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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Ultrasonography Assessment of Ankle/Foot Pain: A Biopsychosocial Model

Zale, Kathryn E. 14 October 2014 (has links)
No description available.
32

Effects of Signal Modality and Event Asynchrony on Vigilance Performance and Cerebral Hemovelocity

Shaw, Tyler H. 02 October 2006 (has links)
No description available.
33

Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity as a Diagnostic Index of Stress and Fatigue in Simulated Vehicle Driving

LANGHEIM, LISA KAY 23 September 2008 (has links)
No description available.
34

Teaching a Series of Mind-Body Techniques to Address the Risk of Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Sonography Students: A Pilot Study

Butwin, Angela Nicole 06 September 2016 (has links)
No description available.
35

Análise da vascularização da mandíbula edêntula pós-fratura: estudo por ultra-som doppler colorido / Analysis of the blood supply to post-fracture edentulous mandible. Study by color Doppler ultrasonography

Mancini, Julio Cezar Marques Assad 25 March 2008 (has links)
O tratamento das fraturas de mandíbulas edêntulas é motivo de controvérsias na literatura e um dos fatores que tornam seu tratamento complexo é o suprimento sanguíneo reduzido. Nesse contexto, o ultra-som Doppler consiste em exame nãoinvasivo o qual pode ser utilizado na análise de alterações da vascularização de diversos segmentos corpóreos e influenciar decisões clínicas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a vascularização mandibular de pacientes edêntulos que foram submetidos a tratamento de fratura de mandíbula (grupo experimental), por meio de ultra-som doppler colorido. Possíveis correlações entre os dados clínicos, radiográficos e a vascularização mandibular foram analisadas. O fluxo arterial de vasos, como carótida externa, maxilar, facial, mentual, submentual e sublingual, após o tratamento, foi comparado ao fluxo arterial dos mesmos vasos em um grupo controle composto por pacientes edêntulos livres de fratura. Com o emprego do transdutor linear, de maneira extra-oral, foram obtidos velocidade pico-sistólica (VPS), velocidade diastólica final (VDF), índice de resistência (IR), índice de pulsatilidade (IP) e aceleração, de cada artéria. Além disso, foram obtidos detalhes do tratamento por meio de avaliação clínica e radiográfica, assim como da avaliação dos prontuários. Houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes para os valores de IR da artéria mentual, IP da artéria maxilar, VPS, IP e aceleração da artéria submentual. Além disso, na pesquisa de fatores vasculares locais obstrutivos, de acordo com a artéria e os fatores estudados, houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes para o VPS, VDF e IP da artéria facial, IR da artéria sublingual, os quais apresentaram valores menores quando da presença desses fatores. Os grupos experimental e controle foram semelhantes quanto à ocorrência de variações de sentido de fluxo. Na análise das correlações entre os fatores estudados e o grau de atrofia alveolar, foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes para os valores de VPS e VDF da artéria submentual, maiores no grupo não-atrófico. O exame de ultra-som doppler colorido foi capaz de demonstrar alterações em algumas artérias que suprem a mandíbula de pacientes edêntulos submetidos a tratamento de fratura, havendo poucas correlações com o grau de atrofia alveolar. / The treatment of edentulous mandibular fractures is motive of controversies in literature and one of the factors that make this treatment complex is the reduced blood supply. In this context, the doppler ultrasound is a non-invasive method that can be used in the analysis of changes in the vascularization of several corporeous segments and influence clinical decisions. The purpose of this study is to assess the vascular supply of edentulous patients, that have been treated of mandibluar fracture (experimental group), using the colored Doppler ultrasound. Possible correlations between the alveolar atrophy degree and the mandibular blood supply were analyzed. The arterial flow of vessels like external carotid, maxilar, facial, mentual, submentual and sublingual, after treatment, was compared with the arterial flow of the same vessels in a control group, consisting of edentulous fracture-free patients. With the use of linear probe extra-orally, the systolic-peak maximum velocity (SPV), final diastolic velocity (FDV), resistive index (RI), pulsatility index (PI) and acceleration of each artery, was obtained. Also, treatment details were obtained through clinical, radiological investigations, and hospital notes assessments. There was significant statistic differences to the values mentual artery RI, maxilar artery PI, submentual artery SPV, PI and acceleration. Also, in the analysis of the presence of obstructive vascular local factors, according to the artery and studied factors, statistically significant differences were observed to facial artery SPV, FDV and PI, sublingual artery RI, that present lower values when these factors were present. The experimental and control groups were similar in respect to variations in flow direction occurrence. In the analysis of the correlations between the studied factors and alveolar atrophy degree, statistically significant differences were observed to the submentual artery SPV and FDV, higher in non-atrophic group. The color doppler sonography was able to show changes in some arteries that supply the mandible of edentulous patients submitted to fracture treatment, with few correlations with the alveolar atrophy degree.
36

