[pt] Os elementos terras raras (ETRs) têm sido cada vez mais utilizados na indústria moderna como os componentes essenciais de catalisadores, ímãs de alto desempenho, supercondutores, sistemas de telecomunicações. O desenvolvimento da energia limpa aumentará ainda mais a demanda, pois ETRs são usados na produção de baterias e painéis solares. O processo de produção ambientalmente sustentável substituirá ou complementará as fontes atuais. Assim, a separação e a reciclagem de ETRs são de grande importância para diversificar as fontes dos ETRs. A maioria das tecnologias atuais para o enriquecimento de ETRs é baseada na extração de solventes e troca iônica. Elas não são sustentáveis e não são aplicáveis ao tratamento de lixo eletrônico. Um dos primeiros adsorventes seletivos para extração em fase sólida dos ETRs foi proposto recentemente (Callura et al., 2018). A presente pesquisa estudou 3 adsorventes organo-sílicas (OSAd) com fragmentos imobilizados covalentemente de N-Benzoil-N-fenil-hidroxilamina (BPHA), ácido 2,6-piridinodicarboxílico (PdCA) e ácido amino di(metilenofosfônico) (AdMPA). Foi mostrado que os adsorventes podem ser utilizados com sucesso para separação e preconcentração dos elementos terras raras das soluções aquosas. A pesquisa demonstrou a alta afinidade dos adsorventes aos ETRs (La3+ - Lu3+), Sc3+ e Y3+. A adsorção competitiva dos ETRs da solução multielementar, sua dependência de pH, isotermas e estudos de cinética, recuperação e dessorção de íons metálicos, bem como a reutilização de adsorventes foram investigados. A caracterização qualitativa e quantitativa dos adsorventes foi estudada por espectroscopia no infravermelho por transformada de Fourier, espectroscopia de fotoelétrons de raios-X de alta resolução, análise RMN no estado solido, medições BET, análise elementar e termogravimétrica. Foi demonstrado que os OSAd propostos podem ser utilizados com sucesso para remover íons ETR da solução aquosa em 10 minutos. Os adsorventes demonstram diferenças essenciais na afinidade para ETRs que permitem a utilização dos OSAd para vários fins, incluindo pré-concentração para determinação de traços de ETRs em água natural, separação de ETRs dos outros metais em lixo eletrônico, e a separação individual dos ETRs. A pesquisa demonstra que o SiO2-BPHA pode recuperar todos os ETRs de solução com pH maior ou igual a 5.0 e liberá-los após eluição de 0.1 mol L-1 HNO3 com eficiência superior a 95 por cento. Outros OSAd - SiO2-PdCA e SiO2-AdMPA são os únicos adsorventes que podem remover os íons ETRs da solução aquosa em pH maior ou igual a 2. Devido a isso, SiO2-PdCA e SiO2-AdMPA podem ser usados para a reciclagem dos ETRs do lixo eletrônico. Foi demonstrado que o SiO2 PdCA pode ser utilizado para a recuperação seletiva de elementos de terras raras (Y, Eu, Tb) dos resíduos de lâmpadas fluorescentes. SiO2-PdCA demonstra alta seletividade que permite recuperação completa (maior que 95 por cento) de todos os ETRs na presença de excesso (50 vezes) de íons Ba2+ que é útil para determinação analítica de traços dos ETRs por ICP-MS. Além disso, SiO2-PdCA é útil para a adsorção seletiva dos ETRs de amostras ambientais, pois o excesso de 200 vezes de íons Fe3+, Cu2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+ e Al3+ predominantes em amostras ambientais, causa pouca interferência na eficiência do adsorvente. SiO2-BPHA demonstra maior seletividade para ETRs pesados. Em condições ótimas, o fator de seletividade é cerca de 80 (para pares Lu/La e Yb/La) e cerca de 60 (para o par Tm/La), que demonstra alto potencial do SiO2-BPHA na separação individual dos ETRs. Estudos de reusabilidade demonstram que SiO2-BPHA pode ser usado para adsorção quantitativa de quase todos os ETRs (adsorção média de Ce e Pr é cerca de 90 por cento) de uma solução multielementar com pH igual a 5.0 sem perda na capacidade de adsorção e seletividade por pelo menos cinco ciclos. Foi demonstrado que a adsorção de metais por OSAd ocorre devido à formação de complexos entre o ligante imobilizado e os íons metálicos. Por exemplo, a adsorção de íons Eu3+ e Tb3+ por SiO2-PdCA e SiO2-AdMPA gera luminescência forte de cor vermelha e verde, respectivamente. A adsorção de Fe3+ em SiO2-BPHA leva ao desenvolvimento da cor vermelha do adsorvente cuja intensidade é proporcional à concentração de metal adsorvido. Os complexos metálicos imobilizados são muito estáveis em água e meios orgânicos e podem ser usados para o desenvolvimento de sensores ópticos dos ETRs e fases cromatográficas de troca de ligante. / [en] Rare