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Biodiversité et caractéristiques physico-chimiques des sols de jardins associatifs urbains français / Biodiversity and geochemical characteristics of French urban vegetable garden soilsJoimel, Sophie 09 March 2015 (has links)
Les jardins associatifs (p.ex. familiaux) connaissent aujourd’hui un regain d’intérêt en France et sont souvent associés à de nombreuses fonctionnalités et services au sein des systèmes urbains (p.ex. alimentation, support de biodiversité). A ce titre, les sols de jardins représentent un enjeu majeur et leur caractérisation, aussi bien physicochimique que biologique nécessite d’être mieux appréhendée. Quelle est la relation entre les caractéristiques physicochimiques et les pratiques de jardinage ? Quelle est l’influence de ces propriétés sur la biodiversité fonctionnelle et taxonomique ? Pour répondre à ces questions, des investigations ont été menées au sein de jardins potagers choisis pour être représentatifs de la variabilité de ces systèmes sur le territoire national français. Les travaux ont porté sur les propriétés agronomiques et toxiques des terres de surface. La végétation et les microarthropodes du sol ont aussi été caractérisés. A l’aide de plusieurs bases de données, des comparaisons avec d’autres usages de sols ont permis de replacer les sols de jardins étudiés au sein de la couverture pédologique française. Ainsi, en dépit de teneurs totales élevées en métaux, les sols de jardins présentent une fertilité physicochimique indéniable et sont le support d’une biodiversité du sol élevée. En revanche, pour la végétation, une homogénéisation biotique croissante au sein des villes est observable avec la sélection d'espèces ayant des traits adaptés au milieu urbain. Les sols de jardins, pourtant situés dans un contexte urbain fortement anthropisé, ne doivent donc pas être considérés comme des écosystèmes dégradés, mais au contraire comme une ressource à préserver / Community gardens (e.g. allotments, shared gardens) currently experience a renewed interest among the French and are often associated with many functions and services within urban ecosystems (vegetable supply, biodiversity). As such, garden soils are a major concern and their characteristics (physico-chemical as well as biological ones) need to be better understood. What connection is there between the functional quality of garden soils and the alteration of their physico-chemical characteristics by gardening practices? What influence do these properties in garden soils have on functional and taxonomic biodiversity? In order to answer these questions, investigations were conducted in vegetable gardens chosen as representative of the ecosystemic variability within French territory. On one hand work was done on the topsoil's agronomical properties and toxicity. On the other hand these soils were characterised using several biological indicators, such as vegetal species and soil microarthropods. With the help of several databases, we were able to place these garden soils among other french topsoils by comparing them to other land uses. Despite having high total metallic contents garden soils show an undeniable physico-chemical fertility, and support a high level of soil biodiversity. In contrast, an increasing plant biotic homogenisation can be observed within cities. Indeed, there is a selection of species with traits that are particularly adapted to urban environments. In conclusion, even though garden soils exist in a highly anthropised urban context they are not degraded ecosystems, but rather a precious resource
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Evaluation of Soil Quality and Conservation versus Conventional Tillage Methods in Trumbull CountyPerrotta, Robert J. 02 September 2021 (has links)
No description available.
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Biochar and poultry manure effects on selected soil physical and chemical properties and maize (Zea Mays) in a dry environmentMusumuvhi, Thabelo 18 May 2018 (has links)
MSCAGR (Soil Science) / Department of Soil Science / Poultry manure (PM) is an inexpensive source of fertilizer but it decomposes quickly and releases carbon and greenhouse gases. Biochar (BC) could be an alternative source of carbon to improve soil quality and reduce greenhouse gas emission. This study investigated the effect of co-application of BC and PM on selected soil physical and chemical properties and performance of maize. A field experiment was conducted at the University of Venda experimental farm during 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 seasons. The experiment was a 4 x 3 factorial arrangement consisting of four rates of BC (0, 5, 10 and 20 t ha-1) and three rates of PM (0, 2, and 4 t ha-1) in a RCBD arrangement replicated three times. Maize was planted in both seasons. After harvest, soil bulk density was determined at four soil depths (0-5, 5-10, 10-15, and 15-20 cm), while aggregate stability and selected soil chemical properties were determined at two soil depths (0-15 cm and 15-30 cm). Data were subjected to ANOVA using Genstat 17th edition. The least significant difference was used to compare the treatment means at P < 0.05. Soil aggregate stability, organic carbon, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, maize dry matter and maize grain yield increased with increasing rates of BC and PM application at 0 - 15 cm depth in both seasons. The combination of BC at 20 t ha-1 and PM at 4 t ha-1 significantly (P < 0.05) decreased soil bulk density at 5 - 10 cm depth but increased soil available P and total N at the two depths in both seasons. The results of this study suggested that BC and PM improved soil ability to retain and supply nutrients through improved soil aggregate stability and reduced bulk density thereby improving maize dry matter and grain yield. Combining BC with PM proved to enhance the ability of soil to function by improving selected soil physical and chemical properties thereby improving maize dry matter and grain yield. / NRF