Embryonale Oberflächenmorphologie in der transvaginalen 3D-Sonographie

Brauer, Martin 28 April 2004 (has links)
Die dreidimensionale Sonographie ermöglicht die Beobachtung der menschlichen Morphogenese in utero. Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung war die Evaluierung der Darstellung der embryonalen und frühen fetalen Oberflächenmorphogenese mittels transvaginaler 3D-Sonographie unter Anwendung eines neuen Verfahrens (3D-Cut) zur Sichtoptimierung. Fünf Schwangere mit datierten Embryonen wurden longitudinal zwischen der 4. und 12. Woche p.m. transvaginal sonographiert. Die Untersuchungen wurden mit einem 3D-Ultraschallgerät der Firma Kretztechnik (VoluSonâ 530D MT) unter Verwendung einer 3D-Transvaginalsonde (5-8 MHz) durchgeführt. Die 3D-Daten wurden unter Einsatz des 3D-Cut-Verfahrens zu dreidimensionalen Oberflächenmodellen der Embryonen und Feten verarbeitet und mit embryologischen Präparaten gleichen Gestationsalters sowie den Ergebnissen bisheriger 3D-sonoembryologischer Studien verglichen. Die Darstellung der embryonalen und fetalen Oberflächenmorphologie gelang kontinuierlich ab der 6. Woche p.m.. Im chronologischen Verlauf zeigten die beobachteten Embryonen und Feten einen umfangreichen Gestaltwandel von einer C-förmigen Struktur ohne sonographisch fassbare Oberflächendetails hin zu einem Individuum von menschlicher Gestalt. Unter Berücksichtigung der sonographischen Auflösungsgrenzen war eine hohe Übereinstimmung zwischen den sonographischen Oberflächenmodellen und den korrespondierenden embryologischen Präparaten zu verzeichnen. Mit den Ergebnissen 3D-sonoembryologischer Voruntersuchungen ergab sich ebenfalls eine gute Korrelation. Die angewandte sonographische Methode ermöglicht auf nichtinvasive Weise eine detaillierte, systematische dreidimensionale Darstellung von Embryonen und frühen Feten in utero und vermittelt so wertvolle Informationen, die der embryologischen Forschung in dieser Weise bisher nicht zugänglich waren. / Three-dimensional sonography allows the observation of the human morphogenesis in utero. The objective of the presented study was the evaluation of the demonstration of embryonic and early fetal surface morphogenesis by means of transvaginal 3D-sonography using a new procedure (3D-Cut) for the optimization of image quality. Five pregnant women with dated embryos were examined longitudinally by transvaginal 3D-sonography between 3 and 11 completed weeks p.m.. The examinations were performed with a 3D-Ultrasoundmachine (VoluSonâ 530D MT) developed by Kretztechnik (Zipf/Austria) using a transvaginal 5-8 MHz-3D-transducer. The 3D-data were processed to three-dimensional surface models of the embryos and fetuses using the 3D-Cut-procedure and compared with embryologic specimens of corresponding gestational age as well as with the results of prior 3D-sonoembryological studies. Embryonic and early fetal surface morphology could be demonstrated continuously starting from 5 completed weeks p.m.. The observed embryos and fetuses showed an extensive morphological change from a C-shaped structure without sonographically detectable surface details to an individual of human shape. With consideration of the limited sonographic resolution a high agreement between sonographic surface models and the corresponding embryologic specimens was registered. A good correlation was also found with the results of prior 3D-sonoembryological studies. The applied sonographic method allows in a noninvasive way a detailed systematic three-dimensional demonstration of embryos and early fetuses in utero and provides thus valuable information, which was not accessible to embryological research in this way so far.
37

