No description available.

The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on January 6, 2010). Thesis advisor: M. Cathleen Kuehl-Kovarik. Includes bibliographical references.

The cardiac sodium ion channel (NaV1.5) is a protein with four domains (DI-DIV), each with six transmembrane segments. Its opening and subsequent inactivation results in the brief rapid influx of Na+ ions resulting in the depolarization of cardiomyocytes. The neurotoxin veratridine (VTD) inhibits NaV1.5 inactivation resulting in longer channel opening times, and potentially fatal action potential prolongation. VTD is predicted to bind at the channel pore, but alternative binding sites have not been ruled out. To determine the binding site of VTD on NaV1.5, we perform docking calculations and high-throughput electrophysiology experiments in the present study. The docking calculations identified two distinct binding regions. The first site was in the pore, close to the binding site of NaV1.4 and NaV1.5 blocking drugs in experimental structures. The second site was at the “mouth” of the pore at the cytosolic side, partly solvent-exposed. Mutations at this site (L409, E417, and I1466) had large effects on VTD binding, while residues deeper in the pore had no effect, consistent with VTD binding at the mouth site. Overall, our results suggest a VTD binding site close to the cytoplasmic mouth of the channel pore. Binding at this alternative site might indicate an allosteric inactivation mechanism for VTD at NaV1.5

No description available.

The weakly electric fish Sternopygus macrurus emits an electric organ discharge (EOD) composed of a series of pulses. The EOD pulse is mainly shaped by sodium currents. There are two sodium channel α subunits orthologs of the mammalian Nav1.4 expressed in the EO of Sternopygus. Previous studies identified a novel splice variant of the Nav1.4b (Nav1.4bL), in which an extra 51-amino acid occurs in the N terminal end. Nav1.4bL currents inactivate and recover from inactivation significantly faster than Nav1.4bS. The voltage-dependence of steady-state inactivation of smNav1.4bL shifts to hyperpolarized potential. Structural analysis predicts an α-helix in the middle of the extended N terminus. Removal of a proline right after the α-helix significantly slows down current decay but has no effect on channel recovery from inactivation, suggesting inactivation and recovery have independent mechanism. Mutagenesis analysis of the extended N terminus showed that the short helical region, especially the positive charges in the helix, is an important determinant for channel voltage-dependence of steady-state inactivation. However, other residues outside the helical region are required for regulation of fast inactivation and recovery form inactivation. Functional and structural analysis provides evidence for the importance of the C terminus in fish Nav1.4b channel properties. Chimera in which the C terminus of smNav1.4bS was substituted by the human Nav1.4 C terminus, shows an 11 mV positive shift in voltage-dependence of activation and a -16 mV negative shift in inactivation. Deletion of the distal half of smNav1.4bS negatively shifted voltage-dependence of inactivation and significantly accelerated channel recovery from inactivation. In the deletion mutant, the regulation by the N segment is missing. Substitution of the C terminus mutant retains wild type channel inactivation and recovery properties and can be regulated by N segment again. My study provides evidence that the extended N terminus of smNav1.4bL binds the distal part of C terminal tail to modulate channel inactivation properties. This is the first time to show the distal C terminus is involved in channel recovery from inactivation. Studies in the fish sodium channel properties provide useful information to understand function and structure of voltage-gated sodium channels. / text

Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis is characterized by myotonic discharges followed by paralysis. Caused by a mutation in the gene encoding for NaV1.4 channel, patients do not experience symptoms during infancy, but the onset starts between 1-10 years of age. The symptoms severity then increases with age until adolescence. A large increase in gene expression marked by an increase in oxidative capacity of muscles has also been reported in HyperKPP. It is possible that the onset of symptoms is related solely to NaV1.4 channel content/activity reaching a critical level. It is also possible that the onset of some symptoms are due to defective NaV1.4, while other symptoms and the increase in severity with age are related to changes in membrane components as a result of changes in gene expression. To test these possibilities, the progression of paralysis and changes in fiber types were followed with age in HyperKPP mice in relation to changes in NaV1.4 content and activity. Changes in fiber types (index of changes in gene expression), started after the onset of paralysis was observed, which coincided with NaV1.4 channels reaching maximum expression. Therefore, the onset of symptoms was related to defective NaV1.4 channels.

