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Digitization, increased internet access and the challenges of the pandemic, Covid-19, have together created new ways of working. These conditions have made it possible for many workers to have a more flexible working day. Where the work is not tied to time and space in the same way as before. Working methods that have emerged are teleworking, working from home and hybrid work. The essay investigates possible challenges that may arise from a work environment perspective, when the work is no longer performed at a permanent workplace. The essay also describes the employer's work environment responsibility when the work takes place outside his premises. According to the provisions of the Swedish Work Environment Act, the employer bears the ultimate responsibility for the work environment, regardless of where the employee has his workplace. In summary, the employer's work environment management can be made more difficult when the employee, for example, works in his home.

Maternity leave is a critical work-family policy that affects over two-thirds of the working U.S. female population. Although it has been studied extensively, especially since the passage of the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, the majority of the research has focused on White, middle-class, married, and educated working mothers. There is a plethora of information about access to maternity leave, utilization of maternity leave, length of maternity leave, and compensation during leave. However, there are several limitations in the research. A majority of studies use outdated datasets; measure family leave as a proxy for maternity leave; study paid and unpaid maternity leave as one variable; and leave out contextual factors. Using intersectionality theory as a guiding framework, which poses that women's gendered experiences are shaped by the intersection of race/ethnicity and class, the purpose of this study is to identify similarities and differences in the maternity leave practices of a racially diverse sample of working mothers. The Listening to Mothers III Survey of births occurring in 2011 and 2012 will be used for this study. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to determine the factors that predict access to leave, utilization of leave, length of leave, and compensation during leave. Results show that sociodemographic factors such as household income, poverty level, and insurance are consistent predictors of access to leave, use of leave, and length of leave. Using an intersectional approach revealed that mothers' intersectional locations can increase or decrease their chances of getting access to leave, using leave, the length of leave taken, and compensation received during leave. The results of this study show that including sociodemographic factors in maternity leave research can further our understanding of how the social characteristics of working mothers impact their maternity leave experiences. Paying more attention to these factors in maternity leave research will contribute recommendations for creating more inclusive maternity leave policies.

No / The volume, which this chapter forms a part, explores how the idea of civil society has been translated in different cultural contexts and examines its impact on politics worldwide. Comparing and contrasting civil society in Latin America and Eastern Europe, Western Europe and the United States, Africa and South Asia, and the Middle East, the contributors show that there are multiple interpretations of the concept that depend more on the particular political configuration in different parts of the world than on cultural predilections. They also demonstrate that the power of civil society depends less on abstract definitions, and more on the extent to which it is grounded in the context of actual experiences from around the world. This book includes some of the biggest names in the area such as Mary Kaldor, Ronnie Lipschutz and Helmut Anheier.

<p> This thesis attempts to relate the kind of female figures in Dickens's works with the images of womanhood current in Victorian Society and Art.</p> / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

Current data highlight significant disparities in infant and maternal health (IMH) outcomes both when comparing outcomes to other countries and between groups within the U.S. Previous studies indicate that disparities in health outcomes are caused by health inequities. Health inequities are a result of marginalized groups historically being denied resources and exposed to increased risk directly impacting health. These resources and risks are considered social determinants of health (SDoH), such as income, housing, transportation, and access to care. Although SDoH influence individuals across multiple levels of society, communities are sites where individuals directly access protective resources and are potentially exposed to risk. Therefore, given the persistence of poor IMH outcomes and the role communities play as sites in which social factors directly impact health, this study sought to understand the relationship between local-level SDoH and IMH outcomes in Florida as well as the role local health departments play in improving outcomes. To do this, a mixed methods analysis was conducted using secondary quantitative and qualitative data. The secondary quantitative data was compiled to create a dataset for variables that represent community-level SDoH and IMH outcomes, which were all analyzed statistically and utilizing geospatial visualizations. The secondary qualitative data consisted of county-level content from Healthy Start Coalition websites as well as Community Health Needs Assessments and Health Improvement Plans. Findings suggest that there are statistically significant relationships between variables utilized to measure racial residential segregation, neighborhood deprivation, housing stability, rurality and access to care and the variables utilized to measure infant health outcomes. Further, the qualitative data suggest that less than half the sample considered IMH a priority issue. Of the counties who did, many focused on implementing strategies to impact individual behaviors, however all counties in the sample did discuss SDoH and health equity to varying degrees.

In this thesis, the background and historical development to the Swedish double taxation treaties is studied. The main topic of the study has been to examine double taxation agreements between Sweden and other countries, with a focus on trends and changes as well as formal changes in the structure of the agreements over time. This thesis has been written using a legal history method. The study has been limited to providing an overview of the history of Swedish double taxation treaties since 1928 to the present.  The background to Sweden entering into double taxation agreements with other countries is based on the desire to harmonies conflicting tax rules with other nations and thus avoid double taxation for its citizens.  Sweden has been active in expanding its network of double taxation agreements over time, although the frequency of signing has shifted during certain periods. The shifts in the number of signed treaties from 1928 to today can be explained by, among other things, the Second World War, the emergence of new independent countries and a change of focus in the work of negotiating new double taxation treaties. The treaties have played a key role in preventing double taxation, facilitating trade and investment and improving diplomatic relations between countries.  The work on Swedish double taxation agreements is characterised by a desire for standardisation and uniformity. Previous treaties lacked harmonisation and uniformity, but after the model treaty, the treaties are characterised by much greater consistency. Sweden has consistently endeavoured to follow the model agreement, which has clearly influenced the design of the agreements and thereby created a common structure.  By studying Swedish double taxation treaties over time, it can be concluded that Sweden has had a strong interest in cooperating internationally in tax law to avoid double taxation, which is reflected in the high frequency of treaties over time and that Sweden's treaties invariably follow the structure and disposition of the model treaty. Despite this, Sweden’s has decreased recently, particularly in favour of information exchange agreements. This is problematic given that it is in Sweden's interest to continue developing its network of double taxation agreements.

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Increasing numbers of older adults are expected to return to the labor force to reap both the financial and social rewards of paid employment. However, little is known about how the workplace supports older workers' successful aging process. The purpose of this study was to examine how the design of a job (opportunities for decision making, use of a variety of skills, coworker support, and supervisor support) influences successful aging (having a sense of control over life, social networks, emotional support, and opportunities for generativity) in older workers (aged 55 and older) in the home building industry. The study explored the relationship between two broad constructs: a model of successful aging and the demand control model of healthy job design. In a cross-sectional, survey design, a convenience sample of 109 older workers completed the Job Content Questionnaire, Social Network scale, Emotional Support scale, Mirowsky-Ross 2 X 2 Index of Sense of Control, and Loyola Generativity Scale. Results of multiple regression analyses indicated that job design influenced two measures of successful aging: generativity and personal sense of control. Job design contributed to 23% of the variance in generativity and 15.5% of the variance in personal sense of control. The job design characteristics of skill variety and coworker support were most important to successful aging. It was recommended that managers design jobs for older workers that incorporate opportunities to use a variety of skills, work collaboratively with others, and offer mentoring experiences. This study contributes to social change by promoting the workplace as a naturally occurring social institution that supports successful aging for older workers.