Hochauflösende farbkodierte Duplexsonographie von Hauttumoren In-vitro-, tierexperimentelle und klinische Studien zur Signalverstärkung durch d-galaktosehaltige Ultraschallkontrastmittel

Schröder, Ralf-Jürgen 07 March 2000 (has links)
Zunächst wurden mit Hilfe eines neuen Injektionssystems die Vorteile der Bolusgabe und der kontinuierlichen Applikation d-galaktosehaltiger Ultraschallsignalverstärker kombiniert und an einem klein- (Æ 0,86mm) und einem großlumigen (Æ 16 mm) Gefäßmodell die optimale Basis- und Bolusflußratenkombination für die Powerdopplersonographie evaluiert. Der Powerdopplersignalintensitätsverlauf verschiedener Infusionsprotokolle wurde subjektiv von drei Beobachtern einer sechsstufigen Skala zugeordnet. Objektive Intensitätsmeßdaten wurden mit einer CW-Dopplersonde und einem Computersystem gewonnen. Die 1 ml/min.-Basisinfusionsrate kam dem Optimalzustand am nächsten (Großlumenmodell: 70 %, Kleinlumenmodell: 100 % Grad-4-Plateau trotz geringer Standardabweichung der mittleren Spektraldopplerverstärkungsmeßwerte im Plateaubereich). Sie ermöglichte eine annähernd optimale Gefäßdarstellung mit ausreichendem Spielraum für mehrfache, optisch gut wahrnehmbare Bolusgaben (Optimalbolus: 300mg/ml, 2 ml/s, 1 s Injektionsdauer). Diese Ergebnisse lassen eine medizinische und ökonomische Optimierung des Signalverstärkereinsatzes in der Powerdopplersonographie erwarten. Anhand von tierexperimentellen Untersuchungen wurde die Zuverlässigkeit der nativen und der signalverstärkten Farbdopplersonographie bei der Visualisierung der intratumorösen Angioneogenese im Vergleich zur histologischen Vaskularisationsquantifizierung evaluiert. Zu diesem Zweck wurden Melanomzellen des Typs B16-F1 Mäusen intra- bzw. subkutan imjiziert und nach einer Wachstumsperiode in 54 Fällen sonographisch im B-Modus bezüglich Größe, Homogenität, Echogenität und Grenzechoschärfe und in der Farbdopplersonographie bezüglich intratumorös erkennbarer Gefäßzahl, Gefäßarchtektur und Gefäßanteil an der Tumorquerschnittsfläche (= percentage vessel area, PVA) analysiert. Die anschließende histologische Aufarbeitung erbrachte Vergleichsdaten hinsichtlich Größe, Nekrotisierung und Vaskularisation der Tumoren. Es fand sich eine signifikante Korrelation (p < 0,01) zwischen den makroskopisch und den sonographisch ermittelten Tumordurchmessern, jedoch zwischen Histologie und Sonographie bezüglich sonographisch erkannter Nekrosen nur, wenn diese mehr als 40 % des Tumors erfaßten. Nach Signalverstärkerapplikation stiegen die sonographisch erkennbare Tumorgefäßzahl, -architektur und die PVA signifikant an (p < 0,01), letztere bei den intrakutanen Tumoren um 483 % und bei den subkutanen um 373 %. Der histologische Vaskularisationsgrad korrelierte am stärksten (r = 0,686) von allen Farbdopplerparametern mit der signalverstärkten PVA (p < 0,01). Somit trug die Signalverstärkergabe zur Verbesserung der Korrelation der Ergebnisse der sonographischen und histologischen Vaskularisations- und Angioneogenesebeurteilung bei. Im klinisch-experimentellen Teil wurde prospektiv bei 83 malignitätssuspekten, kutan oder subkutan lokalisierten Raumforderungen unterschiedlichen, meist epithelialen Ursprungsgewebes mittels nativer und signalverstärkter Farbduplexsonographie eine Dignitätseinschätzung vorgenommen. Als Einstufungskriterien wurden diverse B-Modus- und Farbdopplerkriterien, u.a. intratumorös erkennbare Gefäßzahl und PVA, verwendet. Die Diagnosesicherung erfolgte durch Histologie oder Verlaufskontrolle. Während weder die B-Modus-Kriterien noch die Dopplerspektralanalyse für die Dignitätseinschätzung geeignet erschienen, trugen die Farbdopplerparameter und besonders die PVA nach Signalverstärkergabe zur Dignitätsbestimmung bei, wobei die erkennbare Gefäßzahl nach Signalverstärkergabe signifikant (p < 0,01) zunahm. Als ungeeignet erwiesen sich diese Kriterien jedoch bei entzündlichen und angiomatösen Raumforderungen und epithelialen Rezidivtumoren. Insgesamt liefert die signalverstärkte Farbdopplersonographie wesentliche zusätzliche Informationen bezüglich Angioneogenese und Dignität von Raumforderungen der Haut und ihrer Anhangsgebilde, insbesondere die signalverstärkte semiquantitative Vaskularisationsanalyse. Sie ist der B-Modus-Sonographie und der