Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1978.

Objective of my graduate work is tracing of influence quality meat products and their constitution according of used raw materials on highness of production. By the chosen assortment of meat products was i fixated on their quality and monitoring of change dimension raw materials according substitution in meat production.

It is known that, in addition to corrosion processes, the electrochemical noise (EN) can be generated by some other disturbances such as mass transfer and flow turbulence. In this study the influence of both laminar and turbulent flow on the characteristics of electrochemical noise (EN) has been studied using a carbon steel rotating cylinder electrode (RCE) in aerated neutral (pH=7) 0.1 M NaCl and 0.1 M NaCl+0.1 M NaNO2 solutions. The RCE has a set of four graphite brushes for electrical connection. The supplied cathodic current was applied through the top two graphite brushes and measured the specimen potential through the bottom two to eliminate any expected cyclic variations in the measured potential.Prior to the measurement of EN, calibration of the mass transport properties of the electrode was performed by measuring the limiting current density for oxygen reduction as a function of rotation speed in order to estimate the transition from laminar to turbulent flow regime. EN experiments have been performed in free corrosion conditions (uninhibited and inhibited solutions), and with applied cathodic polarisation in the regions of hydrogen evolution and oxygen reduction processes. In the case of oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution cathodic reactions it has been found that laminar flow had a negligible effect on the noise produced but a significant increase in the amplitude of the noise was observed in turbulent flow. On the other hand in free corrosion conditions in uninhibited solution the influence of flow was relatively insignificant and that was attributed to the low impedance of the corroding electrode. It is claimed that flow has a negligible effect in inhibited solutions due to the passivity of the system, which is responsible for the low rate of both anodic and cathodic reactions. Finally spectral analysis showed that the noise produced by turbulent flow had power at significantly higher frequencies than is normal for corrosion-related noise.

The problem in this investigation is to determine the effects of various concentrations of sodium chloride upon the growth of three species of bacteria. An effort has been made to solve this problem, not only by a study of the relevant literature, but also by laboratory research consisting of cultivation and observation of the three organisms which were arbitrarily chosen for this study.