earth elements (REEs) have been increasingly used in modern industry as essential components of many catalysts, high-performance magnets, superconductors, telecommunication systems. Clean energy development will further boost the demand for REEs since they are used in the production of batteries and solar panels. Environmentally sustainable production process shall substitute or supplement current ore sources. Thus, separation and recycling of REEs are of great importance to diversify the sources of REEs. Most existing technologies for enrichment of REEs are based on solvent extraction and ion exchange. They are not sustainable and are not applicable to electronic waste (e-waste) treatment. One of the first selective adsorbent for REEs SPE extraction was proposed recently (Callura et al., 2018). The research proposed demonstrates other organo-silica adsorbents (OSAd) with covalently immobilized fragments of N-Benzoyl-Nphenylhydroxylamine (BPHA), 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (PdCA) and aminodi(methylene-phosphonic) acid (AdMPA) can be successfully used both for preconcentration and separation of REEs. This research demonstrates high affinity of the adsorbents to REE (La3+ - Lu3+), Sc3+ and Y3+. Competitive adsorption of REEs from multielement solution and pH dependence, isotherm and kinetics studies, metal ion recovery and desorption, as well as the adsorbent reusability have been investigated. The research is accomplished with qualitative and quantitative characterization of the adsorbent, physical and chemical properties using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, solid-state NMR, BET measurements, elemental and thermogravimetric analysis. It has been demonstrated that the proposed OSAd can be successfully used to remove REE ions from aqueous solution within 10 min. Sharp changes of REEs recovery has been observed in a narrow range of the pH that allows developing a methodology for removal of REEs from solution. The adsorbents demonstrate an essential difference in REE affinity that allows utilization of the OSAd for various purposes, including pre-concentration for determination of REE traces in natural waters, separation of REE from color and other metals in e-waste, separation of individual REE. It is demonstrated that SiO2-BPHA can recover all REE from solution with pH bigger or equal 5.0 and release them to solution under treatment with 0.1 M HNO3 with efficiency more than 95 percent. Additionally, OSAd - SiO2-PdCA and SiO2- AdMPA are the only adsorbents that can remove REE ions from aqueous solution with pH bigger or equal 2. Because of this SiO2-PdCA and SiO2-AdMPA can be used for the recycling of rare earth elements from electronic waste. It was demonstrated that SiO2-PdCA can be used for selective recovery of rare earth elements (Y, Eu, Tb) from waste fluorescent lamps. SiO2-PdCA demonstrates high selectivity that allows complete (bigger 95 percent) recovery of all REE in the presence of 50-fold excess of Ba2+ ions that is used for analytical determination of REE traces by ICP-MS. Also, SiO2- PdCA is useful for selective adsorption of REE from environmental objects since 200-fold excess of such ions as Fe3+, Cu2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ , K+ and Al3+ which are predominate in environmental objects cause little interference on the adsorbent removal efficiency. SiO2-BPHA demonstrates higher selectivity towards heavy REEs. In optimal conditions selectivity factor is about 80 (for Lu/La and Yb/La pairs) and about 60 (for Tm/La pair), which demonstrates the high potential of SiO2- BPHA in separation of individual REEs. Reusability test demonstrates that SiO2- BPHA can be used for quantitative adsorption of almost all REEs (average adsorption of Ce and Pr ions is about 90 percent) from multielement solution with pH equal 5.0 without lost in adsorption capacity and selectivity for at least five consecutive cycles. It is demonstrated that adsorption of metals on the OSAd takes place due to complex formation between immobilized ligand and metal ions. For example, adsorption of Eu3+ and Tb3+ ions on SiO2-PdCA and SiO2-AdMPA generates strong red and green luminescence, respectively. Adsorption of Fe3+ on SiO2-BPHA leads to development of red color of the adsorbent which intensity is proportional to metal loading. Immobilized metal complexes are very stable in water and organic media that can be used for further development of optical sensors for REE and stationary phases for ligand-exchange chromatography.

