At present, Richmond, Virginia only has bus transit services provided by the Greater Richmond Transit Company (GRTC) and primarily concentrated within the boundary of Richmond City. GRTC is impacted by both supply-side and demand-side factors, notably socioeconomic characteristics of bus riders, bus ridership is unevenly distributed across different bus stops. This thesis will conduct statistical and geographical analysis on the impacts of socioeconomic characteristics on bus-stop daily boarding in Richmond City. The statistical analysis includes both correlation analysis and regression analysis, assuming one dependent variable (bus-stop daily boarding) and fourteen independent variables (most of which describe socioeconomic characteristics of bus riders) at aggregated census block group levels. The research concentrates on local bus routes and the block groups with local bus stops in Richmond. This empirical study aims to identify the significant factors impacting bus ridership and assess the bus service situation for affected block groups (under-served or over-served). The study outcomes, such as the number of bus lines as the most important factor impacting ridership, will have important implications for Richmond’s local transit planning and decision-making.

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2017-04-27T18:52:43Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) reila.pdf: 1511057 bytes, checksum: 0d2c272827e237aaa1cce4897d1cef01 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-27T18:52:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) reila.pdf: 1511057 bytes, checksum: 0d2c272827e237aaa1cce4897d1cef01 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-26 / Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a correlação entre o acesso ao saneamento básico, características socioeconômicas e a Esquistossomose nos municípios do estado de Pernambuco, no período de 2008 a 2014. Para tanto, realizou-se um estudo descritivo e analítico com dados coletados nos seguintes sistemas de informação: Departamento de Informática do SUS/MS (DATASUS), Sistema de Controle da Esquistossomose (SISPCE), Sistema de Mortalidade (SIM), Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) e do Sistema Informação da Atenção Básica (SIAB), tendo como unidade de análise os municípios do estado de Pernambuco. Para avaliar a correlação entre a prevalência de esquistossomose com o número de casos, quantidade de exames realizados, óbito, cobertura de atenção básica, renda, taxa de analfabetismo, fornecimento de água pública, coleta de lixo, sistema de esgoto, % de domicilio atendido por saneamento básico nos municípios de estudo, foram aplicados o teste de correlação de Spearman. Todas as conclusões foram tiradas considerando o nível de significância de 5% e 1%. Verificou-se correlação significativa e negativa entre a prevalência da esquistossomose e o esgotamento sanitário, analfabetismo e renda. Em relação ao abastecimento da água, observou-se uma correlação pouco significativa e positiva. Diante disso, conclui-se que fatores socioeconômicos como analfabetismo, renda e saneamento básico estão correlacionados com a prevalência da esquistossomose nos municípios de Pernambuco. / This study aimed to analyze the correlation between access to basic sanitation, socioeconomic characteristics and Schistosomiasis in the municipalities of the state of Pernambuco, from 2008 to 2014. Therefore, there was a descriptive and analytical study with data collected in the following information systems: SUS Department of Informatics / MS (DATASUS), Control System Schistosomiasis (SISPCE) Mortality System (SIM), the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) and System information Primary Care (SIAB) , with the unit of analysis municipalities in the state of Pernambuco. To evaluate the correlation between the prevalence of schistosomiasis with the number of cases, number of tests performed, death, primary care coverage, income, illiteracy, public water supply, garbage collection, sewage system,% of household attended by sanitation in the study municipalities were applied the Spearman correlation test. All conclusions were drawn considering the significance level of 5% and 1%. There was a significant negative correlation between the prevalence of schistosomiasis and sanitation, literacy and income. Regarding the supply of water, it was observed a minor positive correlation. Therefore, it i concluded that socioeconomic factors such as illiteracy, income and sanitation are correlated with the prevalence of schistosomiasis in the municipalities of Pernambuco.

