O presente estudo teve por objetivo descrever e analisar as condições sócio-econômicas, de saúde e de incapacidade de grupos previdenciários entre idosos residentes no Município de São Paulo, no período de 1988-89. Trata-se de estudo transversal, onde uma amostra aleatória de 1557 indivíduos foi categorizada em quatro grupos previdenciários: aposentados, 53,3 por cento ; pensionistas, 14,8 por cento ; economicamente ativos, 10 por cento e donas de casa, 22 por cento . As pensionistas, os aposentados por invalidez e por velhice apresentaram os piores indicadores sócio-econômicos. As doenças mais frequentemente referidas, foram a hipertensão, varizes e reumatismo. As pensionistas, as donas de casa e os aposentados por invalidez apresentaram as maiores frequências destas doenças, ou respectivamente, para hipertensão: 55,4 por cento , 59,4 e 53,5 por cento ; para varizes: 57,1 por cento , 56,5 por cento e 52,4 por cento ; e para reumatismo: 43,7 por cento , 54,7 por cento e 45,4 por cento . Entre o conjunto dos idosos, 37,3 por cento apresentam algum nível de incapacidade e 1,7 por cento são totalmente dependentes. As pensionistas, os aposentados por invalidez e as donas de casa foram os grupos que apresentaram as maiores prevalências de incapacidade. As melhores condições sócio-econômicas, de saúde e de independência ocorreram entre os economicamente ativos aposentados. Para a análise multivariada as categorias tomadas como referência foram: sexo masculino, faixa etária de 60 a 69 anos, nível superior de escolaridade, indivíduos economicamente ativos, grupo ocupacional I (administradores, técnicos e profissionais de nível superior) e renda familiar per capita igual ou superior a US$ 100 mensais. Em relação à hipertensão, as variáveis a seguir mostraram associação segundo os respectivos níveis e valores de \"odds ratio\": sexo feminino, 1,44; nível médio de escolaridade, 2,0; nível elementar 3,35 e nível de não alfabetização, 6,58; quanto à condição previdenciária: aposentados, 1,7; pensionistas, 2,02 e donas de casa, 2,34; renda familiar abaixo deUS$ 100, 1,31. Em relação à incapacidade: sexo feminino, 2,29; faixa etária 70-79 anos, 2,59; 80 anos e mais, 12,74; nível de não alfabetização de escolaridade, 5,83; aposentados, 2,51; donas de casa, 3,89 e pensionistas, 3,41. Não se associaram com a hipertensão: a idade, 70 a 79 anos e a ocupação anterior; e não se associaram com incapacidade: a escolaridade, níveis médio e elementar; os grupos ocupacionais III e IV (manuais, braçais e donas de casa) e finalmente a renda familiar perca pita. Conclui-se que as pensionistas, os aposentados por invalidez e os aposentados por velhice constituem-se nos grupos mais vulneráveis do ponto de vista social e de saúde; que variáveis sócio-econômicas estão associadas à hipertensão e incapacidade e que a ocupação anterior dos idosos não se associa à estas condições de saúde. / This cross-sectional study aims to describe and to analyze the relationships between socioeconomic, health and autonomy conditions in the population of 60 years old and more, in São Paulo City, Brazil, observed from 1988 to 1989. A representative systematic random sample sized 1 ,557 has been classified as: retirees (53.3 per cent ), pensioners (14.8 per cent ), economically active (10 per cent ) and housewives (22 per cent ). Pensioners, retirees due to disability and retirees due to age had the worst socioeconomic indicators. Hypertension, varicous veins and rheumatic problems have been found as the most frequent referred diseases in the sample. The highest frequencies have been found among pensioners, housewives and retirees due to age, who have shown respectively: hypertension: 55.4 per cent , 59.4 per cent and 53.5 per cent ; varicous veins: 57.1 per cent , 56.5 per cent and 52.4 per cent and rheumatic diseases: 43.7 per cent , 54.7 per cent and 45.4 per cent . Disability condition for at least one activity of day living has been found in 37.7 per cent of the sample. Complete dependency have been observed in 1.7 per cent . The highest disability levels have been found among pensioners, retirees dueto disability and housewives. The best socioeconomic, health and autonomy conditions have been found among the retirees who still have economic activities. For multivariate analysis the following classes have been used as reference: male, 60 to 69 years old, graduate education levei, being in economic activity, previous job group level I (superior administration, technicians, and graduate professionals) and family income equal to or higher than US$100 a month. Regarding the references above, the following conditions increased hypertension prevalence with the corresponding odds: female, 1,44, medium educational levei, 2,0, elementary educational levei, 3,35, illiteracy, 6,58, retirement 1,7, pensioner, 2,02, and housewife, 2,34; family income less than US$ 100 a month, 1,31. For disability conditions the results are as the following: female, 2,29; illiteracy, 5,83; retirement, 2,51, housewife, 3,89 and pensioners, 3,41; 80 years old and higher, 12,74; 70-79 years old, 2,59. No significant differences have been found in hypertension prevalence concerning the 70-79 years old group, and previous job. The same happened with the association between for disability and mediun and ellementary education levels, previous job group III and IV (manual workers and housewive) and family income. The pensioners, the retirees due to disability and to age, are the most vulnerable groups concerning social and health conditions.