L’analyse des contaminants émergents (ECs) suscite l’intérêt de la communauté scientifique, de sorte que plusieurs études ont rapporté leur présence dans les eaux usées et dans les eaux de surface. Toutefois, la plupart des études ont concentré leurs travaux principalement sur la phase dissoute, si bien que la concentration des ECSs dans les particules en suspension (SPM – suspended particulate matter) demeure peu connue. De plus, la plupart des méthodes traitant l’analyse des ECs sont basées sur le couplage de la chromatographie liquide couplée à un triple quadripôle (QqQ). Typiquement, ces QqQ fonctionnent à basse résolution, augmentant ainsi la probabilité d’obtenir des faux positifs. Afin de diminuer le taux de faux positifs un nouveau protocole permettant l’analyse de 31 ECs dans la fraction dissoute et la fraction solide a été développé à l’aide de la spectrométrie de masse à haute résolution. De plus, un dépistage du potentiel estrogénique par des levures a été effectué. Cela représente l’un des premiers rapports décrivant les concentrations en ECs dans les eaux usées et les SPM combiné avec un dépistage du potentiel estrogénique. La séparation des particules en suspension a été réalisée via la filtration des échantillons liquides. Les ECs ont été extraits de la fraction solide à l’aide d’ultrasons en utilisant du MeOH : ACN (1:1, v/v) avec l’ajout de 1% de HCOOH. Par la suite, l’extrait de la fraction solide et de la phase aqueuse ont été soumis à la SPE (solid phase extraction – extraction sur phase solide) à l’aide d’une cartouche polymérique composé d’acide benzènesulfonique. Une colonne de type C-18 a été utilisée pour séparer les ECs sélectionnés. Un spectromètre de masse de haute résolution (Q-Exactive), constitué d’un quadripôle et d’une trappe ionique orbitale à haute résolution a été utilisé en mode balayage (FS, full scan) avec une résolution de 70 000 FWHM (FWHM– Largeur à mi-hauteur, Full width at half maximum) à m/z 200 pour l’analyse de la fraction solide et en mode suivi des réactions parallèles (PRM, Parallel reaction monitoring) à 17 500 FWHM à m/z 200 pour la fraction liquide. Une ionisation chimique à pression atmosphérique (APCI, Atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation) en modes positif et négatif a été utilisée. La méthode a été appliquée sur des échantillons réels afin de déterminer non seulement la portion d’ECs sur les SPM, mais également leur devenir dans le traitement des eaux usées jusqu’à leur déversement dans les eaux réceptrices. La récupération des composés d’intérêt a été de 27 à 102 % et de 43 à 122%, pour la fraction solide et liquide respectivement. Les limites de détections se situaient entre 0.5 à 104 ng L-1 et de 0.3 à 2.3 ng g-1. Les courbes d’étalonnages dans les matrices d’eaux usées et les solides ont montré une bonne linéarité (R2 > 0.991) pour les analytes cibles ainsi qu’une précision acceptable avec des coefficients de variation inférieurs à 25%. / The trace analysis of emerging contaminants (ECs) is gaining more interest and several studies have widely reported their occurrence in waste and surface water. However, most studies found in the literature reported concentrations only in the dissolved phase often without considering the suspended particulate matter (SPM). Moreover, most of the methods dealing with the analysis of ECs are based on liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with a triple quadruple (QqQ). The majority of QqQ operate at low resolution, thus increasing the possibility of false positive identification. The current study presents a new protocol to quantify 31 emerging contaminants not only in the effluent wastewater, but also from SPM of municipal wastewater samples using high-resolution mass spectrometry, an improvement to reduce false positives. Furthermore, Yeast estrogen screen assay (YES-assay) adapted from direct measurement of estrogenic activity was tested on filtered wastewater samples. This represents one of the first reports describing ECs in wastewater and SPM with direct measurement of estrogenic activity. The separation of suspended particulate matter was realized using filtered water samples. The ECs were extracted from the matrix by sonication using MeOH:ACN (1:1, v/v) with 1% HCOOH. Thereafter, the extracts of the solid fraction and the aqueous phase were subjected to an off-line solid phase extraction (SPE) with a Strata-X-C cartridge to concentrate and clean-up the extracts. A C18 chromatography column was used to separate ECs. A QExactive mass spectrometer, which combines a quadruple analyser with a high resolution orbital ion trap (OrbitrapTM) was used in full scan (FS) mode with 70 000 FWHM (Full width at half maximum) at m/z 200 for analysis of the solid fraction, while analysis of the liquid fraction was realised using parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) with 17 500 FWHM at m/z 200. An APCI (Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization) source in positive and negative mode was used for the ionization of target compounds. The method was successfully applied to real samples allowing us to determine the proportion of ECs in suspended particulate and the fate of the selected ECs during wastewater-treatment processes and their release into receiving surface waters. Recoveries of target compounds ranged from 27 to 102 % and from 43 to 122 % for the liquid and the solid fraction respectively. The limits of detection ranged from 0.5 to 104 ng L-1 and from 0.3 to 2.3 ng g-1. Calibration curves in wastewater and solid matrix showed good linearity (R2 > 0.991), for all target analytes, and precision (intraday and interday) showed coefficients of variation below 25%.