Orientador: Caroline Joy Steel / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T01:13:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nogueira_AmandadeCassia_M.pdf: 20297398 bytes, checksum: 54b0abf121875a5652b290abf261e807 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: A necessidade de redução de sódio em produtos de panificação já é uma realidade imposta por agências regulatórias, o que torna imprescindível a busca de alternativas para este fim. A importância reológica, tecnológica e sensorial que o cloreto de sódio (NaCl) exerce sobre a massa e/ou produto final faz disso um desafio. A massa ácida desidratada (MAD) é uma alternativa natural e promissora, uma vez que além de intensificar o sabor salgado, pode melhorar as características de qualidade com base na acidificação. Assim, este estudo avaliou a utilização da MAD para redução de sódio em pão tipo francês, através de um delineamento composto central rotacional (DCCR), por meio da adição de NaCl (0 a 2,5 g/100 g) e de MAD (0 a 10 g/100 g) à farinha de trigo para avaliação dos parâmetros farinográficos e extensográficos e das propriedades de pasta das massas e, às formulações (base farinha) para avaliar parâmetros de processo (tempo de batimento em alta velocidade, tempo de fermentação e salto de forno) e tecnológicos dos pães (volume específico, textura, formato, altura e abertura da pestana e parâmetros de cor). Um segundo delineamento foi realizado (sem os pontos axiais) para avaliar os pães sensorialmente, através do teste de aceitação e de intenção de compra. Os resultados das análises reológicas das massas mostraram que o NaCl diminuiu a absorção de água e o ITM, enquanto a MAD causou um aumento nestes parâmetros. Já o tempo de desenvolvimento da massa e a estabilidade foram aumentados pela adição de NaCl e diminuídos pela MAD. Ambas as variáveis provocaram um incremento na resistência da massa à extensão e no parâmetro D. Entretanto, a MAD diminuiu a extensibilidade, enquanto a área sofreu efeito positivo do NaCl e negativo da MAD. Nas propriedades de pasta, o NaCl aumentou a viscosidade máxima e a MAD diminuiu-a e, para a quebra de viscosidade, as duas variáveis provocaram seu aumento. Dentre os parâmetros tecnológicos, o volume específico, o formato e a textura dos pães não foram afetados pelas variáveis estudadas. A MAD diminui o salto de forno, assim como os valores de altura e de abertura de pestana dos pães. Quanto à cor do miolo, o aumento da concentração de NaCl provocou um aumento dos valores de L, enquanto a MAD causou decréscimo destes valores com maior efeito. Os parâmetros a*, b* e ?E* tiveram seus valores aumentados através da adição de MAD, mantendo-se praticamente constantes na faixa estudada de NaCl. Do ponto de vista sensorial, apenas o sabor e a textura não sofreram efeito das variáveis. Para todos os outros parâmetros (aparência externa, aparência e cor do miolo, aroma e impressão global), a MAD causou uma diminuição da nota de aceitação dos mesmos, tendo o NaCl efeito positivo somente sobre a aparência externa e impressão global dos pães. Diante disso, pode se dizer que em concentrações inferiores a 5 % de MAD foram obtidos pães com aproximadamente 30 % de redução de sódio, com características reológicas e tecnológicas satisfatórias e, pães sensorialmente aceitáveis / Abstract: The need to reduce sodium in baked goods is already a reality imposed by regulatory agencies, which makes the search for alternatives for this purpose essential. The rheological, sensory and technological importance that sodium chloride (NaCl) exerts on the dough and/or final product makes it a challenge. Dry sourdough (DS) is a natural and promising alternative, because as well as increasing the perception of the salty taste, it can improve bread quality based on acidification. This study evaluated the use of DS for sodium reduction in French rolls, through a central composite rotational design (CCRD) by the addition of NaCl (0 to 2.5 g/100 g) and DS (0 to 10 g/100 g) to wheat flour to evaluate the farinographic and extensigraphic parameters and pasting properties, and to the formulations (flour basis) to evaluate process parameters (high speed mixing time and proofing time) and technological parameters of the rolls (oven spring, specific volume, shape, cut opening and cut height after baking, color and texture). A second design was performed (without the axial points) for sensory analysis of the rolls, through acceptance and purchase intent tests. The results of dough rheological analyses showed that NaCl decreased water absorption and MTI, while DS caused an increase in these parameters. Dough development time and stability were increased by the addition of NaCl and decreased by DS. Both variables caused an increase in the resistance to extension and the parameter D. However, DS decreased the extensibility while the area suffered a positive effect of NaCl and negative of DS. In the pasting properties, NaCl increased maximum viscosity and DS decreased it, and both variables caused an increase in breakdown. Among the technological parameters, the specific volume, shape and texture of the bread were not affected by the variables studied. DS decreased oven spring, cut opening and cut height after baking. As to crumb color, higher concentrations of NaCl resulted in an increase of the values of L*, while DS caused a decrease in these values with greater intensity. The values of parameters a*, b* and ?E* were increased by the addition of DS, remaining practically constant in the range studied of NaCl. From a sensory standpoint, only taste and texture were not affected by the variables. For all other parameters (external appearance, crumb appearance, crumb color, aroma and overall impression), DS caused a decrease in acceptance scores, and NaCl had a positive effect only on the external appearance and overall impression of the rolls. Thus, it can be said that using concentrations lower than 5 % DS, rolls with approximately 30 % reduction in sodium with satisfactory rheological and technological parameters and acceptable sensory characteristics were obtained / Mestrado / Tecnologia de Alimentos / Mestra em Tecnologia de Alimentos

No description available.