Formål: Denne studien ville undersøke tannhelseeffekt ved et intervensjonsprogram for forebygging av karies på klinikknivå.   Metode: Et ex post-facto quasi-eksperimentell design ble anvendt til kvantitativ analyse av data fra journal programmet i Tannhelsetjenesten i Vest-Agder fylke, Norge. Effekten av et beskrevet intervensjonsprogram for forebygging av karies ble analysert ved sammenlikning mellom tre klinikker, og delvis med fylkesgjennomsittet for Vest-Agder. De sosioøkonomiske forhold i klinikkenes tilhørende bydeler ble beskrevet med indekser ut fra gitte kriterier. Kalibreringsøvelser med røntgenbetrakting på behandlernivå ble utført post hoc for å få en formening om mulige målefeil og presisjon i det statistiske materialet.   Resultat: Planmessig, nytenkende og godt folkehelsearbeid i undersøkelsesperioden 2004– 2008 med tidlig intervensjon på småbarn og praktisk opplæring i effektiv tannpuss, gav betydelig tannhelsegevinst for 5- åringene. Resultatene var mindre entydige for 12- og 18-åringene. Klinikken med det forebyggende intervensjonsprogrammet var beliggende i et område med bra sosioøkonomisk indeks, hvilket kan forkludre resultatene. Forskjell i diagosenivå mellom klinikerne, viser hvordan helseresultater kan bli påvirket av behandlervariasjon. Ulik diagnose- og behandlernivå blant klinikerne slik det kommer fram i studien, ser ut for å være en vedvarende utfordring for tannhelsetjenesten.    Konklusjon: Studien understreker betydningen av intensiv og målrettet forebyggende intervensjon fra tidlig alder, og at forebyggende arbeid og tannhelseresultat må ses i et langtidsperspektiv. Ulike sosioøkonomiske forhold i et undersøkt område, reduserte mulighetene for å konkludere om helseresultater i denne quasi-eksperimentelle studien. / Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate oral health results at the clinical level of an intervention program for the prevention of dental caries.   Method: An ex post facto quasi-experimental design was used for quantitative analysis of data using digital records in the Public Dental Health Service of County Vest-Agder, Norway. The effect of a described intervention program for prevention of caries was analyzed by comparing oral health data from the intervention clinic with two other clinics and also with the county average. The socioeconomic conditions in the neighbourhoods served by the clinics were described with indexes containing known criteria. The test of the treatment criteria of salaried dentists was based on post hoc x-rays to estimate the size of measurement error and precise statistical material.   Result: Systematic, innovative, and good public health practices conducted during the 2004–2008 study period provided early intervention treatment for toddlers and trained effective tooth-brushing skills, beneficially affected oral health results among 5-year-old children. However, the results were less clear among 12- and 18- years-old children. The clinic with the best oral health results was located in the best socioeconomic area in the study, possibly confounding the results. An unsatisfactory agreement of the diagnostic level between the clinicians showed that practice variations might influence health effects. Differing diagnostic and treatment levels among clinicians shown in the study, poses an ongoing challenge for dental service.   Conclusion: This study emphasizes the importance of initiating and maintaining intensive and targeted preventive dental activities in early childhood, and shows that preventive dental treatment and oral health results require a long-time perspective. Varying socioeconomic conditions in the trial area reduced the possibility of concluding health results in this quasi-experimental study. / <p>ISBN 978-91-86739-20-1</p>

O presente estudo teve por objetivo descrever e analisar as condições sócio-econômicas, de saúde e de incapacidade de grupos previdenciários entre idosos residentes no Município de São Paulo, no período de 1988-89. Trata-se de estudo transversal, onde uma amostra aleatória de 1557 indivíduos foi categorizada em quatro grupos previdenciários: aposentados, 53,3 por cento ; pensionistas, 14,8 por cento ; economicamente ativos, 10 por cento e donas de casa, 22 por cento . As pensionistas, os aposentados por invalidez e por velhice apresentaram os piores indicadores sócio-econômicos. As doenças mais frequentemente referidas, foram a hipertensão, varizes e reumatismo. As pensionistas, as donas de casa e os aposentados por invalidez apresentaram as maiores frequências destas doenças, ou respectivamente, para hipertensão: 55,4 por cento , 59,4 e 53,5 por cento ; para varizes: 57,1 por cento , 56,5 por cento e 52,4 por cento ; e para reumatismo: 43,7 por cento , 54,7 por cento e 45,4 por cento . Entre o conjunto dos idosos, 37,3 por cento apresentam algum nível de incapacidade e 1,7 por cento são totalmente dependentes. As pensionistas, os aposentados por invalidez e as donas de casa foram os grupos que apresentaram as maiores prevalências de incapacidade. As melhores condições sócio-econômicas, de saúde e de independência ocorreram entre os economicamente ativos aposentados. Para a análise multivariada as categorias tomadas como referência foram: sexo masculino, faixa etária de 60 a 69 anos, nível superior de escolaridade, indivíduos economicamente ativos, grupo ocupacional I (administradores, técnicos e profissionais de nível superior) e renda familiar per capita igual ou superior a US$ 100 mensais. Em relação à hipertensão, as variáveis a seguir mostraram associação segundo os respectivos níveis e valores de \"odds ratio\": sexo feminino, 1,44; nível médio de escolaridade, 2,0; nível elementar 3,35 e nível de não alfabetização, 6,58; quanto à condição previdenciária: aposentados, 1,7; pensionistas, 2,02 e donas de casa, 2,34; renda familiar abaixo deUS$ 100, 1,31. Em relação à incapacidade: sexo feminino, 2,29; faixa etária 70-79 anos, 2,59; 80 anos e mais, 12,74; nível de não alfabetização de escolaridade, 5,83; aposentados, 2,51; donas de casa, 3,89 e pensionistas, 3,41. Não se associaram com a hipertensão: a idade, 70 a 79 anos e a ocupação anterior; e não se associaram com incapacidade: a escolaridade, níveis médio e elementar; os grupos ocupacionais III e IV (manuais, braçais e donas de casa) e finalmente a renda familiar perca pita. Conclui-se que as pensionistas, os aposentados por invalidez e os aposentados por velhice constituem-se nos grupos mais vulneráveis do ponto de vista social e de saúde; que variáveis sócio-econômicas estão associadas à hipertensão e incapacidade e que a ocupação anterior dos idosos não se associa à estas condições de saúde. / This cross-sectional study aims to describe and to analyze the relationships between socioeconomic, health and autonomy conditions in the population of 60 years old and more, in São Paulo City, Brazil, observed from 1988 to 1989. A representative systematic random sample sized 1 ,557 has been classified as: retirees (53.3 per cent ), pensioners (14.8 per cent ), economically active (10 per cent ) and housewives (22 per cent ). Pensioners, retirees due to disability and retirees due to age had the worst socioeconomic indicators. Hypertension, varicous veins and rheumatic problems have been found as the most frequent referred diseases in the sample. The highest frequencies have been found among pensioners, housewives and retirees due to age, who have shown respectively: hypertension: 55.4 per cent , 59.4 per cent and 53.5 per cent ; varicous veins: 57.1 per cent , 56.5 per cent and 52.4 per cent and rheumatic diseases: 43.7 per cent , 54.7 per cent and 45.4 per cent . Disability condition for at least one activity of day living has been found in 37.7 per cent of the sample. Complete dependency have been observed in 1.7 per cent . The highest disability levels have been found among pensioners, retirees dueto disability and housewives. The best socioeconomic, health and autonomy conditions have been found among the retirees who still have economic activities. For multivariate analysis the following classes have been used as reference: male, 60 to 69 years old, graduate education levei, being in economic activity, previous job group level I (superior administration, technicians, and graduate professionals) and family income equal to or higher than US$100 a month. Regarding the references above, the following conditions increased hypertension prevalence with the corresponding odds: female, 1,44, medium educational levei, 2,0, elementary educational levei, 3,35, illiteracy, 6,58, retirement 1,7, pensioner, 2,02, and housewife, 2,34; family income less than US$ 100 a month, 1,31. For disability conditions the results are as the following: female, 2,29; illiteracy, 5,83; retirement, 2,51, housewife, 3,89 and pensioners, 3,41; 80 years old and higher, 12,74; 70-79 years old, 2,59. No significant differences have been found in hypertension prevalence concerning the 70-79 years old group, and previous job. The same happened with the association between for disability and mediun and ellementary education levels, previous job group III and IV (manual workers and housewive) and family income. The pensioners, the retirees due to disability and to age, are the most vulnerable groups concerning social and health conditions.

