The present study examines the concept of peripheralization and spatial structure in the Arashiyama West troop of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) , and employs an objective method to assess the existence of a central-peripheral tendency in the spatial organization of this Japanese macaque troop. By calculating each adult male's mean distance in meters from the 'alpha' male of the troop, it was possible to rank males according to their distances from the alpha male. The resultant linear gradation of males illustrates the troop's spatial organization. This study did not find evidence supporting the notion that a rigid central-peripheral structure exists in the Arashiyama West troop. Indeed, there appears to be no objective criterion whereby some males can be labelled "central" and others "peripheral", for the linear gradation of distances that defines the spatial organization of adult males can be bisected arbitrarily at any point along its continuum. In this thesis "spatial status" is defined as a gradation of the distance between each male and the alpha male, where the shortest mean distance corresponds to the highest spatial status. The predictors age, dominance rank and maternal lineage are examined for their influence in determining a male's spatial status within the troop. The isolated and cumulative effects of the aforementioned variables are also examined to explain variations in male sexual behavior. Results from this study indicate that a male's spatial status is directly influenced by the combined effects of age, rank and lineage, as well as by the isolated effects of any one of the previously mentioned variables. Furthermore, the results indicate that a male's age and spatial status explain the most variability in male mating behavior. Whether the process of peripheralization and the existence of adult male spatial status are "exaptations", that is, traits which probably were NOT selected for during the course of evolution of Macaca fuscata, cannot be proved by the data in this thesis. However, the available evidence does suggest that spatial status in particular is more likely to be an "exaptation" rather than an "adaptation", and accordingly it probably does not contribute to male fitness. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the post-conflict reconciliation, consolation, solicited affiliation, stress and redirection in the captive Formosan macaques¡]Macaca cyclopis¡^in the Taipei Zoo. I used the post-conflict and matched-control (PC-MC) method to calculate the conciliatory tendency (CCT) and the triadic contact tendency (TCT) in adult macaques. The mean CCT for kin (83.33%) was significantly higher than that for non-kin (0.36%), and victims initiated reconciliation toward aggressors in higher rank classes significant more than both of them were in the same rank. The mean TCTs of aggressors and the victims were similar toward different triadic contact opponents (opponent¡¦s kin, own kin, unrelated individual). The ratio of the attracted pairs of victims who reconciled with aggressors by sociosexual behavior (15.23%) was significant higher than dispersed pairs (non-exist). In addition, the ratio of attracted pairs of victims who reconciled with unrelated third party by affiliation (46.72%) was significant higher than the dispersed pairs (21.76%). The similar situation also occurred in sociosexual behavior (28.68% verse 1.75%). However, aggressors and victims had similar chance to take the initiative affiliation after conflict (P > 0.05) The frequency of self-directed behavior (SDB) of Formosan macaques was slightly higher in the first 4 minutes in PC. The frequency of SDB after reconciliation (14.6 bouts/100 min) was not significantly lower than that before reconciliation (23.2 bouts/100 min) or when affiliation behavior did not occur (22.3 bouts/100 min). When the conflict opponents were kin, the SDB frequency (16.1 bouts/100 min) was not significantly lower than non-kin (24.1 bouts/100 min). The targets of redirect aggression were mostly unrelated individuals (82.61%). The mean CCT of the victims (16.50%) did not significant differ from the mean consolation TCT of the victims (48.81%), which indicated that reconciliation and consolation played similar critical roles after conflict. The sociosexual behavior performed by victims only occurred in PC (34.85%), which indicated the purpose of sociosexual behavior in reconciliation was to prevent further attack from aggressors. The chance of victims did not involve reconciliation and consolation, but solicited affiliation with a third party in PC was 23.32%. This indicated that the solicited affiliation might function to exchange the aggressive supports from the third party in the following conflicts.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka sambanden mellan Dark Triad (de mörka personlighetsdragen Machiavellism, narcissism och psykopati), Sociosexuell orientering (beteende, attityd och lust till att medverka i tillfälliga sexuella relationer) samt Religiositet. En korrelationsanalys utfördes för att undersöka sambanden mellan variablerna och en modererande multipel regressionsanalys (MMR) utfördes för att undersöka om religiositet modererade effekten av Dark Triad på sociosexuell orientering. Deltagarna bestod av amerikaner (N =309) som svarade på en webbenkät via Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) vilken innehöll Dark Triad Dirty Dozen (DTDD) och the Revised Sociosexual Orientation Inventory (SOI-R), dessutom angav de religionstillhörighet/ingen religionstillhörighet. Dark Triad hade ett positivt samband med sociosexuell orientering, men inget samband med religiositet. Sociosexuell orientering hade ett negativt samband med religiositet. Religiositet modererade inte effekten av Dark Triad på sociosexuell orientering. Resultaten bekräftar delvis tidigare forskning. Trots att religiositet inte modererade effekten av Dark Triad på sociosexuell orientering, borde detta förhållande undersökas vidare eftersom ingen tidigare forskning gjorts på området. / The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between the Dark Triad (the dark personality traits Machiavellianism, narcissism and psychopathy), Sociosexual orientation (behavior, attitude and desire to participate in uncommited sex) and Religiosity. A correlation analysis was used to investigate the association between variables and a moderating multiple regressionanalysis (MMR) was used to investigate if Religiosity moderated the effect of the Dark Triad on Sociosexual orientation. The participants consisted of US-residents (N = 309) who responded to an online survey through Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) comprising The Dark Triad Dirty Dozen (DTDD) and the Revised Sociosexual Orientation Inventory (SOI-R). In addition participants also stated religious affiliation / no religious affiliation. Dark Triad had a positive relationship with sociosexual orientation, but no relationship with religiosity. Sociosexual orientation had a negative relationship with religiosity. Religiosity did not moderate the effect of Dark Triad on sociosexual orientation. The results partially confirm previous research. Although religiosity failed to moderate the effect of Dark Triad on sociosexual orientation, this relation should be investigated further since no previous research has been done in this field of research.

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To extend the research on self-monitoring and romantic relationships, we explored the connection between self-monitoring and romantic jealousy using a between-subjects design. We hypothesized high self-monitors (like men) would find sexual infidelity more distressing than emotional infidelity, whereas low self-monitors (like women) would find emotional infidelity more distressing than sexual infidelity. Participants completed the 25-item Self-Monitoring Scale (Snyder, 1974) and 6 hypothetical infidelity scenarios (Buss et al., 1999). To statistically control for third variables, participants also completed the 11-item Sociosexual Orientation Inventory (Gangestad & Simpson, 1991). Although we found a main effect for self-monitoring in romantic jealousy, these results did not support our hypotheses. That is, these reliable differences in self-monitoring reflected more or less distress by emotional infidelity. Limitations (e.g., third variables, directionality) and future directions (e.g., potential moderators/mediators for self-monitoring differences in romantic jealousy) of this research are discussed.