Une nouvelle méthode d'extraction en phase solide (SPE) couplée à une technique d'analyse ultrarapide a été développée pour la détermination simultanée de neuf contaminants émergents (l'atrazine, le déséthylatrazine, le 17(béta)-estradiol, l'éthynylestradiol, la noréthindrone, la caféine, la carbamazépine, le diclofénac et le sulfaméthoxazole) provenant de différentes classes thérapeutiques et présents dans les eaux usées. La pré-concentration et la purification des échantillons a été réalisée avec une cartouche SPE en mode mixte (Strata ABW) ayant à la fois des propriétés échangeuses de cations et d'anions suivie d'une analyse par une désorption thermique par diode laser/ionisation chimique à pression atmosphérique couplée à la spectrométrie de masse en tandem (LDTD-APCI-MS/MS). La LDTD est une nouvelle méthode d'introduction d'échantillon qui réduit le temps total d'analyse à moins de 15 secondes par rapport à plusieurs minutes avec la chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse en tandem traditionnelle (LC-MS/MS). Plusieurs paramètres SPE ont été évalués dans le but d'optimiser l'efficacité de récupération lors de l'extraction des analytes provenant des eaux usées, tels que la nature de la phase stationnaire, le débit de chargement, le pH d'extraction, le volume et la composition de la solution de lavage et le volume de l'échantillon initial. Cette nouvelle méthode a été appliquée avec succès à de vrais échantillons d'eaux usées provenant d'un réservoir de décantation primaire. Le recouvrement des composés ciblés provenant des eaux usées a été de 78 à 106%, la limite de détection a été de 30 à 122 ng L-1, alors que la limite de quantification a été de 88 à 370 ng L-1. Les courbes d'étalonnage dans les matrices d'eaux usées ont montré une bonne linéarité (R2 > 0,991) pour les analytes cibles ainsi qu’une précision avec un coefficient de variance inférieure à 15%. / A new solid phase extraction (SPE) method coupled to a high throughput sample analysis technique was developed for the simultaneous determination of nine selected emerging contaminants (atrazine, desethylatrazine, 17(beta)-estradiol, ethynylestradiol, northindrone, caffeine, carbamazepine, diclofenac and sulfamethoxazole) comprising drugs from different therapeutic classes present in wastewater. Sample pre-concentration and clean-up was performed with a mixed-mode SPE cartridge (Strata ABW) having both cation and anion exchange properties followed by analysis by laser diode thermal desorption/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LDTD-APCI-MS/MS). The LDTD is a new high-throughput sample introduction method, which reduces total analysis time to less than 15 seconds compared to minutes with traditional liquid-chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Several SPE parameters were evaluated in order to optimize recovery efficiencies when extracting analytes from wastewater, such as the nature of stationary phase, the loading flow rate, the extraction pH, the various volume and composition of the washing solution and the initial sample volume. The method was successfully applied to real wastewater samples from a primary sedimentation tank. Recoveries of target compounds from wastewater ranged from 78 to 106 %, the limit of detection ranged from 30 to 122 ng L-1 while the limit of quantification ranged from 88 to 370 ng L-1. Calibration curves in wastewater matrix showed good linearity (R2 > 0.991), for all target analytes, and precision (intraday and interday) showed a coefficient of variance below 15%.

of the Diploma Thesis In this Diploma Thesis, the electrochemical behavior of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) was studied at a newly prepared large-surface carbon film electrode (ls-CFE) using techniques of DC voltammetry (DCV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) with the aim to develop sensitive analytical methods for its determination. Voltammetric behavior of 4-NP was investigated in the region of anodic potentials, in dependence on the pH of the medium used (realized using Britton-Robinson buffer). The optimum pH values for the determination of 4-NP were chosen as follows: pH 3.0 (for DCV) and pH 7.0 (for DPV). During anodic oxidation of 4-NP on the ls-CFE at the concentration of the analyte of 1·10-4 mol/l, the passivation of the electrode surface occurred. Thus, it was decided to record series of measurements always at a new carbon film. Using the sample of 4-NP (at the concentration of 1·10-4 mol/l), the repeatability of the application of individual carbon films was tested, with obtained RSD values of 3.7% and 3.6% for DCV and DPV, respectively. Under optimum conditions, the calibration dependences of 4-NP were measured in the concentration range from 1·10-6 to 1·10-4 mol/l, with the limits of quantification (LQs) of 1.5·10-6 mol/l (for DCV at the ls-CFE) and 4.6·10-7 mol/l (for DPV at the...

This master's thesis is focused on the determination of 6-thioguanine (6-T) by DC voltammetry (DCV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and flow injection analysis with electrochemical detection (FIA-ED) on a boron doped diamond electrode (BDDFE). The optimum conditions for determination of 6-T were found and under these conditions, concentration dependences were measured and the limits of quantification (LOQ) were calculated for each method. Medium of 60% methanol and phosphate buffer (PB) pH 2,0 was chosen as optimum for DCV and DPV determination of 6-T at BDDFE. For both DCV and DPV, the linear concentration dependences were obtained in concentration ranges of 6-T from 2 µmol·l-1 to 10 µmol·l-1 with LOQ 0,9 µmol·l-1 for DCV and 1,5 µmol·l-1 for DPV. Lower LOQ was achieved in PB pH 2,0, where LOQ was 0,6 µmol·l-1 for both DCV and DPV, but the problem was lower repeatability. In PB pH 2 6-T was determined by DCV in drinking and river water with LOQ 1,3 µmol·l-1 in both drinking and river water. The possibility of solid phase extraction was investigated as a method for preliminary separation of 6-T from urine. For FIA under optimized conditions (polarization potential 1300 mV, flow rate 5 ml·min1 and sample volume 50 µl) the linear concentrations dependences were obtained in concentration ranges...

The submitted work deals with the application of voltammetric determination of Fomesafen using non-traditional mercury meniscus modified silver solid amalgam electrode on model samples of Fomesafen in real aqueous matrices of drinking and river water. This method of measurement has been developed and optimized in my bachelor thesis, which the diploma thesis is related to. Fomesafen belongs to a group of herbicides used on a mass scale in the late 20th century in the USA and in many countries around the world still used even today. Among its side effects according to the EPA include, among others, potential carcinogenicity to humans and confirmed carcinogenicity to some mammals (such as rats) which led to a legislative regulation on its use in many countries around the world including the USA, the European Union and many others. Silver solid amalgam electrode has been developed with the intention to limit the use of mercury in accordance with new legislation of the European Union and the concept of green analytical chemistry. Despite the low levels of mercury mainly bound in the form of virtually harmless silver amalgam electrode retains very similar electrochemical properties with proven mercury electrodes. As part of the thesis, direct determination of a number of partial extraction of Fomesafen...