Introdução. A influência de fatores sócioeconômicos na epidemia pelo HIV/Aids tem sido discutida na literatura científica. Objetivo. Estudar a mortalidade por Aids segundo condições sócioeconômicas no município de São Paulo, no período de 1994 a 1999, entre homens e mulheres de 15 a 49 anos (15 a 24; 25 a 49). Método. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico tendo como unidades de análise os 96 distritos e 5 áreas homogêneas, classificadas segundo o índice social para cada distrito. Foram utilizados dados secundários do PROGRAMA DE APRIMORAMENTO DAS INFORMAÇÕES DE MORTALIDADE DO MUNICÍPIO (PRÓ – AIM), estimativas populacionais do censo de 1991 e os índices sociais do Mapa da exclusão/inclusão social para a cidade. Foram calculados os coeficientes de mortalidade por Aids por sexo e idade, em cada ano e área. Foi analisada a correlação entre o logarítmo dos coeficientes de mortalidade por Aids e os índices de exclusão/inclusão social nos 96 distritos. A tendência da mortalidade por Aids foi analisada na série histórica, nas 5 áreas homogêneas. Resultados. Foi encontrada correlação negativa estatisticamente significativa entre o log dos coeficientes de mortalidade por Aids e o índice de eqüidade entre homens e mulheres de 15 a 49 anos, ao longo de todo o período. Observou-se uma tendência à correlação positiva significativa entre o índice de qualidade de vida e a mortalidade masculina por Aids, entre 1994 e 1998, tornando-se negativa no ano de 1999. A redução da mortalidade por Aids observada após a introdução da moderna terapêutica anti-retroviral, entre 1996 e 1999, foi maior na área mais incluída: 60% entre os homens de 25 a 49 anos e 53% entre as mulheres da mesma idade. Os menores percentuais de queda foram observados nas áreas mais excluídas: 50% na AH5 entre homens de 25 a 49 anos, e 33% na AH3, entre as mulheres da mesma idade. Os percentuais de queda foram menores na população feminina em todas as áreas. Conclusões. A despeito da terapia anti-retroviral gratuita em todo município, a queda na mortalidade por Aids apresentou diferenças em relação às áreas geográficas. Essa redução foi menor na população vivendo em áreas de exclusão social e sendo mais lenta entre as mulheres em todas as áreas. Nos distritos onde foi maior a concentração de mulheres chefes de família não alfabetizadas observou-se também uma maior mortalidade por Aids, entre homens e mulheres. A vulnerabilidade feminina em relação ao HIV/Aids tem sido amplamente discutida na literatura científica. Alguns fatores como desigualdade no acesso aos cuidados de saúde e menor aderência ao tratamento podem estar relacionados com essas diferenças. A mortalidade por Aids nas diferentes áreas deve ser também estudada de acordo com a dinâmica da epidemia, a incidência e a letalidade nessas áreas, que podem explicar achados dessa mortalidade e diferenças entre áreas de inclusão e de exclusão. / Background. The role of the socioeconomic factors in the HIV/AIDS epidemic has been a subject of discussion in the scientific literature. Objective. The aim of the present study was to analyse AIDS mortality of persons aged 15-49 years old (15-24; 25-49) among men and women, in São Paulo city between 1994 and 1999, by socioeconomic conditions of geographic areas. Methods. Small area ecological study in the 96 districts and the five areas classified in level 1 to 5, better to worse socioeconomic conditions, drawn from city social exclusion map. Using 1991 population census, the city mortality information system (PROGRAMA DE APRIMORAMENTO DAS INFORMAÇÕES DE MORTALIDADE DO MUNICÍPIO) and socioeconomic indices for each district from city social exclusion map. We calculated the AIDS mortality rates by year, sex and age for each geographic area. The correlation between the rate of AIDS mortality and measures social exclusion was calculated for 96 districts over the period. The AIDS mortality trend was examined in the five areas. Results: The rate of AIDS mortality was correlated negatively with the equity index both males and females aged 15 to 49 years old over the period . Among men, a positive correlation was observed between the rate of AIDS mortality and the quality of life index. Reduction of mortality after the implementation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (1996-1999) was greater in the area of higher socioeconomic status (level 1) for both males (60%) and females (53%) aged 25-49. Whereas less decrease was observed in areas of lower socioeconomic conditions for both males and females. Mortality decrease more slowly for woman in all areas. Conclusions: Despite free antiretroviral therapy, differences in AIDS mortality are observed in relation to neighborhood-level socio economic conditions. The decrease in AIDS mortality was lowest in areas with disadvantaged socioeconomic status and among women. Inequalities in health-care access or poor adherence to treatment could explain the differences. These findings may also reflect, in part, differences in HIV/AIDS incidence in the geographic areas .

Introdução. A influência de fatores sócioeconômicos na epidemia pelo HIV/Aids tem sido discutida na literatura científica. Objetivo. Estudar a mortalidade por Aids segundo condições sócioeconômicas no município de São Paulo, no período de 1994 a 1999, entre homens e mulheres de 15 a 49 anos (15 a 24; 25 a 49). Método. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico tendo como unidades de análise os 96 distritos e 5 áreas homogêneas, classificadas segundo o índice social para cada distrito. Foram utilizados dados secundários do PROGRAMA DE APRIMORAMENTO DAS INFORMAÇÕES DE MORTALIDADE DO MUNICÍPIO (PRÓ – AIM), estimativas populacionais do censo de 1991 e os índices sociais do Mapa da exclusão/inclusão social para a cidade. Foram calculados os coeficientes de mortalidade por Aids por sexo e idade, em cada ano e área. Foi analisada a correlação entre o logarítmo dos coeficientes de mortalidade por Aids e os índices de exclusão/inclusão social nos 96 distritos. A tendência da mortalidade por Aids foi analisada na série histórica, nas 5 áreas homogêneas. Resultados. Foi encontrada correlação negativa estatisticamente significativa entre o log dos coeficientes de mortalidade por Aids e o índice de eqüidade entre homens e mulheres de 15 a 49 anos, ao longo de todo o período. Observou-se uma tendência à correlação positiva significativa entre o índice de qualidade de vida e a mortalidade masculina por Aids, entre 1994 e 1998, tornando-se negativa no ano de 1999. A redução da mortalidade por Aids observada após a introdução da moderna terapêutica anti-retroviral, entre 1996 e 1999, foi maior na área mais incluída: 60% entre os homens de 25 a 49 anos e 53% entre as mulheres da mesma idade. Os menores percentuais de queda foram observados nas áreas mais excluídas: 50% na AH5 entre homens de 25 a 49 anos, e 33% na AH3, entre as mulheres da mesma idade. Os percentuais de queda foram menores na população feminina em todas as áreas. Conclusões. A despeito da terapia anti-retroviral gratuita em todo município, a queda na mortalidade por Aids apresentou diferenças em relação às áreas geográficas. Essa redução foi menor na população vivendo em áreas de exclusão social e sendo mais lenta entre as mulheres em todas as áreas. Nos distritos onde foi maior a concentração de mulheres chefes de família não alfabetizadas observou-se também uma maior mortalidade por Aids, entre homens e mulheres. A vulnerabilidade feminina em relação ao HIV/Aids tem sido amplamente discutida na literatura científica. Alguns fatores como desigualdade no acesso aos cuidados de saúde e menor aderência ao tratamento podem estar relacionados com essas diferenças. A mortalidade por Aids nas diferentes áreas deve ser também estudada de acordo com a dinâmica da epidemia, a incidência e a letalidade nessas áreas, que podem explicar achados dessa mortalidade e diferenças entre áreas de inclusão e de exclusão. / Background. The role of the socioeconomic factors in the HIV/AIDS epidemic has been a subject of discussion in the scientific literature. Objective. The aim of the present study was to analyse AIDS mortality of persons aged 15-49 years old (15-24; 25-49) among men and women, in São Paulo city between 1994 and 1999, by socioeconomic conditions of geographic areas. Methods. Small area ecological study in the 96 districts and the five areas classified in level 1 to 5, better to worse socioeconomic conditions, drawn from city social exclusion map. Using 1991 population census, the city mortality information system (PROGRAMA DE APRIMORAMENTO DAS INFORMAÇÕES DE MORTALIDADE DO MUNICÍPIO) and socioeconomic indices for each district from city social exclusion map. We calculated the AIDS mortality rates by year, sex and age for each geographic area. The correlation between the rate of AIDS mortality and measures social exclusion was calculated for 96 districts over the period. The AIDS mortality trend was examined in the five areas. Results: The rate of AIDS mortality was correlated negatively with the equity index both males and females aged 15 to 49 years old over the period . Among men, a positive correlation was observed between the rate of AIDS mortality and the quality of life index. Reduction of mortality after the implementation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (1996-1999) was greater in the area of higher socioeconomic status (level 1) for both males (60%) and females (53%) aged 25-49. Whereas less decrease was observed in areas of lower socioeconomic conditions for both males and females. Mortality decrease more slowly for woman in all areas. Conclusions: Despite free antiretroviral therapy, differences in AIDS mortality are observed in relation to neighborhood-level socio economic conditions. The decrease in AIDS mortality was lowest in areas with disadvantaged socioeconomic status and among women. Inequalities in health-care access or poor adherence to treatment could explain the differences. These findings may also reflect, in part, differences in HIV/AIDS incidence in the geographic areas .