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Vliv biodegradace bioplastů na kvalitu půdy / Influence of bioplastics´ biodegradation on soil qualityPaluchová, Natálie January 2021 (has links)
V poslední době se pozornost polečnosti obrátila k mikroplastům. Jsou produkovány různými odvětvími a šíří se napříč prostředím. Po dlouhou dobu byly považovány za inertní, bez dalšího vlivu na rostliny a jiné živé organismy, avšak jak zjistily nedávné studie, mohly by představovat vážnou hrozbu. Několik vědců, včetně nás, se proto začalo soustředit na jejich transport a transformace v životním prostředí. Většina se však zaměřuje pouze na jejich přítomnost v mořských a sladkých vodách, a proto jejich chování ve vzduchu a půdě zůstává nejasné. Kromě toho byla pozornost soustředěna i na bioplasty. Jsou prezentována jako ekologická alternativa, která má vyřešit všechny dosud zmíněné problémy (a další). Avšak často se zapomíná, že jejich hlavní výhoda může být zároveň nevýhodou. Z tohoto důvodu se tato diplomová práce zaměřuje na negativní účinky spojené s přítomností mikroplastů (konkrétně bioplastu poly-(R)-3-hydroxybutyrátu) v půdě jako jejich běžný receptor. Kombinovali jsme respirometrii, elementární analýzu, termogravimetrii a enzymatické testy, abychom zkoumali fyzikálně-chemické změny v půdě vyvolané přítomností bioplastu. Naše výsledky ukázaly negativní vliv na půdní organickou hmotu a zadržování vody v půdě. V tomto smyslu byl zkoumán i tzv. "priming effect", jelikož docházelo k urychlení a také zpomalení rozkladu půdní organické hmoty. Zaznamenali jsme rozdílný vliv vybraných koncentrací biopolymeru na půdu a také vliv půdních vlastností na průběh degradace. V neposlední řadě zvýšení enzymatické aktivity jasně naznačovalo vliv přítomnosti biopolymeru na mikrobiální komunitu. Na základě takových zjištění jsme došli k závěru, že přidání biopolymeru vede k dlouhodobému dopadu na řadu funkcí půdního ekosystému.
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Evaluating the Effects of Long-Term No-Till and Crop Rotations in Soil Health and Corn ProductivityGonzalez-Maldonado, Noelymar January 2019 (has links)
No description available.
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Relationships Between Cropping Practices, Soil Quality, and Maize (Zea mays L) Yield in Morogoro Region, TanzaniaDoyle, Steven, Doyle 09 November 2018 (has links)
No description available.
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Sustainable Bioenergy Feedstock Production Using Long-Term (1999-2014) Conservation Reserve Program LandRaut, Yogendra Y. 08 August 2017 (has links)
No description available.
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Influence de différentes pratiques agricoles sur la qualité et la santé des sols : étude de cas sur des vergers slovènes irrigués ou en agriculture biologique / Agricultural practices impact on soil quality and health : case study of slovenian irrigated or organic orchardsMursec, Mateja 15 September 2011 (has links)
Une mauvaise connaissance des propriétés des sols et de leur fonctionnement peut avoir de nombreuses conséquences néfastes sur le rendement et la qualité des récoltes, sur la dégradation des sols et sur une pollution de l’environnement. En raison de l’importance des pratiques agricoles, notre étude s’est focalisée sur leur impact sur la qualité et la santé des sols. La recherche s’est effectuée de novembre 2003 à octobre 2007 sur des vergers de pommiers implantés sur des collines dans le nord-est de la Slovénie. Deux pratiques agricoles fréquentes dans cette région ont été suivies : (i) une irrigation localisée au goutte à goutte sur des Calcaric Cambisol (CALCOSOL) développés sur marnes, et ses effets sur la stabilité structurale des sols et leur biomasse microbienne à la Station expérimentale de Gačnik et (ii) la combinaison d’un engrais organique (Compo guano) et d’un amendement calcaire dans un verger conduit en agriculture biologique à Pohorski dvor sur un District Cambisol (ALOCRISOL) développé sur schistes. La présence de microbes pathogènes fécaux dans le sol, dus à l’irrigation ou à l’apport d’engrais organiques animaux a aussi été recherchée sur les deux sites. Le régime hydrique du sol a été suivi durant deux étés par des relevés tensiométriques hebdomadaires sur les deux sites. A la station expérimentale de Gačnik, un rang irrigué a été comparé à un rang non irrigué. La teneur en matière organique totale, son fractionnement granulométrique et la signature isotopique des différentes fractions permettant de discuter de leur origine et leur turn over ont été mesurés. La biomasse microbienne et son activité ont été caractérisées au printemps et à l’automne en 2004 et 2005. La stabilité structurale a été mesurée selon la méthode de Bartoli à l’automne 