L’objectif de cette thèse a consisté en la synthèse d’un polymère à empreinte moléculaire (MIP) permettant l’extraction du phosmet, un pesticide organophosphoré largement utilisé en oléiculture. La recherche du monomère fonctionnel (MF) disposant de la meilleure capacité à interagir de manière non-covalente avec le phosmet en présence du solvant porogène le plus approprié a été réalisée pour la toute première fois au moyen d’un capteur à acétylcholinestérase. Cette stratégie innovante a permis une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes cinétiques à l’œuvre lors de l’interaction MF-molécule cible. De par l’importance de son rôle dans la détermination de la structure d’un MIP, le choix d’un agent réticulant aux caractéristiques physico-chimiques adéquates a permis de sélectionner le meilleur MIP en s’appuyant sur l’étude des isothermes d’adsorption selon les modèles de Freundlich et Langmuir. La procédure d’extraction du phosmet selon la procédure MISPE (Molecularly Imprinted Solid Phase Extraction) a été effectuée par le biais d’une cartouche SPE dont la capacité a été évaluée à partir d’une solution standard. La validation du choix des réactifs de MIP sélectionnés a été confortée par la réalisation d’une expérience de réactivité croisée appliquée à une molécule analogue au phosmet. L’extraction du phosmet de l’huile d’olive a pu être effectuée avec succès selon un protocole d’extraction en flux inverse optimisé. Cette étude ouvre ainsi la voie à la recherche de nouvelles interactions MFs-molécules cibles au moyen de biocapteurs enzymatiques inhibant des composés toxiques tels que les herbicides, fongicides et autres pesticides. / The objective of this thesis has been the synthesis of a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) for the extraction of phosmet, an organophosphorus pesticide widely used in olive growing. The search for the functional monomer (FM) having the best ability to interact non-covalently with phosmet in the presence of the most suitable pore-forming solvent was carried out for the first time by means of an acetylcholinesterase sensor. This innovative strategy allowed us to better understand the kinetic mechanisms of FM-template interaction. Because of the importance of its role in determining the structure of a MIP, the selection of a crosslinking agent with adequate physicochemical characteristics made it possible to select the best MIP, whose adsorption isotherms were studied according to Freundlich and Langmuir models. Extraction of phosmet using a Molecularly Imprinted Solid Phase Extraction (MISPE) procedure was carried out via an SPE cartridge, whose capacity was evaluated from a standard solution. The choice of reagents and experimental conditions were validated by carrying out selectivity assays using another organophosphorus insecticide. Extraction of phosmet from olive oil was successfully carried out according to an optimized reverse flow extraction protocol. This work opens new opportunities for studying new FM-template interactions by means of enzymatic biosensors capable of detecting other inhibitors such as herbicides, fungicides and other pesticides.

Bifenilas policloradas (PCBs) são componentes de óleo ascarel, usado extensamente (no Brasil até os anos 80) como isolante em transformadores de energia devido às suas propriedades físico-químicas como estabilidade térmica e alta constante dielétrica. Apesar de ter sido proibido em todo o mundo devido à alta toxicidade dos PCBs presentes em sua composição, ainda resta grande quantidade de ascarel em circulação como resíduo \"passivo\" e resultante de contaminação em trocas dos fluidos dos transformadores, além de vazamentos. A principal forma de eliminação é por incineração, que, além de ser um processo caro, pode provocar a formação de compostos mais tóxicos, as dioxinas. Por isso é importante o monitoramento da concentração dessas substâncias, a fim de evitar maiores impactos ambientais na sua disposição, bem como em estudos de biodegradação. Esta matriz é extremamente complexa, o que torna a extração e determinação desses analitos um processo trabalhoso e difícil. Neste trabalho avaliaram-se métodos de extração e determinação de PCBs presentes na solução padrão comercial PCB Congener MIX 1, SUPELCO (PCBs 10, 28, 52, 138, 153 e 180). O desenvolvimento de métodos de extração (cromatografia em coluna, extração líquido-líquido (L-L), extração em fase sólida (SPE) e micro-extração em fase sólida - SPME) dos PCBs foi seguido da determinação, por cromatografia gasosa com detector por captura de elétrons (CG/DCE), em três matrizes diferentes: óleo ascarel, amostras provenientes de reatores