I en kontext där svenska elevers läsförståelse och motivation till läsning av böcker sjunker vill jag med den här studien undersöka huruvida fritidshemmen är en del av problemet med att barn och ungdomar läser allt mindre – eller en del av lösningen. Studien utgår från intervjuer med fritidshemspersonal och observationer av fritidshems inomhusmiljö. Materialet har sedan analyserats utifrån sociokulturella och miljöpsykologiska utgångspunkter. Dessa teorier grundar sig i antaganden om att språklig utveckling skapas via interaktion mellan människor i en kulturell kontext samt att elevers handlingar och identitetsskapande även skapas utifrån de miljöer de vistas i. Övergripande kan man säga att min studie bekräftar en del av det som tidigare forskning har kommit fram till. Personalen på fritidshemmen arbetar inte så medvetet och strategiskt med läsning vilket troligtvis leder till ett oförändrat intresse för läsning hos eleverna. Elevernas lästradition hemma får således styra vilket gör att klyftor mellan socioekonomiska grupper generellt förstärks. Samtidigt visar min undersökning att mina respondenter är väl införstådda i både styrdokumenten och relevant forskning kring vikten av läsning. Orsaken till att de inte arbetar aktivt med att intressera elever för läsning har enligt dem att göra med miljömässiga faktorer som bland annat barngruppernas storlek och lokalernas utformning. / In a context where Swedish students reading comprehension and motivation for reading books are in decline this study examines whether after school centers are part of the problem - or a part of the solution. The study is based on interviews with recreation staff and observations of the after school centers environment. The material is then analyzed on the basis of socio-cultural and environmental psychological starting points. These theories are based on assumptions that language development is created through the interaction between people in a cultural context and that pupils identification process is also created from the environments they inhabit. Overall, one can say that this study confirms some of what previous research has concluded. The employees at the recreation centers is not working so consciously and strategically with reading which probably leads to an unchanged interest in reading among pupils. Pupils reading habits at home thus control who becomes most avid readers which generally strengthens the gap between socio-economic groups. This investigation shows that the respondents are well aware of both policy documents and relevant research on the importance of reading. The reason they do not work actively to interest students in reading, according to them has to do with environmental factors such as group sizes and problems with the layout of rooms.

Trotz des erheblichen Ausmaßes der Bodenerosion in vielen Entwicklungsländern ist bislang weitgehend unklar, welches ihre wesentlichen anthropogenen Ursachen sind, und damit auch, wo Politiken und Maßnahmen für den Erhalt der Nahrungs- und Produktionsressource Boden ansetzen sollten. Jenseits unmittelbarer natürlicher und landnutzerischer Ursachen stehen heute sozioökonomische Faktoren im Mittelpunkt der Diskussion, von denen angenommen wird, daß sie die Anbau- und Bodenschutzentscheidungen der Landnutzer und darüber das Ausmaß an Bodenerosion beeinflussen, insbesondere: (i) verstärkte Armut, (ii) zunehmender Bevölkerungsdruck, (iii) verzerrte Agrarpreise, (iv) unangepaßter technischer Fortschritt sowie (v) unsichere Landbesitzverhältnisse. Der Bedeutung dieser Bestimmungsfaktoren wird vorwiegend im Rahmen produktionsökonomischer Ansätze und der Theorie der Induzierten Innovation nachgegangen. Allerdings wird die Wirkung einzelner Ursachen in der Literatur sehr unterschiedlich eingeschätzt. So wird beispielsweise in eher optimistischen Szenarien davon ausgegangen, daß Armuts- und Bevölkerungsdruck langfristig zur Entwicklung und Verbreitung bodenschonender Innovationen führen. In negativen Szenarien überwiegen hingegen Stimmen, die gerade in diesem Druck bei gleichzeitigem Preisdruck die wesentlichen Ursachen für die kurzsichtige Übernutzung des Bodens sehen. Empirische Studien zur Fundierung der kontrovers diskutierten Hypothesen liegen bislang nur für einen jeweils begrenzten lokalen Kontext vor und sind kaum verallgemeinerbar. Vor diesem Hintergrund bieten die Daten der ersten weltweiten Erhebung zum Stand der Bodenerosion (GLASOD, UNEP/ISRIC, 1991) nunmehr die Möglichkeit, sozioökonomische und landnutzerische Determinanten der Bodenerosion auf überregionaler Ebene empirisch zu untersuchen. Anhand der Aggregation und Analyse der im GLASOD enthaltenen Informationen wird zunächst deutlich, daß Afrika und Südostasien flächenmäßig mit jeweils rd. 4,5 Mio km2 am meisten zur Degradation durch Bodenerosion und Nährstoffverluste[1] in Entwicklungsländern beitragen, während der Anteil erodierter Fläche an der jeweiligen Gesamtfläche des Subkontinents[2] in Südwestasien (37%), Mittelamerika und Südostasien (jeweils rd. 25%) am höchsten ist. Extrem stark erodierte Länder finden sich v.a. in Mittelamerika und Afrika: In El Salvador, Haiti und Costa Rica sind zwischen 60% und 90% der jeweiligen Landesfläche betroffen. In Afrika sind vor allem die nord- und westafrikanischen Sahelländer Tunesien, Mauretanien, Libyen, Niger, Burkina Faso und Mali, im Osten die Hochlandstaaten Burundi und Rwanda sowie schließlich die Kapverdischen Inseln, besonders stark erodiert (40% bis 80% der Landesfläche). Wassererosion hat den größten Anteil an der Erosionsfläche, in Mittelamerika und Südostasien sind sogar mehr als 70% der erodierten Fläche von Wassererosion betroffen. Für die empirische Analyse der Zusammenhänge zwischen Bodenerosion und möglichen Bestimmungsfaktoren wird ein exploratives, ökonometrisches Vorgehen auf Grundlage nationaler Daten gewählt[3]. Die spezifische Aufeinanderfolge verschiedener Korrelations-, Faktoren- und Regressionsanalysen wird der großen Anzahl in Frage kommender Indikatorvariablen für mögliche Erosionsdeterminanten sowie den zu erwartenden Problemen der Multikollinearität und Modellspezifizierung in besonderem Maße gerecht. Letztere ergeben sich einerseits aus anzunehmenden Abhängikeiten unter verschiedenen Erosionsdeterminanten. Andererseits macht der latente Charakter[4], den die aus einem mikroökonomischen Kontext abgeleiteten Erosionsursachen auf aggregierter Ebene haben, es notwendig, für jede der angenommenen Determinanten verschiedene, u.U. korrelierte Indikatorvariablen zu definieren, was zusätzlich Kollinearität bedingt. Für Bodenerosion werden auf der Basis der national aggregierten GLASOD-Daten verschiedene Erosionsindizes definiert, die prinzipiell den von Wasser- und Winderosion sowie durch Nährstoffverluste betroffenen Anteil der nutzbaren Landesfläche wiedergeben. Die Datengrundlage für mögliche Erosionsdeterminanten wird ausgehend von Datensammlungen internationaler Organisationen für den Zeitraum 1961-1990 zusammengestellt. Für eine große Anzahl der in der Literatur diskutierten sozioökonomischen, landnutzerischen und auch natürlichen Rahmenbedingungen können repräsentative Indikatorvariablen definiert werden. Mangels geeigneter Indikatoren und Daten bleiben allerdings die Art und Sicherheit der Landbesitzverhältnisse unberücksichtigt. Insgesamt umfaßt die Datengrundlage rund 150 Variablen. Die Ergebnisse der Einfachkorrelationsanalysen zwischen den Erosionsindizes und möglichen Determinanten dienen einer ersten Einschätzung der Zusammenhänge. Sie zeigen, daß länderübergreifend insbesondere Variablen des