In this work two different solution based methods have been used for synthesis ofoxide-wires and homogeneous heterometallic oxides of transparent conductingmaterials. The first method used is an aqueous chemical growth (ACG) method for synthesis ofmicrorods and nanowires of zinc oxide and tin dioxide useful for detection of toxicgases. No desired films have been obtained but some new interesting structures withnew surfaces at the a,b-plane, especially for zinc oxide where a jagged surface hasbeen observed. For low metal-concentrations of zinc, a band-like structure with 120 °angles has been observed to grow along the a- and b-axis instead of the preferredc-axis. The rod- and wire films have been characterized by SEM and XRD. The other solution-based method used is an inorganic sol-gel type where aheterometallic oxide of 80 mol% zinc and 20 mol% tin manufactured for CIGS solarcells acts as an absorption layer. The alkoxide was prepared by first synthesizing a zincmethoxy-ethoxide solution from diethylzinc and methoxy-ethanol and then mixing itwith tin tert-butoxide to get a heterometallic alkoxide solution. Films and powderhave been prepared either in humidified argon atmosphere or in air and characterizedby SEM, TGA and XRD. The XRD pattern just show the two expected phases of zincoxide and the heterometallic zin-tin oxide which improves the homogeneity of theheterometallic oxide. But the TGA show that some carbonating species formed. This method seems promising for large scale manufacturing of absorption layer toCIGS solar cell for commercially use due to low-cost materials, low temperatures andcheap equipment.

The capillary surface $u(x,y)$ near a cusp region satisfies the boundary value problem: \begin{eqnarray} \nabla \cdot \frac{\nabla u}{\sqrt{1+\left|\nabla u \right|^2}}&=&\kappa u \qquad \textrm{in }\left\{(x,y): 0<x,f_2(x)<y<f_1(x)\right\}\,, \label{0.1}\\ \nu \cdot \frac{\nabla u}{\sqrt{1+\left|\nabla u \right|^2}}&=& \cos \gamma_1 \qquad \textrm{on } y=f_1(x)\,,\\ \nu \cdot \frac{\nabla u}{\sqrt{1+\left|\nabla u \right|^2}}&=& \cos \gamma_2 \qquad \textrm{on } y=f_2(x)\,, \label{0.3} \end{eqnarray} where $\lim_{x\rightarrow 0}f_1(x),f_2(x)=0$, $\lim_{x\rightarrow 0}f'_1(x),f'_2(x)=0$. It is shown that the capillary surface is unbounded at the cusp and satisfies $u(x,y)=O\left(\frac{1}{f_1(x)-f_2(x)}\right)$, even for types of cusp not investigated previously (e.g. exponential cusps). By using a tangent cylinder coordinate system, we show that the exact solution $v(x,y)$ of the boundary value problem: \begin{eqnarray} \nabla \cdot \frac{\nabla v}{\left|\nabla v \right|}&=&\kappa v \qquad \textrm{in }\left\{(x,y): 0<x,f_2(x)<y<f_1(x)\right\}\,,\\ \nu \cdot \frac{\nabla v}{\left|\nabla v \right|}&=& \cos \gamma_1 \qquad \textrm{on } y=f_1(x)\,,\\ \nu \cdot \frac{\nabla v}{\left|\nabla v \right|}&=& \cos \gamma_2 \qquad \textrm{on } y=f_2(x)\,, \end{eqnarray} exhibits sixth order asymptotic accuracy to the capillary equations~\eqref{0.1}$-$\eqref{0.3} near a circular cusp. Finally, we show that the solution is bounded and can be defined to be continuous at a symmetric cusp ($f_1(x)=-f_2(x)$) with the supplementary contact angles ($\gamma_2=\pi-\gamma_1$). Also it is shown that the solution surface is of the order $O\left(f_1(x)\right)$, and moreover, the formal asymptotic series for a symmetric circular cusp region is derived.