Food insecurity is one of the biggest challenges facing American society today. Over 13.7 million US households were food insecure in the year 2019 and 19 million Americans lived in food deserts in the year 2015 (USDA, 2020, 2017). Despite food insecurities affecting communities in every corner of the country, there is a dearth of research on food security and food deserts. Therefore, the main objectives of this study are 1) to identify underlying neighborhood characteristics that predict the communities at higher nutritional risk, 2) to analyze the impacts of household characteristics on household food insecurity, and 3) to examine the combined influences of both household and neighborhood characteristics on household food insecurity. Through exploratory factor analysis, eleven socioeconomic characteristics of neighborhoods were systematically grouped into two factors. The first factor represented the neighborhoods with lower socioeconomic status and the second factor represented the declining neighborhoods. Both neighborhoods are less attractive to the big retail stores economically (Bonanno, 2012), and are sometimes subject to malpractice like supermarket redlining (Eisenhauer, 2001).The food desert vulnerability index (FDVI) was created by ranking the variables of factor 1 and factor 2, and the ranking was based on percentiles. This index identified the census tracts of the Southern United States, Maine, Oregon, New Mexico, and Arizona as the socioeconomically vulnerable neighborhoods thereby their possibility of being food deserts. Additionally, analysis of the effect of household characteristics using the regression models suggested that households that were large, minorities, single-parent, male-headed, and lived in the metros, and Midwestern and Southern regions were food insecure. Combined assessment of household and neighborhood characteristics using hierarchical linear modeling revealed that only 2.03 percent of the variance in the household food security score was attributable to differences between counties, thereby implying household food security was mostly dependent on the household’s characteristics. The major limitation of this study is that it does not incorporate the cross-sectional variations in food prices, the role of social capital, and the analysis of the food environment to assess household food insecurity. Research examining the influence of these aspects on household food security would be beneficial.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:44:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2955415 bytes, checksum: db1509ba0da3ea5dc7071cc50598f696 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this work is to examine the factors that influenced the academic performance of students at the Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB) in the period 2000 to 2006. In particular, we examined how student s socioeconomic characteristics determine their performance. To this end, the data provided will be used are in student s socioeconomic questionnaire available on the Standing Committee of the Competition Vestibular UFPB - COPERVE and the Center for Information Technology (NIT). Were considered as measures of student performance in UFPB two different variables: the coefficient of Educational Achievement (CRE) and evasion. Taking these variables as dependent and socioeconomic and academic characteristics as explanatory, were made estimates by the Probit and ordered probit model, respectively. The main results shows that the relationship between academic performance, measured by the CRE, and socioeconomic characteristics of students is weak. However, the CRE is directly influenced when it is related to the number of lockups and failures that students had during the academic life. In order to check whether the explanatory variables (characteristics) were actually consistent were used an estimate through the ordered probit model, with the dependent variable been the average grade obtained by the students in the entrance examination. The results were satisfactory, showing that on average, male students have better results than those of female students; and who studied the high school in public school have worse performance compared to those who came from private school. With respect to average family income, the results indicate that the higher the value of this variable higher school performance; that higher education level of parents increases the performance of students; and those students who do not work tend to have better results compared than those who work. With respect to the Probit regression to explain the evasion, it was found that male students are more likely to evade the university than women. With regard to marital status is verified that the fact of being single does not make the student have a better chance of leaving the university. Concerning the school system, students that studied high school and middle schools in public school have a positive relationship with the escape, or are more likely to evade. The same approach occurs with working students. About the lockups, partial and total failures, they present a direct relationship with the level of evasion, that is, the more failures and lockups students perform, more likely to evade the course they have. / O objetivo deste trabalho é examinar os fatores que influenciam no desempenho acadêmico dos estudantes da Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB) no período de 2000 a 2006. Em particular, é analisado como as características socioeconômicas dos estudantes determinam este desempenho. Para tanto, serão utilizados os dados fornecidos nos questionários socioeconômicos dos estudantes, disponíveis na Comissão Permanente do Concurso Vestibular da UFPB COPERVE e pelo Núcleo de Tecnologia da Informação (NTI). Foram consideradas como medidas de desempenho do aluno na UFPB, duas variáveis distintas: o Coeficiente de Rendimento Escolar (CRE) e a evasão. Tomando estas variáveis como dependentes e as características socioeconômicas e escolares como explicativas, realizaram-se estimações através do modelo Probit Ordenado e Probit, respectivamente. Os principais resultados mostram que é fraca a relação entre desempenho acadêmico, medido pelo CRE, e as características socioeconômicas dos alunos. Todavia o CRE é diretamente influenciado quando é relacionado ao número de trancamentos e reprovações que aluno teve durante o curso. Com o intuito de verificar se as variáveis explicativas (características socioeconômicas) utilizadas eram realmente consistentes foi feita uma estimação através do modelo Probit Ordenado, tendo como variável dependente a média no vestibular obtida pelo estudantes. Os resultados foram satisfatórios mostrando que, em média, estudantes do sexo masculino apresentam melhores resultados do que os de sexo feminino, alunos que cursaram o ensino médio em escola pública têm desempenho pior se comparados aos que vieram de escola privada. Com a relação à renda média familiar, os resultados apontam que quanto maior o valor desta variável maior o desempenho escolar e que quanto maior o grau de escolarização dos pais maior o desempenho dos estudantes e aqueles alunos que não trabalham tendem a apresentar melhores resultados relativamente àqueles que trabalham. Com relação a regressão pelo modelo Probit para explicar a evasão, verificou-se que estudantes do sexo masculino têm mais probabilidade de se evadirem dos cursos que as mulheres. Com relação ao estado civil verifica-se que o fato do indivíduo não ser solteiro faz com que ele possua uma chance maior de abandono do curso. No tocante à rede de ensino, estudantes cursaram o ensino fundamental e médio em escolas públicas apresentam uma relação positiva com a evasão, ou seja, têm mais chances de evadirem-se do curso. A mesma perspectiva ocorre com alunos que trabalham. No que tange aos trancamentos parciais, totais e reprovações observa-se que os mesmos apresentam uma relação direta com o nível de evasão, isto é, quanto mais trancamentos e reprovações os alunos realizam, mais chances de evadirem do curso os mesmos possuem.