Bevölkerungsdrucks sowie der durchschnittliche Waldanteil mit dem Ausmaß Bodenerosion in Zusammenhang stehen. Die Abholzungsraten in den 80er Jahren sind vor allem mit dem Ausmaß der Wassererosion korreliert. Bei Betrachtung der Länder mittleren Klimas[5] können Zusammenhänge mit Variablen nachgewiesen werden, die die Landnutzungsintensität und die Ausdehnung der tatsächlichen Nutzfläche in Relation zur potentiellen Nutzfläche wiedergeben. Weiterhin stehen in der mittleren Klimazone tendenziell sinkende Produzentenpreise für Agrarprodukte in Zusammenhang mit dem Ausmaß der Erosion. Erwartungsgemäß ist die Bedeutung natürlicher Faktoren für einzelne Erosionsformen und Klimazonen charakteristisch. Insgesamt scheinen Variablen, die das Ergebnis einer vermutlich längerfristigen Entwicklung wiedergeben, mehr Bedeutung für das Ausmaß der Erosion zu haben als solche, die Veränderungen im Referenzzeitraum 1961-1990 erfassen. Anhand verschiedener Faktorenanalysen für 62 Variablen und 73 Länder mit annähernd vollständigen Datensätzen können sodann strukturelle Zusammenhänge unter der Vielzahl möglicherweise relevanter Erosionsdeterminanten aufgedeckt und die Variablenanzahl auf Grundlage dieser Zusammenhänge auf eine geringere Anzahl weitgehend voneinander unabhängiger Größen reduziert werden. Es zeigt sich, daß die Struktur der Variablen durch etwa zehn gut interpretierbare Faktoren bei rd. 75% erklärter Gesamtvarianz klar wiedergegeben werden kann, und daß diese Faktoren auch bei Variation der Ausgangsvariablen sowie der Faktorextraktions- und Rotationsmethode stabil bleiben. Bemerkenswert ist, daß viele der Faktoren einen deutlichen Bezug zu den in der Literatur diskutierten Wirkungsketten unter möglichen Erosionsdeterminanten haben. So werden in dem für die Erklärung der Gesamtvarianz wichtigsten Faktor Variablen gebündelt, die die langfristige Intensivierung der Landnutzung im Zusammenhang mit strukturellem Bevölkerungsdruck und begrenzter Verfügbarkeit landwirtschaftlich nutzbarer Flächen erfassen. Weitere wichtige Faktoren beziehen sich auf strukturelle Armut in Verbindung mit erhöhtem ländlichen Bevölkerungswachstum; auf die mit Bevölkerungsdruck einhergehende langfristige wie auch rezente Expansion der landwirtschaftlichen Nutzfläche und Abholzung von Naturwald; auf Entwicklungswege, die eher auf die Produktion hochwertiger Produkte statt auf eine Flächenexpansion abzielen. Für die Preisentwicklung im Referenzzeitraum kann anhand einer Faktorenanalyse mit reduzierter Länderanzahl[6] gezeigt werden, daß ein Zusammenhang zwischen langfristig geringen oder negativen Preiszuwächsen im Agrarsektor und dem Faktor "Rezente Abholzungsraten" besteht. Um die relative Bedeutung dieser Faktoren für Bodenerosion zu quantifizieren, werden schrittweise Regressionsanalysen mit Bodenerosion als abhängiger Variablen und ausgewählten Repräsentantenvariablen für jeden Faktor als angenommenen unabhängigen Variablen durchgeführt[7]. Es lassen sich drei besonders relevante anthropogene Entwicklungen identifizieren, anhand derer das Erosionsausmaß bis zu rund 75% erklärt werden kann: (1) die langfristige, historische Ausdehnung der landwirtschaftlichen Nutzfläche auf Kosten des Waldbestandes in Zusammenhang mit einem Gesamtbevölkerungsdruck, der gegen Ende der 80er Jahre die agrar-ökologische Tragfähigkeit überschreitet; (2) die rezente Abholzung von Naturwald, die in Zusammenhang mit dem Wachstum der Gesamtbevölkerung zu sehen ist. Hier scheinen weniger der Druck der Agrarbevölkerung und die Ausdehnung der landwirtschaftlichen Nutzfläche - also die Produktionsseite - im Vordergrund zu stehen, als vielmehr der Druck der Nachfrageseite, in Kombination mit einem tendenziell sinkenden Agrarpreisniveau, das den Expansionsdruck auf das Land verstärkt hat. (3) Die langfristige, bevölkerungsdruckinduzierte Intensivierung der Agrarproduktion, vor allem durch Umwandlung von Dauergrünland in Ackerland, verkürzte Brachezeiten und erhöhte Viehbesatzdichten. Ein weiteres Ergebnis ist, daß in keinem Fall ein wesentlicher Einfluß von Armut auf das landesweite Ausmaß der Bodenerosion nachgewiesen werden kann - wie bereits die Ergebnisse der Einfachkorrelationsanalysen für immerhin 15 verschiedene Armutsindikatoren vermuten lassen. Es bestehen Unterschiede in den Erklärungsmustern für verschiedene Erosionsformen und Klimazonen. Die rezenten Abholzungsraten haben für Wassererosion, insbesondere in Ländern der extrem humiden Klimazone, herausragende Bedeutung. Zusätzlich zu den Faktoren (1) und (2) ist die Intensität der landwirtschaftlichen Produktion (3) vor allem für Wassererosion und in Ländern der mittleren Klimazone von Bedeutung. Hier ist auch die negative Wirkung einer sinkenden Agrarpreisentwicklung am stärksten. Gleichzeitig gilt hier: je eher der eingeschlagene Entwicklungsweg auf die Produktion hochwertiger Produkte im Gegesatz zur reinen Flächenexpansion abzielt, desto geringer ist das Erosionsausmaß. Für das Ausmaß der Winderosion und der Degradation durch Nährstoffverluste hingegen sind insbesondere die agroklimatischen Bedingungen ausschlaggebend. Die als erosionsrelevant identifizierten anthropogenen Rahmenbedingungen sind mit zentralen theoretischen Hypothesen konsistent. Fraglos gehören sie eher zu den Größen, deren kurzfristige Beeinflussung durch politische Maßnahmen schwierig ist. Dennoch können folgende Ansätze für eine Schwerpunktsetzung bei der Gestaltung von Politikmaßnahmen zur wirksamen Erosionsverminderung abgeleitet werden: Die Reduktion des Bevölkerungsdrucks durch eine an die natürlichen Bedingungen und relativen Faktorknappheiten angepaßte Erhöhung des Produktionspotentials, gerade auch in Regionen mit relativ niedrigem Potential. Eine stärkere Fokussierung auf Forstpolitiken bzw. auf eine Regulierung der kommerziellen Nutzung von Wäldern, vor allem in humiden Klimazonen. .Eine selektive, langfristig angelegte Verbesserung der incentive-Struktur für bodenschonende Produkte und Anbaumethoden über wirtschaftspolitische Eingriffe sowie durch verbesserte institutionelle und rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen. Von Politiken zur Armutsbekämpfung ist hingegen nicht zu erwarten, daß sie maßgebliche Impulse zur Verminderung der Bodenerosion geben können. Es muß jedoch immer präsent bleiben, daß arme Landnutzer sicherlich am stärksten und häufig existentiell von Erosionsschäden betroffen sind. Die Qualität zukünftiger Forschungsbemühungen auf globaler Ebene wird vor allem von der zukünftigen Datenverfügbarkeit und -qualität bestimmt: Für den Stand der Bodenerosion sind Informationen für verschiedene Zeitpunkte erforderlich; für anthropogene Erosionsdeterminanten eröffnen georeferenzierte Daten der Forschung gänzlich neue Perspektiven. Parallel zu überregionalen Analysen sind weitere lokale, sub-nationale Studien unbedingt notwendig, um umfassend zu ergründen, warum und welche Landnutzer die Ressource Boden in einem konkreten sozioökonomischen Kontext degradieren. Fußnoten: [1]Neben der Wasser- und Winderosion wird eine weitere Degradationsform, der Verlust von Nährstoffen und organischer Substanz, mitberücksichtigt und vereinfachend mit "Nährstoffverluste" bezeichnet.[2]Gemeint ist die nutzbare Landesfläche, Ödland ausgenommen. [3]Georeferenzierte Daten liegen derzeit für sozioökonomische Erosionsdeterminanten noch nicht vor.[4]D.h. Größen, von denen a priori nicht bekannt ist, wie sie beobachtet und gemessen werden können. [5]Dies sind Länder, in denen weder extrem aride noch extrem humide Bedingungen vorherrschen. [6]Für die entsprechende Variable liegen nur Daten für 56 Länder vor.