啟動組）實現。 / 實驗一的結果支持不平等的主效應，即被試在高不平等情境下分配給自己的錢顯著多於低不平等組（假設1）。盡管結果並未支持優才意識的主效應（假設2）以及不平等和優才意識的交互作用（假設3和4），研究觀察到性別差異：只在男性中觀察到此交互效應，在無啟動組裏男生分配給自己的錢顯著多於女生，而在有啟動組男女分配給自己的數額相似。結果揭示男生更易受到優才意識的影響而分配較多錢給對方，從而弱化自己的優勢地位和實現收入的平等化；而女生的收入在無啟動組已平等化，因而優才意識並未對女生產生顯著影響。 / 實驗二發現，認知資源和優才意識的交互效應不顯著，假設5和6並未得到支持。研究只在女生中觀察到此交互作用，但結果與假設相反，即在認知負荷操縱前啟動優才意識使被試更慷慨，而非將收入平等化。我們隨後證實替代性假設。盡管在啟動優才意識的兩個組裏認知負荷的效應不顯著，有認知負荷組的女生比無認知負荷組更慷慨，而男生的在兩個組裏一直保持與同伴較平等的收入。 / Most researchers have focused on deliberative aspect of justice judgment, neglecting processes through which justice judgment and behavioral consequences are automatically shaped. The purpose of this research is to depiict a full picture of behavioral consequences of justice judgment. Based on ideas from cultural sociologists and dual process models in psychology, this experimental research focused on two widely endorsed but antagonistic distributional rules, the equality and meritocracy rules, and uncovered how the deliberative and automatic processes of equality and meritocratic beliefs shape people’s behavior. / It is believed that equality is both socialized and inherited innate psychological ability, its processing is fast and stable; while meritocracy is believed to be mostly learned, and its processing requires information about a person’s input/output, ability, and contributions, so its processing requires cognitive resources and is relatively slow and unstable. This research proposes that equality is more powerful in determining behaviors than meritocracy; the legitimizing power of meritocracy is weak in many circumstances. / This research adopted a three-stage task in experiments: (1) earned money through efforts, (2) priming meritocracy belief (only in meritocracy prime condition), (3) monetary allocation. Equality was manipulated through income discrepancy in the first stage of the task (high/low inequality); meritocracy was manipulated by a merit-based reward method (in no meritocracy prime condition) and by a priming technique (in meritocracy prime condition). Among the two experiments, experiment 1 was conducted to show the basic pattern of the effects of equality and meritocracy, experiment 2 involved cognitive load manipulation to further explore how the two systems of equality and meritocracy affect behaviors. / Results from experiment 1 supported the main effect of inequality manipulation by showing that participants in high inequality conditions pocketed significantly more money than in low inequality condition (hypothesis 1). Though results did not substantiate the main effect of meritocracy manipulation (hypothesis 2) and interaction effect between inequality and meritocracy (hypothesis 3, 4), we observed unexpected gender difference: such interaction effect is significant only in males; the money males pocketed is significantly more than females in no meritocracy prime condition, but similar to females in meritocracy prime condition. Males were more influenced by meritocracy manipulations which reduced their advantageous inequality, achieving equalized incomes, while the money females earned in no meritocracy prime conditions achieved equality, so meritocracy prime exerted less influence in their behaviors when incomes were already equalized. / Experiment 2 showed that the interaction effect between cognitive load and meritocracy was not significant, thus hypothesis 5 and 6 were not supported. Again we observed gender difference: the interaction effect was significant only in females. However, the result of both males and females were opposite to our hypothesesthat is, priming meritocracy before cognitive load manipulation increased participants’ generosity toward partners. We put forward an alternative argument which fit the current data. Females allocated significantly more money to partners in cognitive load condition than in no cognitive load condition, resulting in a disadvantageous inequality; males in the two conditions maintained equalized outcomes. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Zhu, Yi. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 88-109). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Chapter CHAPTER 1: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Identifying Problems in Justice Research --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Exploring the Two Systems of Justice Judgment in Action --- p.7 / Chapter CHAPTER 2: --- Two Systems of Equality and Meritocracy --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1 --- Distributional Rules --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Sense of (In)equality --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Two Major Perspectives on Distributional Rules --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Equality and Meritocracy Rules --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1.3.1 --- Equality Rule --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1.3.2 --- Meritocracy Rule --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2 --- Dual Process Models --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3 --- Meritocracy and Equality as Cultural Schemata --- p.32 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Cultural Schemata --- p.32 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Equality Schemata --- p.36 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Meritocracy Schemata --- p.39 / Chapter 2.4 --- Meritocracy vs. Equality --- p.41 / Chapter CHAPTER 3: --- Research Designs and Hypotheses --- p.45 / Chapter 3.1 --- Experiment 1: Basic Pattern of the Effects of Equality and Meritocracy --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2 --- Experiment 2: Unveiling Automatic Processes of Equality and Meritocracy --- p.53 / Chapter CHAPTER 4: --- Experiment 1 --- p.57 / Chapter 4.1 --- Methods and Procedure --- p.57 / Chapter 4.2 --- Results --- p.63 / Chapter 4.3 --- Discussion --- p.66 / Chapter CHAPTER 5: --- Experiment 2 --- p.70 / Chapter 5.1 --- Methods and Procedure --- p.71 / Chapter 5.2 --- Results --- p.73 / Chapter 5.3 --- Discussion --- p.77 / Chapter CHAPTER 6: --- General Discussion and Conclusion --- p.80 / Chapter 6.1 --- General Discussion --- p.80 / Chapter 6.2 --- Future Research --- p.84 / REFERENCES --- p.88

To date there are no studies focusing on the relationship between subjective social status (SSS) and weight perceptions among young people. This study aims to fill this gap in current available literature by examining associations between youth’s family SSS and individual SSS with their gender, race, body mass index (BMI), and weight perceptions. Questionnaires and BMI data were collected from 1,171 youth participating in the 2008 Global Finals of Destination ImagiNation (DI) hosted by the University of Tennessee. Participants ranged in ages 11 to 18 years. Regression analyses indicated that gender, race and individual SSS were significant predictors of BMI. Gender was the only significant predictor of underweight perceptions, while gender, race, and individual SSS were predictors of overweight perceptions. Results for outcomes based on two grade levels, middle school and high school, are also discussed. Findings have implications of gender and racial differences for BMI and weight perception status. Lastly, individual SSS within the school community was a significant predictor of both BMI and overweight perception.

<p>Abstract</p><p>Aim</p><p>The aim of this study has been to survey the background of the youths in the selection group which participated in the Dream action day, to evaluate if the project succeeded and support the Swedish Ski Association with their recruiting process. The questions of issue have been: Which ethnical, demographical and economical backgrounds do the youths of the selection group have that participated in the Dream action day? Is there any common denominator among those who was drawn to continue? Do the youths want to contribute to expand the sport? Is Dream action Day a good way to reach out to the target group?</p><p>Method</p><p>Through a strategic selection made by the Swedish Ski Association 44 youths participated in a day during which they tried snowboard. They have been a part of our quantitative data collection and we have chosen six to interview. The interviews have been executed in form of semi structured interviews.</p><p>Results</p><p>The results clearly show that few of the participants had any connection to the sport, neither from home nor from friends. Most of the ones that caught interest in snowboard had an interest in athletics but not in team sports. Girls were for the most part more hesitant in their answers. Everybody, including the ones that didn’t catch interest, thought the day as a whole was successful and that they would do it again.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>The attempt with Dream action day has been a good way to attract a new target group. The next step in the process will be to maintain interest through continued marketing. What the Ski Association has to have in mind during this project is how important the social aspect is. Snowboard is a unique product, which has to be drawn to attention as a method to draw new youths. Besides the fact that the Ski Association will expand the sport, it will also help to activate youths.