Spektraldoppleranalyse überlegen. Die Signalverstärkergabe führt zu einer deutlichen Sensitivitätserhöhung. / A new injection system combines the advantages of bolus and of continuous application of ultrasound contrast agents. This study evaluated the optimal combination of basic and bolus flow rates in power Doppler sonography using two different types of vitro vessel models. The flow of an in vitro circulation model consisting of a wide or small lumen vessels was visualized by power Doppler ultrasound. The intensity of colour Doppler signal was assessed subjectively by three observers using a six step scale (optimal: degree 5). The objective signal intensity was measured by a CW-Doppler probe and a computed sytem. Using a basic flow rate of 1 ml/min., approximately optimal results were reached. This basic flow rate enabled an almost optimal visualization of the vessel lumen with sufficient free range for repeated, well visible bolus injections. Thus, the use of the new injection system combining bolus and continous injection of contrast agent improves medical and economic use of signal enhancing agents in power Doppler sonography. The aim of the next study was to evaluate the reliability of plain and enhanced colour Doppler sonography in visualization of intratumoral vascularization as a sign of malignant angioneogenesis. Therefore, malignant melanomas of the histological type B16-F1 which had been implanted in mice were examined by sonography. The majority of these tumours was localized intracutaneously, the minority subcutaneously. Various B-mode aspects, colour Doppler criteria, and spectral Doppler parameter were evaluated before and after i.v.-application of an ultrasound signal enhancer. After sonographic examination, all tumors were analyzed histologically with semiquantitative grading of tumoral vascularization. Despite the higher mean volume of the subcutaneous tumours, the percentage of tumors with visible intratumoral vessels was not higher than in intracutaneous tumors on plain images. Enhanced, the sonographical vascularization of subcutaneous tumors seemed to be superior to this of the intracutaneous. The signal enhanced mode was definitely superior to plain Doppler in showing the intratumoral vessels as a sign of angioneogenesis. The intratumoral vascular structure could be sufficiently analyzed the minority of all tumors by plain Doppler, but in more than 90 % after application of the signal enhancing agent. Intracutaneous tumors had a more compact vascular structure than subcutaneous. Despite the missing direct correlation between the sonographically and the histologically determined degree of tumour vascularization the correlation was improved after application of the signal enhancer. Only the enhanced colour Doppler sonography provides valuable noninvasive information about angioneogenetic hypervascularization in experimental melanomas. The third study evaluated colour Doppler criteria to differentiate between malignant and benign skin tumors determining the extent of the intratumorous vascularization. The B-mode sonomorphology and the extent of the vascularization in color Doppler of clinically potentially malignant tumours of the cutaneous and subcutaneous structures were analyzed and quantified by different methods. After application of the signal enhancing agent, counting the intratumoral vessels visible on one ultrasound slice led to the highest sensitivity of all used criteria but the specificity was poor. The highest specificity and diagnostic accuracy of all used criteria were obtained using the criterion "percentage vessel area > 5,0 %" after excluding all inflamed lesions by clinical aspects. Plain colour Doppler increased the specificity but the sensitivity decreased to a not acceptable level. The analysis of the B-mode morphology and spectral Doppler parameter of intratumoral vessels did not contribute to differential diagnosis. Signal enhanced colour Doppler sonography is a valuable tool in pretherapeutic assessment of cutaneous lesions. This method can be relevant for therapy and prognosis. The application of the signal enhancing agent increases significantly (p < 0.01) the sensitivity. This method is not useful in assessing benignity or malignancy of inflamed lesions and angiomas.
38