[7]Umgekehrte Wirkungen der Erosion auf die als unabhängig angenommenen anthropogenen Variablen sind im Betrachtungszeitraum - bis auf die Armutswirkung starker Erosion - unwahrscheinlich. / By the end of this century, soil erosion has reached an alarming extent in many developing countries. Still, uncertainty prevails regarding the human-induced causes of soil erosion. In consequence, many efforts to design efficient anti-erosion policies and instruments remain erratic. The actual discussion about human-induced causes of soil erosion focusses on socioeconomic factors that assumably influence the land users´ decisions on agricultural production and soil protection, and, hence, the degree of soil erosion. The most frequently discussed factors are: (i) poverty, (ii) population pressure, (iii) biased agricultural prices, (iv) the introduction of inadequate technical innovations and (iv) insecurity of land tenure. They are basically deduced from and discussed on base of production theory and the theory of induced innovation. Nevertheless, the different views on the importance to be assigned to the single factors are quite controverse. For example, in a rather optimistic scenario, it is argued that poverty and population pressure lead to the development of soil-conserving innovations in the long run. On the other side, poverty and population pressure, in combination with falling agricultural prices, are assumed to lead to a short-termist overuse of the soil. Empirical evidence that supports some of the controverse hypotheses on the causes of soil erosion is restricted to local studies based on local data on soil erosion, their results can hardly be generalized. In this context, the spatial data compiled within the global assessment of human-induced soil degradation (GLASOD; UNEP/ISRIC, 1991) for the first time permits a large-scale empirical analysis of socioeconomic and landuse factors relevant to erosion. By aggregating the information of the GLASOD data, countries and regions whith marked soil erosion can be identified. While Africa and Asia most contribute to the extent of soil erosion and the loss of nutrients[8] in absolute terms (4,5 mio sqkm each), it is in Southwest Asia (37%), Central America and Southeast Asia (25% each), where the proportion of of the land area - excluding wastelands - that is affected reaches the highest levels. Looked at on a national level, countries with an extreme extent of soil erosion are to be found in Central America and Africa: In El Salvador, Haiti and Costa Rica, 60 to 90 percent of the land area[9] are affected. In Africa, Sahelian Countries as Tunesia, Mauretania, Libya, Niger, Burkina Faso and Mali, as well as the eastafrican highlands of Burundi and Rwanda, and also Cape Verde show the highest proportions of eroded land area2 (40 to 80 %). Water erosion is the most widespread type of erosion, in Central America and Southeast Asia it even contributes with about 70% to the area affected by erosion and the loss of nutrients1. The methodological approach chosen for the empirical analysis of human-induced causes of soil erosion is an explorative, econometric one, based on national cross-country data[10]. A specific combination of correlation analyses, factor analysis, and regression analysis is designed, that can handle the great number of possible indicators for the assumed causes of erosion, and cope with related problems of multicollinearity and model specification. Those problems result from supposed interrelationships among different human-induced causes of soil erosion. At the same time, many of the causes of erosion have a latent character when considered on a national level[11], since they are deduced from a microeconomic context. This makes it necessary to define various indicator variables for each of them, which, again, implies additional multicollinearity. On the basis of the aggregated GLASOD data, a set of operational variables for soil erosion is defined. They basically indicate the proportion of a country´s degradable land area (i.e. land area minus wastelands) that is eroded through wind, water, or degraded by the loss of nutrients and organic matter by the end of the 80´s. In turn, the database for possible determinants of erosion is compiled departing from standard international data sets for the time span 1961-1990. Representative indicators can be defined for many of the causative factors discussed in literature, as well for socioeconomic ones, as for landuse, and also for natural factors. They are adapted in a way that they not only best fit and capture the hypothesized determinants, but also the ecological and timely dimension of the analysis. One important field that is not covered is land tenure. The resulting database comprises about 150 variables for possible causative factors, with a varying number of country-data available. The results of correlation analyses between the indicator variables for soil erosion and for possible causative factors facilitate a first assesion of relevant relationships. They show, that variables that quantify population pressure and the proportion of forested area are correlated with soil erosion for all countries. Deforestation rates in the 80´s are especially related to water erosion. Considering only countries without extreme climatic conditions[12] correlations are found between soil erosion and variables for the intensity of land use and the degree of expansion of the agricultural frontier. Producer price declines for relevant agricultural products are also found to be correlated with soil erosion in these countries. Corresponding to theoretical assumptions, the importance of different natural factors vary for different types of erosion and climatic zones. Altogether, variables that express structural conditions and can be regarded as the outcome of historical, long-term developments, seem to have stronger correlation with the extent of soil erosion than variables that quantify changes that took place within the time span under consideration, 1961 to 1990. The next methodological step consists in different factor analyses for 62 of the variables that express possible causative factors and for 73 countries with approximatively complete data sets. The principal objectives are to detect structural interrelationships among the multitude of variables and to reduce their number on the basis of these interrelations, in a way to obtain a set of variables that are largely independent of each other. It turns out that the structure of the 62 variables under consideration can clearly be reproduced by about 10 factors, with about 75% of their total variance being explained. These factors prove to be robust with respect to changes in the set of included variables, and in the methods of extraction and rotation. It is noteworthy, that many of the identified factors refer to cause-effect relationships that are discussed in literature. For instance, the factor that explains the greatest part of total variance, combines variables that quantify the long-run intensification of land use with others that stand for structural population pressure and a limited buffer for the expansion of the agricultural area. Other important factors relate to structural poverty, in combination with high rates of rural population growth; to the long-term and recent deforestation and to total population pressure; to development paths that aim at sopisticated animal procuction and permanent culture rather than at a mere expansion of the agricultural area. Other factors stand for the prevailing