anaeróbios em batelada e solo. Os métodos cuja purificação e extração diminuíram o efeito dos interferentes da matriz, como SPE - Sulfoxide, cromatografia em coluna de sílica e extração L-L com n-hexano foram validados pela avaliação dos seguintes parâmetros: linearidade e faixa de aplicação; precisão instrumental; limite de detecção, limite de quantificação e recuperação absoluta. O critério de escolha entre os métodos para extração dos PCBs do óleo que forneceram maior eficiência (cartucho SPE Sulfoxide e coluna de sílica gel, após lavagem ácida; método da adição de padrão, entre 1,0 e 4,0 mg L-1) deve considerar a disponibilidade de recursos, pois a sílica gel é mais viável economicamente do que o cartucho SPE. Os valores de R2 > 0,99 para o método de extração com sílica, mesmo tendo sido considerados apenas três pontos para a curva de calibração, atestam maior linearidade do que o método com SPE Sulfoxide (R2 entre 0,97 e 0,99). A extração L-L e determinação por CG/DCE dos PCBs (padronização interna) de amostras provenientes de reatores anaeróbios em batelada (aquosas, em matriz extremamente complexa com biomassa e espuma de poliuretano para imobilização de microrganismos) foram eficientes na faixa de concentração entre 0,05 e 0,5 mg L-1. Esse método foi adequado para monitorar PCBs em estudo de degradação anaeróbia e teste de adsorção dos PCBs em espuma; forneceu linearidade com R2 entre 0,93 e 0,96 e limites de detecção de 0,048 a 0,298 mg L-1, além de recuperação absoluta entre 14,1% e 110,7%. As condições testadas por SPME não permitiram a extração dos PCBs de óleo e de solo, principalmente devido à dessorção incompleta dos PCBs da fibra de polidimetil-siloxano, de 100 μm. / Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are components of ascarel, oil widely used as insulation (until the \'80s in Brazil) due to its physicochemical properties such as thermal stability and high dielectric constant. Despite having been banned worldwide due to the high toxicity of PCBs present in its composition, there are still lots of outstanding ascarel as \"passive\" residue and resulting contamination of fluids in transformers exchanges, plus leaks. The main form of disposal is incineration, which, besides being costly, can cause the formation of more toxic compounds, that is, dioxins. It is therefore important to monitor the concentration of these substances in order to prevent further environmental impacts in their disposal, as well as in studies of biodegradation. This is an extremely complex matrix, which makes the extraction and determination of this analytes very difficult and labor intensive. In this work we have evaluated methods of extraction and determination of the PCBs present in the standard solution Congener MIX 1, SUPELCO (PCBs 10, 28, 52, 138, 153 e 180). The extraction and cleanup developed methods which reduced the effects of interfering matrix as solid phase extraction (SPE) - Sulfoxide, column chromatography on silica and liquid-liquid (L-L) extraction with n-hexane, and solid phase microextraction (SPME) after determination of the PCBs by gas chromatography with electron capture detector (GC/ECD) were validated by assessing the following parameters: linearity and range of application; instrumental precision; detection limit; limit of quantification and absolute recovery. The criterion for choosing between the methods for extraction of PCBs from the oil with a higher efficiency (SPE cartridge Sulfoxide and silica gel column, after acid washing; using the standard addition method, between 1.0 and 4.0 mg L-1) must evaluate the availability resources, since the silica gel is more economically viable than the SPE cartridge. The R2 values > 0.99 for silica extraction method, even though it was considered only three points for the calibration curve, attested higher linearity than the method with SPE Sulfoxide (R2 between 0.97 and 0.99). The L-L extraction and determination by GC/ECD of the PCBs (internal standardization) of samples from batch anaerobic reactors (aqueous, in a very complex matrix with biomass and polyurethane foam for the immobilization of microorganisms) were efficient in the concentration range between 0.05 and 0.5 mg L-1. This method was suitable to monitor PCBs in anaerobic degradation studies and its adsorption on foam; provided R2 linearity between 0.93 and 0.96 and detection limits from 0.048 to 0.298 mg L-1, as well as absolute recovery between 14.1% and 110.7%. The conditions tested for SPME technique did not allow the extraction of the PCBs from the oil and soil, mainly due to the \"incomplete dessorption\" of PCBs from the polydimethylsiloxane fiber of 100 micron.