Qualidade da janela transtemporal definida pelo ultrassom transcraniano colorido / Quality Assessment for the Transtemporal Window by Transcranial Color-Coded Sonography

Santos, Renata da Silva Almeida 17 October 2016 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: O ultrassom transcraniano colorido (UTC) é um eficiente método para avaliação da circulação intracraniana e do fluxo sanguíneo cerebral em diversas condições clínicas incluindo o acidente vascular isquêmico agudo. Uma das principais limitação deste método reside na incapacidade de insonação intracraniana adequada através da janela transtemporal em até 20% dos pacientes. Neste contexto, surge a necessidade do desenvolvimento de uma metodologia estruturada que permitisse caracterizar a qualidade da janela transtemporal de forma mais detalhada e objetiva. No presente estudo, objetivamos: determinar a frequência de visualização dos principais marcos anatômicos pela insonação com UCT utilizando-se a janela transtemporal em pacientes com AVCI agudo; classificar o grau de dificuldade na visualização da primeira porção da artéria cerebral média (ACM) ipsilateral ao lado insonado; determinar a influência da idade, sexo, etnia no na qualidade da janela transtemporal pelo UTC. METODOLOGIA: Avaliamos prospectivamente todos os pacientes adultos, consecutivos, com o primeiro e único episódio de acidente vascular isquêmico no período de julho de 2014 a janeiro de 2015 com um exame de UTC (modo B e Doppler colorido). Dois examinadores classificaram a qualidade da janela transtemporal pelo modo B utilizando uma escore baseado na qualidade da visualização de referencias anatômicas (osso temporal contralateral, asa menor do esfenoide ipsilateral e mesencéfalo) variando de 0 (janela ausente) a 9 (excelente janela). Os preditores independentes de uma boa visualização do sinal da ACM ao UTC foram identificados através de um modelo de regressão logística multivariada selecionado pelo método backward. A acurácia do escore do modo B foi avaliada através dos parâmetro de sensibilidade, especificidade e estatística C (curva ROC). RESULTADOS: entre os 200 paciente incluídos no estudo (55% do sexo masculino e com idade média de 61,17 ± 15,22 anos) o osso temporal contralateral não foi visualizado em 48,5% dos casos, o mesencéfalo foi visualizado em 65% e a asa menor do esfenoide foi visualizada em 66%. A porção proximal da artéria cerebral media (M1) foi visualizada em 62% dos casos. Na análise multivariada, a idade (OR: 0,95; IC95%:0,92 - 0,99; p=0,011) e a pontuação no escore do modo B (OR: 2,97; IC95%:1,93- 4,55; p<0,001) foram preditores independentes de visualização do sinal da ACM ao UTC. A pontuação no escore do modo B mostrou um preditor acudado para subsequente visualização da artéria cerebral médica pelo Doppler colorido com uma área sob a curva ROC de 0,896 (p<0,001). O escore de 2 apresentou uma sensibilidade e especificidade de 80 e 87% para este fim, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: O escore do modo B baseado na visualização de referência anatômicas intracranianas pelo modo B do UTC é uma ferramenta útil com boa acurácia para capacidade de visualização do fluxo da artéria cerebral media ipsilateral ao UTC. Este escore permite descrever de forma mais detalhada a qualidade de janela transtemporal ao UTC, em suas diferentes aplicações. / INTRODUCTION: Transcranial Color-Coded Sonography (TCCS) is an widely-used method to assess the intracranial circulation and cerebral blood flow in several clinical conditions including acute ischemic stroke. One of the main limitations of this technic is related to the quality of the transtemporal window, which is poor in about 20% of cases. In this context, it is important to develop an structured approach to better define the quality of the transtemporal window. In this study we aimed to evaluate how frequently the main anatomic landmarks can be adequately visualized by TCCS in acute stroke patients using the transtemporal window; to assess the proportion of patients in which the ipsilateral middle cerebral artery of visualized by TCCS; and to identify the main predictors of a poor transtemporal window on TCCS. METHODS: We examined 200 consecutive acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients, from July 2014 to January 2015. All patients underwent prospective TCCS evaluation. Visualization of the contralateral temporal bone (CTB), midbrain (MB) and lesser sphenoid wing (LSW) was scored on B-mode images. The resulting B-Mode Score varied from 0 (poor visualization) to 9 (perfect window). A multivariate logistic regression model (backward selection) was used to identify the independent predictors of visualization of the MCA signal by TCCS. The relationship between these B-Mode Score and visualization of the proximal portion of the ipsilateral MCA was assessed in terms of sensitivity, specificity, ROC curve and C statistics. RESULTS: Among 200 AIS patients (male 55%; mean age, 61.17 ± 15,22 years), CTB was invisible\' in 48,5%, the MB was visualized in 65%; and the LSW was seen in 66%. The M1 segment of the MCA was detected in 62% of cases. After multivariate analysis, age (OR: 0.95; 95CI%:0.92-0.99; p=0.011) and B-Mode score (OR: 2.97;95CI%:1.93-4.55; p<0.001) were independente predictors of visualization of MCA signal by TCCS. The BMode Score show good accuracy for the prediction of MCA visualization with an AUC of 0,896. (p<0,001) on the respective ROC curve. A cut-off of 2 on the B-mode score showed a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 87% for adequate MCA visualization by TCCS. CONCLUSION: The B-mode Score, which is based on the visualization of intracranial anatomical landmarks on B-Mode, appears to be a reliable way to characterize the quality of the transtemporal window, with a good accuracy as predictor for visualization of the ipsilateral MCA on TCCS. This score may allow more detailed characterization of the transtemporal window for different clinical applications of TCCS.
39