Incorporation of water molecules in the crystal structure of an organic compound has strong effects on its physical and chemical properties. Therefore, the study on stability of water-incorporated pharmaceutical compounds and mechanisms of hydration and dehydration is very important for the pharmaceutical industries. The main goals of the present research project were quantitative description of the crystallization and solid-state transformations of pseudopolymorphs of sodium naproxen in order to provide fundamental information concerning stability of the pseudopolymorphic forms. Furthermore, macroscopic phenomena of size reduction and anisotropic water-removal by dehydration were rationalized by microscopic aspects of crystal lattice structures. The heats of solution for each pseudopolymorph were estimated by fitting the solubility data with the vant Hoff equation, and their use was extended by the thermodynamic cycle developed in the present study. According to the thermodynamic cycle, for an enantiotropic system, a form with a lower degree of hydration always has the lower heat of solution than a form with a higher degree of hydration, implying that a form with a lower degree of hydration is more stable. The relative stabilities of the dihydrated, the monohydrated, and the anhydrous sodium naproxen at 0% relative humidity were investigated by dehydration of the dihydrated form and powder X-ray diffraction. The monohydrate is more stable than the dihydrate and the result was supported by isothermal TGA experiments. This research explained why powder-like crystals of the anhydrous sodium naproxen were produced by dehydration of hydrated forms. The surfaces of the dehydrated crystals displayed cracks aligned along the b-axis of the monohydrate. These cracks made the anhydrous crystals, which were produced from the monohydrated species, very brittle and, eventually, such crystals were disrupted into much smaller entities. In addition, the existence of water channels in the unit cells of the monohydrate facilitates the dehydration in a direction more rapidly, especially, along the b-axis of the monohydrate. Rapid removal of water in a specific direction caused anisotropic dehydration.

Diamond-like Carbon (DLC) film exhibits an extreme hardness, low friction coefficient, chemical stability, heat conductivity, and high resistance. Their properties lead to remarkable applications on industry. In the experiment, we use electrondeposition to deposit the DLC film on Si substrate. Different concentrations of electrolyte were used to deposit on the of silicon substrates with different roughness surface. KOH solution was used to etch and to get the different roughness on the surface of silicon substrates. the morphology of surface were observed by SEM and AFM. Composition and microstructure of the DLC film were characterized by the Raman spectroscopy and XPS, repectively. The optical properties of DLC film were investigated by the N&K analyzer. From the AFM results, the surface morphology observed by KOH etching on the surface of silicon substrates during etching time as 0¡B20¡B40¡B60 min, the surface roughness increased from 2.64 to 14.07 nm. Based on thevariation of surface roughness, the growth rate was observed more quicker than the non etch surface. Moreover, to deposit the DLC film on the alkalinity solution was better then acid solution. However, the ID/IG ratio and the sp2/sp3 ratio obtained from Raman and XPS increase with the roughness surface from 1.09 to 1.82 and 0.985 to 2.15, respectively. It is because that the microstructure of DLC film varies and exchange to graphitization. The mixed the ammonia water and ammonium acetate into acetic acid solution was used to deposit DLC film on Si surface, and film shows with lower ID/IG ratio. Additionally, as the amount of ammonium acetate was varied in the solution, the ID/IG ratio of the films observed as decrease from 1.2 to 0.93 with increasing amount of ammonium acetate 10g to 40g. It was due to the methyl radicals increase in the solution. Besides, we can find the optical band gap decreased with DLC films changing to graphitization.

Let $l^2(Bbb Z)$ be the Hilbert space of square summable double sequences of complex numbers with standard basis ${e_n:ninBbb Z}$, and let us consider a bounded matrix $A$ on $l^2(Bbb Z)$ satisfying the following system of equations egin{itemize} item[1.] $lan Ae_{2j},e_{2i} an=p_{ij}+alan Ae_{j},e_i an$; item[2.] $lan Ae_{2j},e_{2i-1} an=q_{ij}+blan Ae_{j},e_{i} an$; item[3.] $lan Ae_{2j-1},e_{2i} an=v_{ij}+clan Ae_{j},e_{i} an$; item[4.] $lan Ae_{2j-1},e_{2i-1} an=w_{ij}+dlan Ae_{j},e_{i} an$ end{itemize} for all $i,j$, where $P=(p_{ij})$, $Q=(q_{ij})$, $V=(v_{ij})$, $W=(w_{ij})$ are bounded matrices on $l^2(Bbb Z)$ and $a,b,c,dinBbb C$. par It is clear that the solutions of the above system of equations introduces a class of infinite matrices whose entries are related ``dyadically". In cite{Ho:g}, it is shown that the seemingly complicated task of constructing these matrices can be carried out alternatively in a systematical and relatively simple way by applying the theory of Hardy classes of operators through certain operator equation on ${cal B}({cal H})$ (space of bounded operators on $cal H$) induced by a shift. Our purpose here is to present explicit formula for the homogeneous solutions this equation.