Diferentes estratégias foram projetadas e desenvolvidas para sistemas de análises em fluxo envolvendo reações químicas relativamente lentas. O aprisionamento da zona da amostra na bobina de reação permite melhorias de sensibilidade em métodos espectrofotométricos em fluxo envolvendo reações catalíticas. Uma característica inerente a esta estratégia é que, de acordo com as baixas concentrações do analito de interesse esperadas nas amostras, pode-se explorar tanto a variação do tempo quanto da temperatura de aquecimento para o desenvolvimento reacional. Esta estratégia evita a geração de bolhas de ar quando temperaturas elevadas são empregadas. O aprisionamento da zona da amostra na bobina de reação em sistema de análises por injeção em fluxo foi aplicado à reação de oxidação do reagente Tiron por peróxido de hidrogênio catalisada por Co(II) para determinação espectrofotométrica de cobalto em gramíneas. O sistema apresentou boas figuras de mérito, tais como repetibilidade [d.p.r. = 0,8% para 0,6 ?g L-1 Co(II), (n = 5)], limite de detecção [0,046 ?g L-1 Co(II)], frequência de amostragem (19 h-1) e consumo de reagente (330 ?g de Tiron por determinação). Os dados de recuperação nas amostras de gramíneas digeridas variaram entre 97% e 113%. O aquecimento explorando o aprisionamento da zona da amostra na cubeta de detecção mostrou-se promissor para implementação de reações relativamente lentas sem a geração de bolhas de ar, e não houve liberação de bolhas mesmo sob a temperatura de 95ºC. Esta estratégia foi aplicada à determinação espectrofotométrica de vanádio em águas minerais envolvendo a oxidação de p-anisidina por bromato catalisada por V(V) e ativada por Tiron. Sob temperatura de 95ºC, boas figuras de mérito foram obtidas, tais como limite de detecção (0,1 ?g L-1), repetibilidade [d.p.r. = 2,1 % para 5,0 ?g L-1 (n = 10)], frequência analítica [25 h-1] e consumo de reagente (3,0 mg de p-anisidina por determinação). Adicionalmente, foi desenvolvido um procedimento analítico em fluxo para monitoramento dos resíduos de ametrina e atrazina potencialmente lixiviáveis em solos, envolvendo também um processo relativamente lento. Um sistema de análises por injeção sequencial foi utilizado para as etapas de dessorção dos herbicidas com solução 0,01 mol L-1 CaCl2 e concentração em fase sólida em linha, seguida da eluição dessas espécies para a separação em uma coluna monolítica C18 conectada a um cromatógrafo líquido por meio de uma válvula de seis vias. Os eluatos eram injetados no cromatógrafo por meio de uma alça de amostragem de 300 ?L conectada à válvula. Boas figuras de mérito foram obtidas, tais como fatores de enriquecimento de 10,2 e 18,8 e limites de detecção de 0,016 e 0,015 mg L-1 para ametrina e atrazina, respectivamente, limite de quantificação de 0,05 mg L-1 para ambos os herbicidas e repetibilidade estimada como 6,3% e 5,1% para 0,05 mg L-1 (n = 10) para ametrina e atrazina, respecivamente. Os dados de adição e recuperação dos herbicidas nos extratos de solos em condições de equilíbrio se situaram na faixa de 85 a 99% / Different approaches to analytical flow systems involving relatively slow chemical reactions were developed. Zone trapping inside the reaction coil enables sensitivity improvements in flow-based spectrophotometric procedures relying on catalytic reactions. The reaction time and/or temperature can be increased for the determination of analytes present in the samples at low concentrations. Exploitation of the strategy avoids the liberation of air bubbles in the analytical path when high temperatures are involved. A flow injection system with zone trapping in the main reactor was developed for the spectrophotometric determination of cobalt in grass samples exploiting the oxidation of Tiron by bromate catalised by Co(II). Good figures of merit such as repeatability [r.s.d. = 0.8% for 0.6 ?g L-1 Co(II), (n = 5)], detection limit [0.046 ?g L-1 Co(II)], sampling frequency [19 h-1] and reagent consumption (330 ?g of Tiron for determination) were attained. Recovery data in grass sample digests varied within 97% e 113%. Zone trapping inside the flow-through cuvette for exploiting high temperatures was also promising for relatively slow reactions, as no liberation of air bubbles was noted even for temperatures as high as 95oC. The approach was applied to the spectrophotometric determination of vanadium in mineral water samples relying on the oxidation of p-anisidine by bromate catalised by V(V) at 95ºC. Good analytical figures of merit such as repeatability [r.s.d. = 2.1% for 5.0 µg L-1 V(V), n = 10], detection limit [0.1 µg L-1 V(V), sample frequency (25 h-1) and reagent consumption (3.0 mg of p-anisidine per determination) were attained. Additionally, an analytical procedure to monitor the potentially leachable ametryn and atrazine residues in soil samples was proposed. As leaching is relatively slow, a sequential injection system was used to perform the herbicide extractions with 0.01 mol L-1 CaCl2 and in-line solid phase extraction followed by elution towards a C18 monolithic column connected to a liquid chomatograph. To this end, the outlet of the column was connected to a 300-µL six-port valve. Regarding analytical performance, enrichment factors and detection limits were 10.2 and 18.8 and 0.016 e 0.015 mg L-1 for ametryn and atrazine, respectively, quantification limits were 0.05 mg L-1 for both herbicides and good repeatability (r.s.d. = 6.3 and 5.1 % for 0.05 mg L-1 of ametryn and atrazine, n = 10) were attained. Recovery data in the soil extracts under equilibrium conditions were within 85 and 99%