O aporte de nutrientes ingerido pela mãe durante a gestação e o transporte dos nutrientes da placenta para o feto são essenciais para o crescimento fetal. A sobrecarga de sódio durante a gestação tem demonstrado ser um dos fatores responsáveis pela hipertensão na vida adulta da prole. Um estudo anterior em nosso laboratório demonstrou que além do aumento da pressão arterial, o sistema renina angiotensina (SRA) da prole de mães que receberam sobrecarga de sódio durante a gestação e lactação, não respondeu adequadamente em resposta a um teste com dieta hipersódica. O SRA é importante para a homeostase e a manutenção de eletrólitos no organismo. As enzimas ciclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) e óxido nítrico sintase neuronal (nNOS) interagem com o SRA. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da sobrecarga de sódio durante a gestação no SRA renal e sistêmico, COX-2 e nNOS da prole ao nascimento e na idade adulta. O grupo materno também foi investigado. Para tanto, ratas Wistar foram alimentadas com dieta normossódica (NS) ou hipersódica (HS) durante a gestação. Foram divididos em dois grupos: no primeiro grupo, foram estudados a mãe e o recém-nascido e no segundo grupo, a dieta foi trocada para NS ao nascimento independente da dieta materna e a prole masculina avaliada com 12 semanas de vida. A pressão arterial caudal (tcBP) foi medida na prole adulta e no grupo materno. Atividade da renina renal e plasmática, aldosterona sérica, expressão gênica da renina renal, COX-2, nNOS foram analisadas no rim da mãe, recém-nascido e na prole adulta avaliada após a administração de dieta NS, hipossódica (LS) ou hipersódica (HS) por 7 dias. A dieta hipersódica durante a gestação induziu: 1-) no grupo materno: maior pressão arterial e expressão protéica da COX-2 na medula renal, e diminuição da atividade da renina plasmática e renal e a aldosterona sérica; 2-) no grupo neonato: menor expressão do mRNA da COX-2 mRNA e maior expressão protéica de nNOS nos rins, e nenhuma diferença foi observada na aldosterona sérica, na atividade plasmática, renal, e expressão gênica da renina renal 3-) na prole adulta: a menor expressão gênica do mRNA de renina, atividade da renina plasmática e aldosterona sérica, maior atividade da renina renal, maior expressão gênica e protéica da COX-2 na medula renal e menor expressão gênica da nNOS no córtex renal. Foi observada uma resposta exacerbada da atividade da renina plasmática e renal após a administração das dietas HO ou HR. Em conclusão, a sobrecarga de sódio materna induz a ativação do SRA e da COX-2 na medula renal na prole adulta, tornando-as mais sensíveis ao sal. Essas características foram herdadas de fenótipo materno / Maternal nutrient intake and its transportation from the placenta to the fetus are essential for fetal growth during pregnancy. The sodium overload during pregnancy has been shown to be one of the factors responsible for hypertension and disturbance of renin angiotensin system (RAS) in adulthood offspring. The RAS is important for homeostasis and maintenance of electrolytes in the body. The enzymes cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) interact with RAS, especially in renin release. The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of maternal sodium overload during pregnancy on renal and systemic RAS, COX-2 and nNOS of offspring at birth and in adult age. A mother group was also investigated. For this, female Wistar rats were fed normossódica (NS) or hipersódica (HS) diet during pregnancy. It was divided in two groups: as soon as offspring´s birth one group was euthanized and studied the mother and new born. In second group, the diet was changed to NS diet independent of maternal diet after mother delivered and male offspring was studied at twelve weeks old. The tail cuff blood pressure (tcBP) of offspring and maternal group were evaluated. Plasma and renal renin activity, plasma aldosterone, gene expression of renal renin, COX-2, nNOS of mother, newborn and adult offspring were evaluated. The adult offspring RAS was evaluated after fed NS (control), low sodium (LS) or high sodium (HS) for 7 days. The high salt diet during pregnancy induced in 1) mother group: increased blood pressure and protein expression of COX-2 in renal medulla, and decreased plasma and renal renin activity and serum aldosterone. 2) newborn group: decreased gene expression of COX-2 mRNA and increased protein expression of nNOS in the kidney, and any difference was observed in serum aldosterone and plasma or renal renin activity or gene expression 3) adult offspring group: reduced gene expression of renin mRNA, plasma renin activity and serum aldosterone and increased renal renin. Also, increased gene and protein expression of COX-2 in the renal medulla and decreased nNOS gene expression in renal cortex. An exacerbated response of plasma or renal renin activity was observed after RAS stimulation or inhibition. In conclusion the maternal sodium overload induces an exacerbated response of the RAS and COX-2 activation in renal medulla in adult offspring. These characteristics were inherited from maternal phenotype

