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In teleost fish, the main glucocorticoid stress hormone, cortisol, is released via the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis. This thesis examined the premise that social status, maternal experience, and reproductive status affect HPI axis function in fish. Social stress in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) chronically elevates circulating cortisol levels. In this thesis, social subordinance as well as exogenous cortisol treatment resulted in decreased plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels, consistent with a negative feedback role of cortisol in modulating HPI axis activity. At the target tissue level, liver glucocorticoid receptor 2 (GR2) mRNA and total GR protein levels were lower in subordinate fish. Although subordinate fish exhibited elevated resting cortisol levels, cortisol and glucose responses to an acute stressor were attenuated. Using an in vitro head kidney preparation, this attenuated cortisol response was attributed to lower ACTH-stimulated production of cortisol. By contrast, dominant status regulated genes associated with cortisol biosynthesis. The consequences of maternal social status on offspring HPI axis function were investigated in zebrafish (Danio rerio). At 48 hours post-fertilization (hpf), when de novo cortisol synthesis becomes possible, larvae of dominant females exhibited lower baseline cortisol levels accompanied by lower mRNA levels of corticotropin-releasing factor and cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage enzyme. Offspring of subordinate females exhibited attenuated stress-induced levels of cortisol at 144 hpf, perhaps as an adaptive response to maternal stress experience. Finally, modulation of HPI axis function was explored as a mechanism underlying attenuation of the stress response during early paternal care in smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu). In response to a stressor, males guarding free-swimming fry but not eggs elevated plasma ACTH and cortisol as well as mRNA levels of key HPI axis genes. These results point to a hypoactive HPI axis in males during early parental care as a mechanism for resistance to stress in these fish. Collectively, the results of this thesis emphasize the adaptive plasticity of the HPI axis. Activity of the HPI axis in teleost fish can be modulated by the individual’s experience (e.g., social status) or circumstances (e.g., parental care), as well as by maternal stress.

This thesis is concerned with the analysis of grave goods, from Yayoi period cemetery sites in northern Kyushu, to test for the presence of status rivalry and competition between leaders of different . communities. The study consists of a test of two major hypotheses that were derived from a model that links economic and political success of chiefs with wealth display and the mortuary ritual. Hypothesis 1 stated that status rivalry was present in the development of social ranking within communities in northern Kyushu. The key pattern in this case is that change in political authority is indicated by change in patterns of wealth distribution and display. Since there was a trend toward a lack of change in the number of separate wealth rank levels among burials, meaning a lack of change in patterns of wealth distribution, the analysis results disproved Hypothesis 1. Hypothesis 2 stated that status rivalry and competition ensured short-term political success and fluctuations in patterns of wealth distribution between sites in a regional exchange hierarchy. As a result, major structural changes occurred in the organization of the existing wealth exchange network. Since the analysis revealed that regions with the most developed hierarchy experienced the greatest upheaval and change in organizational structure, Hypothesis 2 was not disproven. Overall, the results show that structural change in wealth exchange systems occurred on a regional scale more than change in internal rank ordering and wealth control within sites. If wealth possession was an indicator of power, political control in Yayoi period northern Kyushu was of a very precarious nature. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

This paper deals with social status of women in the world. Using specific indicators it attempts to approach worse women's position in the society as a whole and it describes inequalities between women and men. The first part of this paper shows main problematic areas in which women struggle with discrimination. These problems are related with worse access to services (health care and education), violence, armed conflicts, women situation in economics and weak power to take decision. Second part of this paper is focusing on three areas -- poverty, education and labour market. Gender analysis of these three areas shows how big differences between both genders are. The main focus of the last part is on the changes of the social role of women in world regions in time. At the end of the paper all three areas are interconnected to summarize the differences.

The effect of social status on visitors' behaviour at one type of tourist event, a world's fair, is examined. A model is developed which shows that: 1. Socialisation experiences can influence individuals positions in the social status hierarchy; 2. People who have had similar socialisation experiences may exhibit similar behaviours; 3. A basis of social status is the prestige awarded to an individual by society; 4. Tourism is associated with prestige; 5. Tourism experiences can affect an individual's position in the social status hierarchy; 6. World's fairs can be a destination oe event where the experiences or 'ritual transformations' can occur. These ideas that visitor's behaviour at a tourist destination may differ depending on his/her level of social status. To test this thesis, hypotheses based on five constructs are developed and tested using data collected at Expo '86 in Vancouver, Canada. The five constucts that are expected to vary with level of 7. Attending cultural events; social status are: 1. Mode of travel to Expo '86; 2. Trip planning; 3. Expectations of Expo'86; and 4. Souvenir collecting. Although the results are in general inconclusive, the viability of the hypotheses cannot be dismissed because of some limitation in the data; they were collected for reasons other than this research and the research instrument used was not meant to measure the constructs specified here. As well there is strong evidence in the research literature to support the main argument. A model of social status and behaviour, adapted in this thesis to tourism behaviour, can be used in future investigations. Areas for further investigations are suggested including areas of the model that should be expanded and clarified and new methods to test the constructs. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

This study was concerned with the possibility of raising a fourth grade pupil's social status. The techniques used were those that could be used in nearly any fourth grade schoolroom.