2004 et au printemps 2005. Sur le verger conduit en agriculture biologique à Pohorski dvor seul le pH et les paramètres microbiologiques ont été suivis selon la même périodicité en comparant les différents traitements dans une expérimentation par blocs. Enfin, sur les deux sites, une quantification des champignons, des bactéries (aérobies, anaérobies, coliformes fécaux) et des virus présents dans le sol a été réalisée. Incidence de l’irrigation par goutte à goutte sur la qualité du sol sur le site de Gačnik sur la qualité physique du sol- Les sols de ce verger, argilo-limoneux et carbonatés, varient fortement de l’amont à l’aval de la parcelle située sur une pente de 15%. le sol est peu épais à l’amont, la marne altérée apparaissant dès 60 cm tandis qu’à mi-pente et à l’aval le sol est épais >1 m et la marne plus fortement altérée. L’observation des profils pédologiques et l’historique de la parcelle montrent que le sol a été fortement remanié sur les 60 premiers centimètres préalablement à la plantation du verger. Le passage d’une plantation en terrasses à une plantation dans le sens de la pente a conduit à l’effacement des terrasses suivi d’un labour profond dont en voit encore la trace à 60 cm de profondeur à l’aval de la parcelle (Fig. 3.3 & Tab. 3.9). Un échantillonnage systématique de la teneur en carbone organique de l’horizon de surface, selon un pas de 6 m, montre un accroissement selon la pente suivant une forme en zig-zag reflétant la trace des anciennes terrasses (Fig. 3.19). Dans les 30 premiers centimètres la teneur en matières organiques, le rapport C/N et la capacité d’échange cationique augmentent de l’amont vers l’aval tandis la teneur en carbonates de calcium décroît (Fig. 3.15). Le pH reste stable entre 8 et 8, 4. A la surface du sol dans les rangs de plantation traités par désherbage chimique, une croûte alguaire se forme sur le côté ombragé du rang... / Underestimation of soil properties and poor understanding of soil conditions can have many negative consequences, which results in quality or quantity of yield, soil degradation or even environmental pollution. According to importance of agricultural practices, our study focused on their impact on soil quality and health. The research took place from November 2003 to October 2007 in apple orchards in north-eastern Slovenia where two frequent agricultural practices were investigated: (i) drip irrigation on Calcaric Cambisol and its effects on structural stability and microbial biomass at Gačnik experimental station and (ii) combination of organic fertiliser (Campo guano) and liming in organic farming to enhance microbial biomass and nitrogen nutrition at Pohorshi dvor on Dystric Cambisol. The presence of faecal pathogens in the soil due to irrigation or organic fertilizer was also investigated. Water potential was measured during two seasons in both locations. Structural stability according Bartoli method, organic mater characteristics (including grain size organic matter fractionation and isotopic signature of organic carbon origin), and microbiological parameters were analysed as potential indicators of soil quality in irrigation practice comparing an irrigated (IR) to a non-irrigated (NIR) row. In organic farming, mainly pH and microbiological parameters were followed according treatments on an experimental blocks comparison. According to hilly terrain and land levelling in Gačnik, we were dealing with two groups of soil differing in thickness, organic matter, and calcium carbonate contents: one at upslope and another at mid and downslope. Considering soil characteristics, slope effect was more expressed than irrigation effect. According to slope, water gravimetric content (W), organic matter (OM), microbial biomass (MB), and respiration (R) increased towards downslope while total carbonates (Ca) and structural stability (SS) decreased. According to irrigation, W, OM, and SS contents decreased, while MB and R increased from NIR to IR rows. No difference was observed for Ca between treatments. According to slope, higher carbonate content was as an important factor for higher structural stability as organic matter pool. According to irrigation, lower W in IRR row could be explained by modification in root distribution due to drip irrigation. Irrigation leads to an increase of soil microbial biomass and its activity (as a short-time effect) and decrease of OM (as a long-term effect); moreover, a decrease of OM originating from the marl bedrock was observed in IRR row and attributed to microbial mineralization. Lower SS of IRR row is related to the OM reduction. Seasonal variations of structural stability show complex trends resulting from the combination of climatic conditions and biological activity. In organic fertilising study, the interaction of Compo guano and lime together was not clear, but in long term this is probably the best solution because it had positive consequences on both soil pH and available nitrogen, while preserving fair levels of MB and labile organic matter (LOM). Irrigation water and Compo guano were considered as eventual sources of faecal coliforms which remains in soils. From our study it was concluded that OM, MB, R and faecal coliforms can be treated as general useful indicators in assessing soil quality. According to agricultural practice, SS should be emphasized as an important quality indicator in irrigation practice and pH in organic farming.