In the present paper, we examine the effect of socioeconomic characteristics on the life expectancy of men and women in the Stockholm metropolitan area. Detailed individual data allows for a novel approach where observations can be displayed in high resolution. As is often the case with geographical data, the variables display high spatial autocorrelations, which imply that observations in proximity are more, or less, similar than what could be expected under the assumption of independent and identically distributed observations. Presence of spatial autocorrelation makes conventional regression models nonfunctional, and a model that accounts for this is therefore specified. In addition, a distance-band which reflects the distance and association between observations is determined. Lagrange Multiplier tests, AIC, log-likelihood, and the Schwarz criterion suggest that a spatial error model with a 300-meter distance band is appropriate for the data at hand. The findings suggest that: (1) Belonging to a minority group has the strongest effect on life expectancies and (2) the effect is negative for both genders, although the negative impact is stronger for males. Tests for spatial autocorrelation on the residuals suggest that the adopted spatial error model captures nearly all spatial autocorrelation in the data, compared to alternative models.

No description available.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Esta dissertação analisa a evolução da demanda por transportes associada à extensão de duas linhas Azul e Verde do Metrô de São Paulo, incluindo cinco estações que iniciaram operação em 1998. A análise usou dados de 1997 e 2007 das Pesquisas Origem e Destino, permitindo a comparação de características de viagem e socioeconômicas. Para cada linha, dois grupos de zonas foram identificadas próximo às novas estações: com impacto direto e com impacto indireto do Metrô. A análise comparou estes grupos geográficos entre eles e temporalmente, usando ambas as Pesquisas OD. Além disso, uma análise desagregada de duas variáveis associadas ao comportamento da demanda por viagem posse de auto e número de viagens foi realizada, objetivando identificar o impacto das novas estações. Os resultados indicam que cada extensão de linha se desenvolveu de forma diferente, em termos de distribuição de atividades e características socioeconômicas. Também, a análise desagregada sugere que o efeito de variáveis como renda familiar e distância até a estação mais próxima pode afetar famílias de forma diferente dependendo da proximidade da zona com o Metrô. / This dissertation analyzes the evolution of transportation demand associated with the extension of two lines Blue and Green of the São Paulo Metro, including five stations that started operating in 1998. The analysis used data from the 1997 and 2007 Origin and Destination Surveys (Pesquisas Origem e Destino), allowing the comparison of travel and socioeconomic characteristics. For each line, two groups of zones were identified in the proximity of the new stations: with direct impact and with indirect impact from the Metrô. The analysis compared these geographic groups between them and in time, using both OD surveys. In addition, a disaggregate analysis of two travel behavior related variables auto ownership and number of trips was conducted, aiming to identify the impact of the new stations. The results indicate that each line extension developed differently, in terms of distribution of activities and socioeconomic characteristics. Also, the disaggregate analysis suggests that the effect of variables such as family income and distance to the nearest station may affect families differently depending on the zone proximity to the Metrô.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Esta dissertação analisa a evolução da demanda por transportes associada à extensão de duas linhas Azul e Verde do Metrô de São Paulo, incluindo cinco estações que iniciaram operação em 1998. A análise usou dados de 1997 e 2007 das Pesquisas Origem e Destino, permitindo a comparação de características de viagem e socioeconômicas. Para cada linha, dois grupos de zonas foram identificadas próximo às novas estações: com impacto direto e com impacto indireto do Metrô. A análise comparou estes grupos geográficos entre eles e temporalmente, usando ambas as Pesquisas OD. Além disso, uma análise desagregada de duas variáveis associadas ao comportamento da demanda por viagem posse de auto e número de viagens foi realizada, objetivando identificar o impacto das novas estações. Os resultados indicam que cada extensão de linha se desenvolveu de forma diferente, em termos de distribuição de atividades e características socioeconômicas. Também, a análise desagregada sugere que o efeito de variáveis como renda familiar e distância até a estação mais próxima pode afetar famílias de forma diferente dependendo da proximidade da zona com o Metrô. / This dissertation analyzes the evolution of transportation demand associated with the extension of two lines Blue and Green of the São Paulo Metro, including five stations that started operating in 1998. The analysis used data from the 1997 and 2007 Origin and Destination Surveys (Pesquisas Origem e Destino), allowing the comparison of travel and socioeconomic characteristics. For each line, two groups of zones were identified in the proximity of the new stations: with direct impact and with indirect impact from the Metrô. The analysis compared these geographic groups between them and in time, using both OD surveys. In addition, a disaggregate analysis of two travel behavior related variables auto ownership and number of trips was conducted, aiming to identify the impact of the new stations. The results indicate that each line extension developed differently, in terms of distribution of activities and socioeconomic characteristics. Also, the disaggregate analysis suggests that the effect of variables such as family income and distance to the nearest station may affect families differently depending on the zone proximity to the Metrô.