</p> / <p>Sammanfattning</p><p>Syfte och frågeställningar</p><p>Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att kartlägga bakgrunden hos den urvalsgrupp som deltagit under Dream action day samt att undersöka vilka som lockades av sporten. Vår ambition är även att stödja Svenska skidförbundets i sin rekryteringsprocess samt utvärdera om satsningen varit lyckad. Vår frågeställning har varit följande: Vilken etnisk, demografisk och ekonomisk bakgrund har dem som deltar under Dream action day? Finns det någon gemensam nämnare hos de som lockats fortsätta åka? Vill dessa ungdomar vara med och bredda sporten? Är Dream action day ett bra sätt att nå ut till målgruppen?</p><p>Metod</p><p>Genom ett strategiskt urval gjort av Svenska skidförbundet har man lyckats locka 44 ungdomar till en dag där de har fått prova på snowboard. Dessa ungdomar har ingått i vår kvantitativa datainsamling och utifrån den valde vi ut sex personer att intervjua. Intervjuerna har skett i semistrukturerad form.</p><p>Resultat</p><p>Resultaten visar att få av de ungdomar som deltog under Dream action day hade någon koppling till sporten vare sig hemifrån eller genom kompisar. Av dem som blev intresserade hade de flesta ett idrottsintresse men inte som lagidrottare. Flickor var överlag mer tveksamma i sina svar om de ville fortsätta eller inte. Alla även de som inte blev intresserade, tyckte att dagen som helhet var lyckad och åker gärna på en liknande dag igen.</p><p>Slutsats</p><p>Försöket med Dream action day har varit ett bra sätt att nå ut till en ny målgrupp. Nästa steg i processen är att bibehålla ett intresse genom fortsatt marknadsföring. Vad Skidförbundet måste ha i åtanke när detta görs är hur viktig den sociala aspekten är. Snowboard är en unik produkt och det måste lyftas fram som en metod att locka nya ungdomar. Förutom att man breddar sporten hjälper man till att aktivera ungdomar socialt.</p>

Abstract Aim The aim of this study has been to survey the background of the youths in the selection group which participated in the Dream action day, to evaluate if the project succeeded and support the Swedish Ski Association with their recruiting process. The questions of issue have been: Which ethnical, demographical and economical backgrounds do the youths of the selection group have that participated in the Dream action day? Is there any common denominator among those who was drawn to continue? Do the youths want to contribute to expand the sport? Is Dream action Day a good way to reach out to the target group? Method Through a strategic selection made by the Swedish Ski Association 44 youths participated in a day during which they tried snowboard. They have been a part of our quantitative data collection and we have chosen six to interview. The interviews have been executed in form of semi structured interviews. Results The results clearly show that few of the participants had any connection to the sport, neither from home nor from friends. Most of the ones that caught interest in snowboard had an interest in athletics but not in team sports. Girls were for the most part more hesitant in their answers. Everybody, including the ones that didn’t catch interest, thought the day as a whole was successful and that they would do it again. Conclusions The attempt with Dream action day has been a good way to attract a new target group. The next step in the process will be to maintain interest through continued marketing. What the Ski Association has to have in mind during this project is how important the social aspect is. Snowboard is a unique product, which has to be drawn to attention as a method to draw new youths. Besides the fact that the Ski Association will expand the sport, it will also help to activate youths. / Sammanfattning Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att kartlägga bakgrunden hos den urvalsgrupp som deltagit under Dream action day samt att undersöka vilka som lockades av sporten. Vår ambition är även att stödja Svenska skidförbundets i sin rekryteringsprocess samt utvärdera om satsningen varit lyckad. Vår frågeställning har varit följande: Vilken etnisk, demografisk och ekonomisk bakgrund har dem som deltar under Dream action day? Finns det någon gemensam nämnare hos de som lockats fortsätta åka? Vill dessa ungdomar vara med och bredda sporten? Är Dream action day ett bra sätt