O aporte de nutrientes ingerido pela mãe durante a gestação e o transporte dos nutrientes da placenta para o feto são essenciais para o crescimento fetal. A sobrecarga de sódio durante a gestação tem demonstrado ser um dos fatores responsáveis pela hipertensão na vida adulta da prole. Um estudo anterior em nosso laboratório demonstrou que além do aumento da pressão arterial, o sistema renina angiotensina (SRA) da prole de mães que receberam sobrecarga de sódio durante a gestação e lactação, não respondeu adequadamente em resposta a um teste com dieta hipersódica. O SRA é importante para a homeostase e a manutenção de eletrólitos no organismo. As enzimas ciclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) e óxido nítrico sintase neuronal (nNOS) interagem com o SRA. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da sobrecarga de sódio durante a gestação no SRA renal e sistêmico, COX-2 e nNOS da prole ao nascimento e na idade adulta. O grupo materno também foi investigado. Para tanto, ratas Wistar foram alimentadas com dieta normossódica (NS) ou hipersódica (HS) durante a gestação. Foram divididos em dois grupos: no primeiro grupo, foram estudados a mãe e o recém-nascido e no segundo grupo, a dieta foi trocada para NS ao nascimento independente da dieta materna e a prole masculina avaliada com 12 semanas de vida. A pressão arterial caudal (tcBP) foi medida na prole adulta e no grupo materno. Atividade da renina renal e plasmática, aldosterona sérica, expressão gênica da renina renal, COX-2, nNOS foram analisadas no rim da mãe, recém-nascido e na prole adulta avaliada após a administração de dieta NS, hipossódica (LS) ou hipersódica (HS) por 7 dias. A dieta hipersódica durante a gestação induziu: 1-) no grupo materno: maior pressão arterial e expressão protéica da COX-2 na medula renal, e diminuição da atividade da renina plasmática e renal e a aldosterona sérica; 2-) no grupo neonato: menor expressão do mRNA da COX-2 mRNA e maior expressão protéica de nNOS nos rins, e nenhuma diferença foi observada na aldosterona sérica, na atividade plasmática, renal, e expressão gênica da renina renal 3-) na prole adulta: a menor expressão gênica do mRNA de renina, atividade da renina plasmática e aldosterona sérica, maior atividade da renina renal, maior expressão gênica e protéica da COX-2 na medula renal e menor expressão gênica da nNOS no córtex renal. Foi observada uma resposta exacerbada da atividade da renina plasmática e renal após a administração das dietas HO ou HR. Em conclusão, a sobrecarga de sódio materna induz a ativação do SRA e da COX-2 na medula renal na prole adulta, tornando-as mais sensíveis ao sal. Essas características foram herdadas de fenótipo materno / Maternal nutrient intake and its transportation from the placenta to the fetus are essential for fetal growth during pregnancy. The sodium overload during pregnancy has been shown to be one of the factors responsible for hypertension and disturbance of renin angiotensin system (RAS) in adulthood offspring. The RAS is important for homeostasis and maintenance of electrolytes in the body. The enzymes cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) interact with RAS, especially in renin release. The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of maternal sodium overload during pregnancy on renal and systemic RAS, COX-2 and nNOS of offspring at birth and in adult age. A mother group was also investigated. For this, female Wistar rats were fed normossódica (NS) or hipersódica (HS) diet during pregnancy. It was divided in two groups: as soon as offspring´s birth one group was euthanized and studied the mother and new born. In second group, the diet was changed to NS diet independent of maternal diet after mother delivered and male offspring was studied at twelve weeks old. The tail cuff blood pressure (tcBP) of offspring and maternal group were evaluated. Plasma and renal renin activity, plasma aldosterone, gene expression of renal renin, COX-2, nNOS of mother, newborn and adult offspring were evaluated. The adult offspring RAS was evaluated after fed NS (control), low sodium (LS) or high sodium (HS) for 7 days. The high salt diet during pregnancy induced in 1) mother group: increased blood pressure and protein expression of COX-2 in renal medulla, and decreased plasma and renal renin activity and serum aldosterone. 2) newborn group: decreased gene expression of COX-2 mRNA and increased protein expression of nNOS in the kidney, and any difference was observed in serum aldosterone and plasma or renal renin activity or gene expression 3) adult offspring group: reduced gene expression of renin mRNA, plasma renin activity and serum aldosterone and increased renal renin. Also, increased gene and protein expression of COX-2 in the renal medulla and decreased nNOS gene expression in renal cortex. An exacerbated response of plasma or renal renin activity was observed after RAS stimulation or inhibition. In conclusion the maternal sodium overload induces an exacerbated response of the RAS and COX-2 activation in renal medulla in adult offspring. These characteristics were inherited from maternal phenotype