natural conditions. Based on a factor analysis for a reduced number of countries, it can be shown that declinig aggregate agricultural producer prices[13] are associated with the factor ´recent deforestation rates´. To quantify the relative importance of the identified factors, stepwise regression analyses are then carried out, with soil erosion as the dependent variable and selected representative variables for each of the factors as presumed independent variables[14]. Three human-induced factors, or developments, show to have particular relevance for the extent of soil erosion, that they can explain to up to 75%: (1) the long-run historical expansion of the agricultural frontier at the expense of the forested area, in combination with a population pressure well above the corresponding supporting capacities in the 80´s; (2) recent deforestation rates in conjunction with total population growth. This effect can rather be associated with a growth of demand for agricultural and forestral products and declining agricultural prices than with pressures directly resulting from agricultural population and expansion; (3) the long-run intensification of land use, mainly throug the conversion of permanent pastures to arable land, the shortening of fallow periods, and the increase of animal densities. This type of intensification is associated with and possibly induced by high structural population pressure in agricultural areas. Another important result is that poverty seems to have minor impact on the extent of soil erosion at the aggregate, national level. None of the included variables that represent the factor ´poverty´ shows a significant relative impact, neither in the models for the sum of erosion nor for specific types of erosion or climatic zones. This fact supports the low correlation coefficients for altogether 15 different poverty indicators that were calculated in the context of simple correlation analysis. Specific models for specific types of erosion and climatic zones show that there exist characteristic patterns of explanation for each type and zone. Recent deforestation rates and the associated features (factor (2))are particularily important in the explanation of water erosion, especially in countries with predominant humid climate. The impact of production-intensity in terms of factor (3) is specific for water erosion, and for countries without extreme climatic conditions, together with the factors (1) and (2). This is also where the negative effect of declinig agricultural prices appears to be strongest. At the same time, the development of sopisticated animal procuction and the growth of the area under permanent culture in contrast to a mere expansion of the agricultural area seem to be favourable to the soil in this context. In the explanation of wind erosion and loss of nutrients, natural factors are in the foreground. The identified, human-induced pressures related to long-term population growth, intesification, agricultural price decline and recent deforestation are consistent with important theoretical hypotheses. Those pressures are clearly not of the type that can be overcome over night through political intervention. Nevertheless, they lead to the following areas of intervention that should be given priority in the design of policy measures for the reduction of soil erosion: A reduction of population pressure through an increase in site-specific production potentials, based upon innovations that match the prevailing agro-ecological and economic conditions. Special attention should be given to low potential areas.A stronger focus on forest policy and the regulation of commercial forest use especially in the humid zone.A selective, long-term improvement of economic incentives for the production of soil-conserving crops with soil-conserving methods, by means of economic policy as well as through improved institutional conditions. Policies that aim at the reduction of poverty can not be expected to play a decisive role in the reduction of soil erosion. In spite of that, it is most necessary that policy makers keep in mind that the poor certainly are most affected by and vulnerable to erosion damages. At a global scale, the quality of future research on the topic will largely be determined by data availability and quality: concerning soil erosion, information at different points in time is necessary; for anthropogenic factors, spatial datasets will bring a new dimension into scientific research. Parallel with global analyses, further in depth local studies are necessary for a comprehensive and detailed insight into why and which land users degrade the resource they depend on in a specific socioeconomic context. footnotes: [8]The loss of nutrients and organic matter, independent of soil erosion, is also considered and is abbreviated with the term ´loss of nutrients´ in this text. [9]Again, it is the land area excluding wasteland that is being referred to. [10]Spatial data sets are not avaiable yet for socioeconomic factors related to soil erosion. [11]I.e. it is not known a priori, how these causes can be measured and quantified. [12]I.e. countries without predominant arid, hyper-arid or humid agroclimatioc conditions. [13]The availability of data for the variable in cause is limited to 56 coutries. [14]Reciprocal effects that soil erosion might have on anthropogenic factors are not very likely to occurr within the considered time span, except a possible increase of poverty due to erosion.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T17:27:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcia Anderson.pdf: 343405 bytes, checksum: fbaa05e7e1acaa4309cc53218a5f283d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-12-18 / A cross-sectional household population based study of height among 12-59 months children (n = 2632) was conducted in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil. Multilevel linear regression was applied to investigate the effect of socio-economic and demographic conditions, physical and social environment, and health conditions on children s height, measured by the height for age z-scores from the median of the American standard NCHS. On average, children s height was - 0.18 z score. Children s height increased with the levels of maternal and paternal education, work qualification of the parents, family income per capita, better housing conditions, maternal age, birth intervals and birth weight. Average height decreased with the number of under-fives in household, hospitalization in the first two years of life and preterm birth. The positive effect of maternal education were twice in the areas of the city which were relatively more deprived in housing quality in terms of building material, quality of construction, water and electricity and sanitation infrastructure. The positive effect of work qualification of the parents was evident in the more deprived areas, but not in the better provided areas. The results suggest that the area of residence modifies the effects of socioeconomic conditions on children s growth. Social policies and programmes that increase education and economic conditions of the families are needed. Housing and sanitation programmes are potentially beneficial to decrease the negative effect of social disadvantage on child growth / Um estudo transversal, de base populacional, sobre a altura de crianças de 12 a 59 meses (n=2632) foi conduzido em Porto Alegre, Brasil. Regressão linear multinível foi usada para investigar o efeito de condições socioeconômicas, demográficas, do ambiente físico e social