att nå ut till målgruppen? Metod Genom ett strategiskt urval gjort av Svenska skidförbundet har man lyckats locka 44 ungdomar till en dag där de har fått prova på snowboard. Dessa ungdomar har ingått i vår kvantitativa datainsamling och utifrån den valde vi ut sex personer att intervjua. Intervjuerna har skett i semistrukturerad form. Resultat Resultaten visar att få av de ungdomar som deltog under Dream action day hade någon koppling till sporten vare sig hemifrån eller genom kompisar. Av dem som blev intresserade hade de flesta ett idrottsintresse men inte som lagidrottare. Flickor var överlag mer tveksamma i sina svar om de ville fortsätta eller inte. Alla även de som inte blev intresserade, tyckte att dagen som helhet var lyckad och åker gärna på en liknande dag igen. Slutsats Försöket med Dream action day har varit ett bra sätt att nå ut till en ny målgrupp. Nästa steg i processen är att bibehålla ett intresse genom fortsatt marknadsföring. Vad Skidförbundet måste ha i åtanke när detta görs är hur viktig den sociala aspekten är. Snowboard är en unik produkt och det måste lyftas fram som en metod att locka nya ungdomar. Förutom att man breddar sporten hjälper man till att aktivera ungdomar socialt.

To date there are no studies focusing on the relationship between subjective social status (SSS) and weight perceptions among young people. This study aims to fill this gap in current available literature by examining associations between youth’s family SSS and individual SSS with their gender, race, body mass index (BMI), and weight perceptions. Questionnaires and BMI data were collected from 1,171 youth participating in the 2008 Global Finals of Destination ImagiNation (DI) hosted by the University of Tennessee. Participants ranged in ages 11 to 18 years. Regression analyses indicated that gender, race and individual SSS were significant predictors of BMI. Gender was the only significant predictor of underweight perceptions, while gender, race, and individual SSS were predictors of overweight perceptions. Results for outcomes based on two grade levels, middle school and high school, are also discussed. Findings have implications of gender and racial differences for BMI and weight perception status. Lastly, individual SSS within the school community was a significant predictor of both BMI and overweight perception.

In the labor market, workers can increase their chances of meeting potential employers through costly search. My first chapter aims to empirically quantify the search intensity of workers, both employed and unemployed. My second chapter develops a theoretical model to study the optimal unemployment insurance with search intensity endogenously chosen by unemployed workers. I devote my third chapter to empirical identification of whether major illness leads to persistent household poverty in rural China. My first chapter studies the search behaviors both on and off the job, and the effect of search intensity on wage determination. Four determinants of wages are considered: productivity, workers’ bargaining power, competition between employers due to on-the-job search, and search intensity. I estimate the structural model using the 2001 panel of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), together with supplementary information from the American Time Use Survey (ATUS). The empirical results demonstrate that search intensity declines as the worker gets a wage rise from her current job. My second chapter addresses the efficiency issues arising from the externalities and hidden-action features of search effort. The solution to the social planner’s problem may not be decentralized in a competitive market. Calibration shows that the current US unemployment insurance (UI) system generates an 8.07% welfare loss relative to the socially optimal allocation. In the third chapter, I use a unique dataset on Chinese rural households to test whether severe illness can cripple a rural household’s economic resources leading to temporary and/or persistent poverty. When health shocks are assumed to be exogenous, in the sense that households cannot control the arrival rate of adverse health shocks by choosing the amount of medical expenditures, a Markov regime-switching regression model reveals no significant evidence that a severe illness causes persistent household poverty. To endogenize health shocks and choices on medical expenses, a dynamic structural model is employed. The structural estimates support the view that major illness leads to persistent household poverty. / text