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A multiapproach study of soil attributes under land use and cover change at the Cap de Creus Península, NE SpainEmran Khaled Abd El Aziz, Mohamed 03 December 2012 (has links)
The work presented in this Doctoral Thesis has studied the temporal and spatial patterns of the most relevant soil parameters with special attention posed to soil biological and biochemical dynamics occurring at the studied soils in a very fragile area at Cap de Creus Peninsula, NE Spain. The main objective was to establish evidence of soil quality through the study of soil carbon dynamics (loss and storage) and their interactions with soil ecosystems. Soil environments were classified in terms of degree of soil quality, relating soil properties with plant cover species, especially along a sequence of agricultural abandonment where perturbations like wildfire and strong downpours often cause regressive dynamics in the natural succession of spontaneous vegetation and start erosion and degradation processes. At this regard, when fire occurrence is frequent, a quick drop down of all soil attributes was recorded leading to loss of biodiversity and, ultimately, desertification. / El treball de tesi doctoral ha estudiat els trets espacials i temporals de paràmetres mes rellevants del sòl, amb especial atenció en la dinàmica biològica i bioquímica que es dona en un àrea molt fràgil situada en la Península del Cap de Creus, NE Espanya. L’objectiu principal ha estat establir la qualitat dels sòls mitjançant l’estudi de la dinàmica del carboni (pèrdues i embornals) i la interacció amb l’ecosistema sòl. Els ambients estudiats s’han classificats en termes de qualitat del sòl, relacionant les seves propietats amb la coberta vegetal, especialment al llarg d’una seqüència d’abandonament agrícola on la presencia de pertorbacions com incendis o pluges causen sovint una dinàmica regressiva en la successió natural de la vegetació espontània i activen processos d’erosió i degradació. Tanmateix, en cas d’incendis freqüents, es registra un ràpid deteriorament de les propietats del sòl que provoca una pèrdua de biodiversitat i, mes tard, una desertificació.
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Optimisation of an innovative system of sustainable production in Rwanda : the integrated rabbit-fish-rice system.Tabaro, Simon Rukera. January 2011 (has links)
Population escalation in the developing world has been associated with increased poverty, food
insecurity and environmental degradation. The situation in Rwanda, with 2.82% annual
population increase is no exception. The objective of the present study was to investigate an
innovative integrated system of sustainable production suitable for resource-poor rural farmers,
the Integrated Rabbit–Fish–Rice (IRFR) system. The study was targeted towards contributing to
Rwanda government’s goals of eradicating extreme poverty and hunger, enhancing food security
as well as abating environmental degradation.
Three experiments, were carried out between 2008 and 2010, and designed to fertilise pond water
with rabbit droppings and boost phytoplankton production. We also used results from our
previous study, conducted in 2005 in the same ponds and under similar experimental conditions,
especially rabbit and fish species and age, fishpond dimensions, as well as the fertilisation mode.
The fishpond effluent was re-used to irrigate rice fields rather than being discharged into the
environment.
This study advocated the potential adaptation of rabbits to wetland conditions and the role of
rabbit droppings as organic fertilisers in providing a better environment for fish production.
On-farm resources, including rabbit droppings, were the main source of nutrients in the system.
The analysis of nutrient flow revealed that 27% N and 79% P of the total nitrogen and
phosphorus in fertilizing input in fishponds were supplied by rabbit droppings only. Nile tilapia
Oreochromis niloticus were able to recover 18.5–37.6% N and 16.9–34.3% P of the total nitrogen
and phosphorus inputs, the rest being accumulated in the pond water and the sediment, making
them useful for soil fertilisation.
The re-use of nutrient-rich effluent in rice irrigation increased rice production, allowing a
successful complete substitution of inorganic fertilisers. The irrigation also reduced
environmental pollution as the water seeping through rice field was 31.8 and 83.3% less
concentrated in total phosphorus and nitrite pollutants, respectively, than was the pond water.
Economically, the IRFR generated up to 597% net return over that of the rice inorganically
fertilised, thereby substantiating the sustainability of the system.
Overall, it is concluded that the IRFR system works well, is readily applicable, and capable of
high, diversified, and sustainable production on limited land. As such, the study demonstrates the
potentialities of the IRFR system to contribute successfully to poverty reduction, and the
enhancement of food security in rural areas. The system promises economic returns and is
environmental friendly.
The research recommends the optimal range of rabbit density, that is, 800–1200 rabbits per
hectare of pond, and the best fish stocking density, that is, 3 fish.mˉ², for a sustainable IRFR
culture system. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2011.
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