Contribuição do meio de contraste ultra-sonográfico na avaliação do pâncreas transplantado / Contribution of sonographic contrast media in assessment of pancreatic transplantation

Antonio Sergio Zafred Marcelino 25 February 2008 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: O transplante de pâncreas é a opção definitiva para a manutenção do estado normoglicêmico permanente nos portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 1. O meio de contraste de ultra-som é uma metodologia capaz de avaliar a perfusão tecidual, mas não há um estudo para a avaliação do padrão de perfusão do pâncreas transplantado normal e patológico. A importância da avaliação da perfusão do enxerto e a aplicação do meio de contraste por microbolhas foram os motivos para a realização desta pesquisa. Este estudo, desenvolvido no Instituto de Radiologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo no período de novembro de 2004 a setembro de 2006 objetivou: A) estabelecer os padrões de vascularização do enxerto nos pacientes normais e naqueles com suspeita de complicações; B) comparar os achados de exames laboratoriais, uso ou não de insulina exógena e situação clínica dos pacientes com os achados da ultra-sonografia modo-B e com meio de contraste por microbolhas; C) Estabelecer o valor da ultra-sonografia com meio de contraste de microbolhas (USMCM) na avaliação do pâncreas transplantado. CASUÍSTICA e MÉTODOS: Vinte e seis pacientes foram submetidos ao exame de ultra-sonografia com contraste em um total de trinta estudos, 20 (66,7%) em homens e 10 (33,3%) em mulheres. A idade dos pacientes variou de 25 a 51 anos, com média de idade de 40 anos (+ 7,3 anos). O tempo médio da realização do transplante até a realização do estudo variou de um dia a 63 meses (mediana de 24 meses). Ao modo-B, o pâncreas foi analisado quanto a ecogenicidade, dimensões (avaliação qualitativa e quantitativa) e contornos. Após a administração do meio de contraste, observou-se o tempo de chegada do meio de contraste no pâncreas, o padrão e a intensidade de realce. Após esta avaliação foi realizada uma classificação baseada nos achados do modo-B e contraste nas seguintes possibilidades: padrão de perfusão normal, alterações agudas (rejeição, pancreatite ou trombose) ou alterações crônicas (rejeição crônica). RESULTADOS: Observou-se associação estatisticamente significante entre a ecogenicidade e a situação clínica (p=0,010); ecogenicidade e uso de insulina (p= 0,021); dimensões (avaliação qualitativa) e situação clinica (p=0,011); dimensões (avaliação qualitativa) e uso de insulina (p=0,028); padrão de realce (p=0,024) e intensidade do realce com a situação clínica (p=0,039). Houve associação estatisticamente significante também entre o uso ou não de insulina exógena com a perfusão do enxerto (p=0,014) e a hipótese diagnóstica (ultra-som) (p=0,001). CONCLUSÃO: Os padrões de vascularização do pâncreas transplantado normais e naqueles com suspeita de complicações foram estabelecidos. Os critérios de ecogenicidade e a avaliação qualitativa das dimensões do pâncreas ao ultra-som modo-B se mostraram adequados na diferenciação entre estudos normais e alterados. A ultra-sonografia com meio de contraste de microbolhas foi útil na diferenciação entre estudos normais e alterados do pâncreas transplantado, utilizando os critérios de padrão do realce, intensidade do realce e perfusão do enxerto na fase arterial. / INTRODUCTION: Pancreatic transplantation is the long-term therapeutic option for maintaining normoglycemic status in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Sonographic contrast medium allows to