e de saúde sobre a altura das crianças, medida em escores z do padrão americano NCHS. Em média, a altura para idade foi -0.18 escore z, aumentando com a escolaridade e qualificação profissional dos pais, renda, qualidade de moradia, idade materna, intervalo interpartal e peso de nascimento. A média de altura diminuiu com o maior número de menores de 5 anos no domicílio, hospitalização nos dois primeiros anos de vida e prematuridade. O efeito positivo da educação materna foi o dobro nas áreas da cidade mal providas em qualidade de moradia, definidas pelo tipo de material e qualidade da construção, água, eletricidade e infra-estrutura sanitária. O efeito positivo da qualificação profissional dos pais foi evidente nas áreas mal providas, mas não nas áreas bem providas. Os resultados sugerem que a área de residência modifica o efeito das condições socioeconômicas sobre o crescimento infantil. Investimentos sociais para melhorias na educação e situação econômica das famílias são necessários. Programas habitacionais e de saneamento básico são potencialmente úteis para diminuir o efeito das condições socioeconômicas desfavoráveis das famílias sobre o crescimento infantil

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T17:47:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO NATERCIA.pdf: 3168196 bytes, checksum: 38768dc83d95e5201e6f745b87e21a67 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-10 / FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA E AO DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTIFICO E TECNOLÓGICO DO MARANHÃO / The literature points to the importance of health and environment as close as a concept and practice. The result of this approach to health care would be to value the environment as a determinant of health problems, as an ecologically balanced environment is more propellant health and quality of life. This research aimed to evaluate the economic and social context of health conditions and environment in the municipality of Bacabeira. The study is characterized as qualiquantitativo-descriptive research was the site of the city of Bacabeira-MA, representation sample was 308 participants. For data collection, interviews were conducted with semi-structured questionnaires. The data were organized in a database program Excel 2007 and held the tab. The research results demonstrate a low socioeconomic level of education, high unemployment, household income of the vast majority does not exceed a minimum wage and benefit program Bolsa Família is the main source of income of these people showing a marked socioeconomic vulnerability of the population. The sanitation situation is an almost total absence of a proper system, with no sewage disposal system, a deficit in water supply and garbage collection. We observed a more precarious in rural compromising the quality of life. With respect to population health is extremely dissatisfied with the services, because besides the lack of structure of health facilities and lack of hospital supplies including medicines adds up to a lack of resolution of problems of the community. The waterborne diseases were the most predominantly observed the worms and dengue showing the intrinsic relationship to the bad sanitation conditions of the town and the lack of health-related projects. The environmental awareness of the population regarding the project showed us a superficial knowledge on environmental issues and highlighted the great expectation of the population with regard to job creation and improving the quality of life of residents. Therefore, it is necessary to articulate public policies on housing, health, environment and urban infrastructure for the city of Bacabeira, including policies conducive to sustainable economic growth as a more equitable distribution of resources, linked to interventions that improve essential conditions of the population, such as access to health services, healthy environments (dwellings safe, sanitary and decent), particularly better access to water and sanitation, nutrition and educational opportunities. / A literatura aponta sobre a importância de que saúde e ambiente se aproximem, enquanto conceito e prática. O resultado dessa aproximação para a área da saúde seria a de valorizar o ambiente como fator determinante de agravos à saúde, visto que um ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado é propulsor de mais saúde e qualidade de vida. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar no contexto econômico e social as condições de saúde e ambiente no município de Bacabeira. O estudo se caracteriza como qualiquantitativo-descritivo, o local da pesquisa foi o município de Bacabeira - MA, a representação amostral foi de 308 participantes. Para a coleta de dados foram realizadas entrevistas com questionários semi-estruturados. Os dados foram sistematizados em um banco de dados do Programa Excel 2007 e realizada a tabulação. Os resultados demonstram na investigação socioeconômica um baixo nível de escolaridade, alto índice de desemprego, a renda familiar da grande maioria não ultrapassa um salário mínimo e o benefício do programa bolsa família é o principal componente da renda dessas pessoas evidenciando uma acentuada vulnerabilidade socioeconômica da população. A situação do saneamento básico é uma ausência quase total de um sistema adequado, com ausência de rede coletora de esgoto, déficit no abastecimento de água e coleta do lixo. Foi observada uma maior precariedade na zona rural comprometendo a qualidade de vida da população. Com relação à saúde a população encontra-se extremamente insatisfeita com os serviços, pois além da falta de estrutura das unidades de saúde e a falta de materiais hospitalares incluindo medicamentos acrescenta-se a falta de resolutividade dos problemas da comunidade. As doenças de veiculação hídrica foram as mais observadas predominando as verminoses e a dengue evidenciando a intrínseca relação com as péssimas condições do saneamento da localidade e a falta de projetos relacionados à saúde. A percepção ambiental da população com relação ao empreendimento mostrou-nos uma superficialidade do conhecimento sobre os aspectos ambientais e evidenciou a grande expectativa da população no que se refere à geração de empregos e melhoria da qualidade de vida dos munícipes. Portanto, faz-se necessária a articulação das políticas públicas de habitação, saúde, meio ambiente e infra-estrutura urbana para o município de Bacabeira, incluindo políticas condizentes ao crescimento econômico sustentável como uma distribuição de recursos mais equitativa, vinculadas a intervenções que melhorem as condições essenciais da população, como o acesso aos serviços de saúde, ambientes saudáveis (habitações seguras, higiênicas e dignas), particularmente o acesso mais adequado à água e saneamento, nutrição e oportunidades educativas.

This examination of the most popular plays of Rodolfo Usigli, Salvador Novo, and Emilio Carballido shows their concern with Mexico's social problems--especially as evidenced by their representation of contemporary social classes through characterization. Treating socio-political and sexual problems with special emphasis upon psychology, Usigli combines melodramatic reality and imagination. Psychoanalysis is also important in Novo's characterizations; his themes and characters express a social criticism which often becomes a malicious satire of Mexican life. Carballido's symbolic surrealism creates an atmosphere of fantasy, with scenic neo-realism representing everyday life, bourgeois ideas, and the Mexican psychology.