Bifenilas policloradas (PCBs) são componentes de óleo ascarel, usado extensamente (no Brasil até os anos 80) como isolante em transformadores de energia devido às suas propriedades físico-químicas como estabilidade térmica e alta constante dielétrica. Apesar de ter sido proibido em todo o mundo devido à alta toxicidade dos PCBs presentes em sua composição, ainda resta grande quantidade de ascarel em circulação como resíduo \"passivo\" e resultante de contaminação em trocas dos fluidos dos transformadores, além de vazamentos. A principal forma de eliminação é por incineração, que, além de ser um processo caro, pode provocar a formação de compostos mais tóxicos, as dioxinas. Por isso é importante o monitoramento da concentração dessas substâncias, a fim de evitar maiores impactos ambientais na sua disposição, bem como em estudos de biodegradação. Esta matriz é extremamente complexa, o que torna a extração e determinação desses analitos um processo trabalhoso e difícil. Neste trabalho avaliaram-se métodos de extração e determinação de PCBs presentes na solução padrão comercial PCB Congener MIX 1, SUPELCO (PCBs 10, 28, 52, 138, 153 e 180). O desenvolvimento de métodos de extração (cromatografia em coluna, extração líquido-líquido (L-L), extração em fase sólida (SPE) e micro-extração em fase sólida - SPME) dos PCBs foi seguido da determinação, por cromatografia gasosa com detector por captura de elétrons (CG/DCE), em três matrizes diferentes: óleo ascarel, amostras provenientes de reatores anaeróbios em batelada e solo. Os métodos cuja purificação e extração diminuíram o efeito dos interferentes da matriz, como SPE - Sulfoxide, cromatografia em coluna de sílica e extração L-L com n-hexano foram validados pela avaliação dos seguintes parâmetros: linearidade e faixa de aplicação; precisão instrumental; limite de detecção, limite de quantificação e recuperação absoluta. O critério de escolha entre os métodos para extração dos PCBs do óleo que forneceram maior eficiência (cartucho SPE Sulfoxide e coluna de sílica gel, após lavagem ácida; método da adição de padrão, entre 1,0 e 4,0 mg L-1) deve considerar a disponibilidade de recursos, pois a sílica gel é mais viável economicamente do que o cartucho SPE. Os valores de R2 > 0,99 para o método de extração com sílica, mesmo tendo sido considerados apenas três pontos para a curva de calibração, atestam maior linearidade do que o método com SPE Sulfoxide (R2 entre 0,97 e 0,99). A extração L-L e determinação por CG/DCE dos PCBs (padronização interna) de amostras provenientes de reatores anaeróbios em batelada (aquosas, em matriz extremamente complexa com biomassa e espuma de poliuretano para imobilização de microrganismos) foram eficientes na faixa de concentração entre 0,05 e 0,5 mg L-1. Esse método foi adequado para monitorar PCBs em estudo de degradação anaeróbia e teste de adsorção dos PCBs em espuma; forneceu linearidade com R2 entre 0,93 e 0,96 e limites de detecção de 0,048 a 0,298 mg L-1, além de recuperação absoluta entre 14,1% e 110,7%. As condições testadas por SPME não permitiram a extração dos PCBs de óleo e de solo, principalmente devido à dessorção incompleta dos PCBs da fibra de polidimetil-siloxano, de 100 μm. / Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are components of ascarel, oil widely used as insulation (until the \'80s in Brazil) due to its physicochemical properties such as thermal stability and high dielectric constant. Despite having been banned worldwide due to the high toxicity of PCBs present in its composition, there are still lots of outstanding ascarel as \"passive\" residue and resulting contamination of fluids in transformers exchanges, plus leaks. The main form of disposal is incineration, which, besides being costly, can cause the formation of more toxic compounds, that is, dioxins. It is therefore important to monitor the concentration of these substances in order to prevent further environmental impacts in their disposal, as well as in studies of biodegradation. This is an extremely complex matrix, which makes the extraction and determination of this analytes very difficult and labor intensive. In this work we have evaluated methods of extraction and determination of the PCBs present in the standard solution Congener MIX 1, SUPELCO (PCBs 10, 28, 52, 138, 153 e 180). The extraction and cleanup developed methods which reduced the effects of interfering matrix as solid phase extraction (SPE) - Sulfoxide, column chromatography on silica and liquid-liquid (L-L) extraction with n-hexane, and solid phase microextraction (SPME) after determination of the PCBs by gas chromatography with electron capture detector (GC/ECD) were validated by assessing the following parameters: linearity and range of application; instrumental precision; detection limit; limit of quantification and absolute recovery. The criterion for choosing between the methods for extraction of PCBs from the oil with a higher efficiency (SPE cartridge Sulfoxide and silica gel column, after acid washing; using the standard addition method, between 1.0 and 4.0 mg L-1) must evaluate the availability resources, since the silica gel is more economically viable than the SPE cartridge. The R2 values > 0.99 for silica extraction method, even though it was considered only three points for the calibration curve, attested higher linearity than the method with SPE Sulfoxide (R2 between 0.97 and 0.99). The L-L extraction and determination by GC/ECD of the PCBs (internal standardization) of samples from batch anaerobic reactors (aqueous, in a very complex matrix with biomass and polyurethane foam for the immobilization of microorganisms) were efficient in the concentration range between 0.05 and 0.5 mg L-1. This method was suitable to monitor PCBs in anaerobic degradation studies and its adsorption on foam; provided R2 linearity between 0.93 and 0.96 and detection limits from 0.048 to 0.298 mg L-1, as well as absolute recovery between 14.1% and 110.7%. The conditions tested for SPME technique did not allow the extraction of the PCBs from the oil and soil, mainly due to the \"incomplete dessorption\" of PCBs from the polydimethylsiloxane fiber of 100 micron.