Solid-phase syntheses of two 14-membered ring peptidomimetics were done to determine whether or not a beta-turn structure can facilitate macrocyclization. NMR methods, together with CD and QMD calculations, do not fully support this assumption. However, cyclizations of more ordered structures like those of compounds 2 were more efficient than those for highly strained ring systems like 1. A small library of 18-membered ring peptidomimetics that accommodate an extra amino acid residue was synthesized on resin. Their syntheses were not complicated by head-to-tail dimer impurity, unlike those for previously synthesized 14-membered systems. These larger macrocycles exhibit beta-turn structures as verified by NMR, CD and QMD techniques. Moreover, two compounds in this series (3a and 3g) were shown to have agonistic properties for TrkC in cell survival assays. Dimerization of monovalent mimics was achieved first by modifying the organic template so that monovalent mimics with requisite functional groups can be synthesized. Second, the monovalent units were dimerized using sequential nucleophilic substitutions on fluorescently labeled dichlorotriazine. Our rationale to make bivalent compounds out of monovalent ones was justified when compound 4 was shown to bind TrkA with a 20 nM affinity. Reactions of amino acids with NH4SCN under acylating conditions produced 2-thiohydantoins in which the nitrogen of the amino acid (N1) was acylated. This was proven by 2-D NMR which showed no cross-peak between the NH signal observed and the Cα±-H of the amino acid. When the compound was deacylated, a new NH signal appeared and the corresponding cross-peak with the Cα±-H was observed. Solution-phase syntheses of non-peptidic mimics were achieved by doing a double substitution on a dihalogenated nitrobenzene scaffold. Sonogashira and SNAr reactions were done to install the required side-chains to give the desired compounds. These non-peptidic compounds can be easily adapted to our DTAF-Inp dimerization protocol since the nitro groups can be easily reduced. Attempts to make a spirotetracyclic peptidomimetic with three side chain mimics were done by synthesizing the spirocyclic diketopiperazine precursor. The synthesis of the DKP was achieved by making the cyclic quaternary amino acid that was coupled to another amino acid via the HOAt-EDC method. This protocol gave dipeptides in high yields. These dipeptides were deprotected and cyclized to the DKP under mildly acidic conditions in toluene.

Metal chalcogenide nanomaterials are interesting due to their size dependent properties and potential use in numerous types of devices or applications. The synthetic methods of binary phase metal chalcogenide nanoparticles are well established, but finding simple ways to make even more complex nanostructures is important. To this end, two techniques were studied: the cation exchange of metal chalcogenide nanocrystals, CdE → MxEy (E = S, Se, Te; M = Pd, Pt) and the solution phase synthesis of ternary chalcogenide nanoparticles. The effects of cation solvation and the volume change (Delta V) of reaction on the equilibrium and the morphology change in the cation-exchange reactions of CdE → MxEy were investigated. A two-phase solvent environment was particularly efficient in increasing the thermodynamic driving force. The effect of Delta V of reaction on the morphology of the product nanocrystals was also investigated. Depending on the stress developed in the lattice during the reaction, product nanocrystals underwent varying degrees of morphological changes, such as void formation and fragmentation, in addition to the preservation of the original morphology of the reactant nanocrystals. The knowledge of the effect of ion solvation and Delta V of reaction on the equilibrium and product morphology provides a new strategy and useful guide to the application of cation-exchange reactions for the synthesis of a broader range of inorganic nanocrystals. Using a solution phase method, the morphology of CuInSe2 nanoparticles could be tuned from small 10 nm spheres to micron length nanowires by varying the relative amount of strong and weak surfactants passivating the surface. Oleylamine and trioctylphosphine oxide were chosen as the strong and weak surfactants, respectively. Small isotropic structures were formed when the oleylamine was the only surfactant with the size of the nanospheres increasing as the amount of oleylamine decreased. For the CuInSe2 nanowires, weakly-binding dioctylphosphine oxide (DOPO), an impurity in the TOPO, was found to be the key surfactant that enables the anisotropic one-dimensional growth. Detailed analysis of the structure of the nanowires indicated that they grow perpendicular to (112) planes, with twinning around the growth axis by ~60 degree rotation. The nanowires exhibit a saw-tooth surface morphology resembling a stack of truncated tetrahedral.