La prise en charge de la douleur est un enjeu médical majeur car il existe toujours des douleurs réfractaires aux traitements antalgiques actuels. La détection de la douleur est assurée par les neurones nociceptifs dont l'excitabilité est majoritairement contrôlée par les canaux sodiques dépendants du potentiel (Nav). Parmi eux, le canal Nav1.9 se distingue par son expression restreinte dans les nocicepteurs et par ses caractéristiques électrophysiologiques qui lui confèrent un rôle particulier dans l'électrogenèse de ces neurones. Au cours de ce travail de thèse nous avons caractérisé le rôle du canal Nav1.9 dans trois modèles de douleurs inflammatoires : aigue, persistant et chronique. Nous avons mis en oeuvre un ensemble de techniques d'analyses comportementales, moléculaires et électrophysiologiques, qui nous ont permis de montrer le rôle du canal Nav1.9 dans ces trois modèles de douleur et de révéler plusieurs mécanismes de régulation potentiels.Par la suite, nous nous sommes attachés à décortiquer l'un de ces mécanismes. Nous avons montré que le canal Nav1.9 est présent dans des microdomaines membranaires riches en cholestérol. Nous avons mis en évidence que l'inflammation diminuait la quantité de cholestérol dans les tissus. Ce mécanisme est à l'origine de douleurs dues à l'activation des canaux Nav1.9 et à leur relocalisation en dehors des radeaux lipidiques. Enfin nos expériences montrent que l'application topique de cholestérol peut réduire les douleurs inflammatoires, ouvrant de nouvelles perspectives thérapeutiques. / In mammals, perception of pain is initiated by signaling the occurrence of noxious stimuli through nociceptive neurons located in peripheral sensory ganglia. Nociceptive neurons play a pivotal role in pain perception as they transmit painful information to the central nervous system (CNS). They are largely responsible for the modifications of pain sensation caused by a lesion/inflammation or during the course of chronic diseases like rheumatoid arthritis. Unravelling the precise mechanism of ion channel activation during such pathophysiological conditions is one of the most challenging issues to design new therapeutic pain killer strategies.In this PhD thesis work, we will focus on one particular and promising sodium channel, named Nav1.9. We characterized Nav1.9 channel function in three inflammatory pain models: acute, persistent and chronic, using behavioural, molecular and electrophysiological analysis technics. This work allowed us to point out different putative mechanisms of regulation of this channel.We further decipher the regulation of Nav1.9 by cholesterol lipid in membrane microdomains. We showed that Nav1.9 channel is present in rafts specialized membrane microdomains enriched in cholesterol. We demonstrated that inflammation triggers a decrease in cholesterol level in inflamed territories and that cholesterol deletion induces mechanical allodynia in animals. In addition, we demonstrated that this pain was due to Nav1.9 channel activation and relocalization of this channel out of lipid rafts. Finally our experiments reported that exogenous cholesterol application reduces inflammatory pain. All these results provide a new insight in therapeutic perspectives.

Wang Xiaofei. / "June 2002." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 152-167). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis is characterized by myotonic discharges followed by paralysis. Caused by a mutation in the gene encoding for NaV1.4 channel, patients do not experience symptoms during infancy, but the onset starts between 1-10 years of age. The symptoms severity then increases with age until adolescence. A large increase in gene expression marked by an increase in oxidative capacity of muscles has also been reported in HyperKPP. It is possible that the onset of symptoms is related solely to NaV1.4 channel content/activity reaching a critical level. It is also possible that the onset of some symptoms are due to defective NaV1.4, while other symptoms and the increase in severity with age are related to changes in membrane components as a result of changes in gene expression. To test these possibilities, the progression of paralysis and changes in fiber types were followed with age in HyperKPP mice in relation to changes in NaV1.4 content and activity. Changes in fiber types (index of changes in gene expression), started after the onset of paralysis was observed, which coincided with NaV1.4 channels reaching maximum expression. Therefore, the onset of symptoms was related to defective NaV1.4 channels.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri--Columbia, 2001. / "May 2001." Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 168-199). Also available on the Internet.