The problem of this study is an investigation of the development of social adjustment in thirty-three first-grade pupils in Gainesville, Texas, during 1949-1950. The purpose of the study is to determine each child's total readiness status at the beginning of the investigation, surround each with socializing experiences appropriate to his need, and then determine whether measurable benefits appear to result from his participation in the specific activities designed for social development.

The ability to modulate behavior and physiology when encountering novel social contexts is essential for the survival and fitness of socially living species. During social interactions, individuals must assess their current social environment and integrate this information with their own internal state and past social experiences to facilitate appropriate social behavior. This process leads to adaptive modulation of behavior and physiology. The behavioral dynamicswithin social dominance hierarchies are an exemplar of how individuals adaptively modulate theirsocial behaviors and physiology. However, much remains unknown about the behavioral, physiological, and neurobiological underpinnings of plasticity among individuals living in social hierarchies within complex social environments. This dissertation is composed of several studies aimed at investigating the behavioral and physiological plasticity and associated neurobiological characteristics of group-living mice as they form stable and consistent social relationships with unfamiliar social partners to achieve a social hierarchy. In Chapter 2, I analyze how the patterns of both aggressive and non-aggressive social behaviors change as unfamiliar male mice establish social relationships in dyads, providing new statistical methods to define the resolution of a dominance relationship. In Chapter 3, I use an ethologically relevant experimental paradigm to investigate social hierarchies in large groups and explore how mice change their urination pattern (scent-marking) and metabolic investment in major urinary proteins as they acquire dominance status. In Chapter 4, I demonstrate the association between individual social ranks and foraging dynamics of mice living in social hierarchies. Collectively, the results of these studies suggest thatmaintaining high social status, particularly alpha status, can be energetically costly. Investment byalpha males in reproduction and territorial defense may come at the cost of resources available topromote long-term health, particularly responses to immune challenges. To explore thishypothesized trade-off, inChapter 5, I test the hypothesis that individuals of different socialstatus vary significantly in immune system functioning. I demonstrate that dominant males are primed to utilize adaptive immunity while subordinate males invest more in innate immunity. In Chapter 6, I explore the neurobiological characteristics of social dominance, with a particular focus on the association between the oxytocin and vasopressin neuropeptide systems and social status. I idenfity several brain regions, such as nucleus accumbens and lateral preoptic area, inwhich alpha, subdominant and subordinate mice show significant differences in the levels ofoxytocin receptors and vasopressin 1a receptors. To better understand how the brain responds to social cues, in Chapter 7, I identify brain regions in dominant and subordinate mice that respond to cues regarding social status and familiarity. I demonstrate that brain regions in the social decision-making network respond distinctively depending on the social cue types sensory information and the internal state. Finally, in Chapter 8, I explore brain transcriptomic profiles associated with behavioral differences among alpha, subdominant, and subordinate male mice. Overall, this dissertation contributes significantly to our understanding of how an individual’s social context leads to plastic and adaptive changes in the brain, behavior and physiology.

Bioarchaeologists and palaeopathologists have recently turned their attention towards one critical aspect of the study of the history of disease: health-related caregiving. In response, an approach, the bioarchaeology of care, and, within it, the web-based Index of Care (IoC) have been developed to enable the identification and interpretation of past caregiving. Here, we apply the IoC to Burial 86, a young adult (18–25 years) female from the late Mississippian period, Dallas cultural phase Holliston Mills site (40HW11; ca. ad 1348–1535), TN. Burial 86 exhibits pathologies specific to treponematosis. They also exhibit a suite of pathologies indicative of physical impairment, including a varus angular deformity in the right tibia that is potentially the result of a malaligned pathological fracture. Following the IoC, we determine that Burial 86 probably experienced moderate clinical impacts on several domains (e.g., musculoskeletal system) with various functional impacts on essential activities of daily living. This means that Burial 86 likely had a disability and likely received caregiving, though it is impossible to determine if the care was efficacious. That care was provided likely reflected the community of Holliston Mills' more egalitarian socio-political structure, which was unusual for the late Mississippian. It may also reflect Burial 86's agency, the presence of adequate resources at the site, as indicated by high frequencies of high status mortuary artifacts, or a combination of these factors. The mortuary program for Burial 86 does not indicate that they were marked as being different—in status or other social categories—than other community members. This study highlights how bioarchaeological evidence can be used to explore the downstream effects of chronic infections, such as treponematosis, throughout the body and across the life course, and the opportunities for health-related caregiving in past societies that these processes can potentially create.

Prior to 1820 the teaching profession in the United States was composed predominantly of men. However, with the opening of the American social and economic world to woman, the female teachers became more numerous, until at the close of World War II only about 6 percent of the elementary school teachers in the United States were men.