Abstract The fundamental purpose of this research is to discuss the solution strategies and error types when seventh-grade students in middle school solved simple equations with one unknown and application problems; we hope results can provide reference for teachers in remedial teaching and in improving instructional. The items in the examination paper used in this research were taken from 12 past papers of basic competency test in Taiwan (2001 to 2006, twice a year). The subjects were students from Kaohsiung City Y Middle School (City region), Kaohsiung County T Middle School (Ordinary town) and Pingtung County Z Middle School (Near seacoast) forming a convenience sample. The investigators selected 2 classes from each school by random, with a total of 188 students. The main results of this research are as follows: 1. There are ten questions and the average proportion of correct answers is 49.10%; it shows that, at least 51% students have difficulties in solving symbolic operation and linear equations with one unknown. 2. The solution strategy student used most frequently is Removal of Term. Equal Axiom and Enumeration Evaluation Method were used occasionally. No student used Substitution method, Reduction method and Hidden method. 3. The main error types are: missing knowledge of using symbol; do not understand meanings of symbols; combine dissimilar terms freely; do not understand the meaning of bracket; cannot do calculation involving bracket; and, cannot simplify equation etc. 4. The main reasons for failures are: do not understand the meaning of equation; do not understand combination rules of like terms, position of symbol, unknown variables; whether containing fractions in reducing equation will also cause an error. Keywords: linear equations with one unknown, solution strategies, error types.

Abstract Ammonia is one of valuable chemicals which are commonly used in various industrial factors. It is also a typical pollutant, and has a long-term impact on human health for toxicity characteristics. This study was to investigate the performance, product selectivity and kinetics in oxidation of ammonia solution in WAO process over Cu/ACF catalyst. The operation parameters in continuous WAO process were performed as follows: initial concentration of ammonia in ranging from 200 ppm to 1000 ppm, pH at 12, velocity of influent at below 3.0 ml/min, temperature ranging from 443K to 463K and pressure at 3.0 MPa. In the experiments of catalyst selection, we decided to use 5% Cu/ACF catalyst for its high conversion and selectivity in oxidation of ammonia. A conversion of 95.42% in oxidation of ammonia was achieved under 463K and the product selectivity of N2 was raised from 53% to 85%. We found that Cu/ACF and ACF catalysts both had the good conversion and selectivity in oxidation of ammonia in WAO process. In the long-term test of catalyst stability, Cu/ACF had a bad stability after 48 hours reaction in WAO process. The tests such as XRD, SEM and EA were also determined. The kinetics of WAO over Cu/ACF catalyst in oxidation of ammonia using Power-Rate Law was presented. The apparent reaction order and activated energy were obtained.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the removal performance in oxidation of ammonia solution, synthesized concentration in range of 200 mg/l -1000 mg/l, in continuous WAO process over Cu/La/Ce catalyst. The operation parameters in WAO process were performed as follows: reaction temperature, influent velocity, initial concentration of ammonia and oxygen pressure. During the first stage WAO test, ammonia conversion only reached to 40.1% under the conditions performed as follows: initial concentration of ammonia in 400 mg/l, 12 of pH, 453 K of temperature, 3.0 MPa of total pressure and 3.0 ml/min of influent velocity. In the second stage experiments conducted by 453 K, pH 12, 3.0MPa and 400 mg/l, the ammonia conversion was above 86.2% over catalyst in WAO process. In addition, the conversion of ammonia were found to be 89%, 82.6%, 81.6% and 79.3% when the initial concentration were regulated in 200, 400, 800 and 1000 mg/l respectively; 91.4% conversion of ammonia could be obtained when temperature was raised at 473 K. The tests such as XRD, SEM, EDS, ICP-MS and EA were also determined. The kinetics of WAO over Cu/La/Ce catalyst in oxidation of ammonia solutions using Power-Rate Law was presented to calculate the apparent reaction order and activated energy.