These studies determined the effects of sodium chloride supplementation on serum and sweat sodium concentration, cardiovascular function, and physical and cognitive performance. Sweat sodium losses, alone, caused a significant decline in serum sodium concentration (-6.4±1.6 mEq/L, p=0.001) during 3h cycling in the heat in endurance-trained athletes with high sweat sodium losses. However, sodium chloride supplementation matching sweat sodium losses (NA; 5.9±1.5g NaCl/h) maintained serum sodium concentration. Post-exercise maximal cycling power declined and was significantly lower than pre-exercise in placebo (PL; p=0.012), but power was not significantly different in NA (p=0.057). Pre- to post-exercise response time during a Stroop Test improved in NA (p=0.009), while there was no change in PL (p=0.597). Post-exercise postural sway was less in NA vs. PL (p=0.044). Three days of sodium chloride supplementation (~15 g NaCl/d) resulted in a significant increase in plasma volume in healthy untrained males at rest (5.9±7.6 %) and during exercise at 60%VO₂peak (8.6±5.2 %) compared to PL. During NA, stroke volume was 10% higher during exercise vs. PL (139±27 vs. 126±24 ml/beat, respectively, p=0.004). Cardiac output was 8% higher in NA during exercise vs. PL (21.0±3.1 vs. 19.4±2.6 L/min, respectively, p=0.013). Mean arterial pressure during exercise was not different in NA vs. PL (p=0.548) as total peripheral resistance decreased (p=0.027) with the increased cardiac output. Sweat sodium concentration was 9% higher in NA vs. PL during exercise in the heat (70.4±19.5 vs. 64.5±21.7 mEq/L, p=0.044). In summary, serum sodium concentration declines when high sweat sodium losses are not replaced while hydration status is maintained. Acute sodium chloride supplementation during exercise which matches sodium losses maintains serum sodium concentration. This maintenance of serum sodium concentration results in both physical and cognitive benefits compared to when serum sodium concentration declines. Chronic intake of sodium chloride for 3 days increases plasma volume in healthy untrained men and improves cardiovascular function, as both stroke volume and cardiac output are increased, while oxygen consumption and blood pressure are unchanged. Therefore, acute and chronic sodium supplementation positively alters fluid and sodium balance which results in beneficial effects on physical and cognitive performance and cardiovascular function during exercise. / text

The diploma thesis deals with the issue of salt and possibility of its replacement in food. The chosen is topical because healthy nutrition is one of current modern trends. Table salt is an entire part of a diet of every person. As the compound of two biogenic elements - sodium and chlorine - it has unsubstitutable function in human body. However, an increased intake of sodium can be associated with health risks, especially hypertension. The World Health Organization recommends a maximum daily intake of salt 5 g. According to current statistics, nevertheless the salt intake in the Czech republic is up to three times higher. Therefore, it is appropriate to reduce the consumption of salt and attempt to its replacement without cutting down the taste of food. One of the goals of this thesis was find out possibilities of replacing the salt and what is their availability. The practical part deals with the results of survey, within these was examined the awareness of salt and the posibility of its replacement among different group of our population (students, pedagogical workers, heads of school canteens). In terms of established facts there was suggested a project called The salt is beneficial and dangerous which aids to raise awareness of students about this topic. These outputs can be put into the...