evaluate tissue perfusion but there are no studies comparing this parameter in normal and pathologic pancreatic grafts in the literature at the time of this writing. The importance of assessment of graft perfusion and the potential role of contrast-enhanced sonography with microbubbles in this regard were the reasons for this research. The study conducted at the Instituto de Radiologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo between November, 2004 and September, 2006 had the following objectives: A) to establish patterns of graft vascularization in normal patients and in those with suspected abnormalities; B) to compare grayscale mode and contrastenhanced sonographic findings with clinical status, laboratory results, and need for exogenous insulin; C) to define the role of contrast-enhanced sonography with microbubbles in the evaluation of pancreatic transplantation.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-six patients underwent a total of 30 sonographic examinations with microbubbles, 20 (66.7%) men and 10 (33.3%) women. Age range was 25 to 51 years, with a mean of 40 years (+ 7.3 years). Time elapsed between transplantation and imaging ranged from 1 day to 63 months (median, 24 months). Using grayscale mode, pancreas was assessed for echogenicity, dimensions (both quantitatively and qualitatively) and contours. Following intravenous contrast medium administration, time for enhancement of the pancreatic graft, pattern and intensity of enhancement were documented. A classification system based on grayscale and contrast-enhanced sonographic findings was designed, with the following categories: normal perfusion pattern, acute changes (rejection, pancreatitis or thrombosis) and chronic changes (chronic rejection). RESULTS: There was a statistically significant association between echogenicity and clinical status (p=0.010); echogenicity and need for exogenous insulin (p=0.021); dimensions (qualitative criteria) and clinical status (p=0.011); dimensions (qualitative criteria) and need for exogenous insulin (p=0.028); pattern (p=0.024) and intensity of enhancement versus clinical status (p=0.039). There was also statistically significant association between need for exogenous insulin and graft perfusion (p=0.014), and sonography-based diagnosis (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: The study provided patterns of vascularization in normal pancreatic grafts and in patients with suspected abnormalities. Distinction of normal and abnormal pancreatic grafts was possible using echogenicity and qualitative analysis of graft size on grayscale mode. Contrast-enhanced sonography with microbubbles also contributed to differentiation between normal and abnormal pancreatic grafts, using pattern and intensity of enhancement and perfusion of the graft during the arterial phase.
40

Contribuição do meio de contraste ultra-sonográfico na avaliação do pâncreas transplantado / Contribution of sonographic contrast media in assessment of pancreatic transplantation

Marcelino, Antonio Sergio Zafred 25 February 2008 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: O transplante de pâncreas é a opção definitiva para a manutenção do estado normoglicêmico permanente nos portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 1. O meio de contraste de ultra-som é uma metodologia capaz de avaliar a perfusão tecidual, mas não há um estudo para a avaliação do padrão de perfusão do pâncreas transplantado normal e patológico. A importância da avaliação da perfusão do enxerto e a aplicação do meio de contraste por microbolhas foram os motivos para a realização desta pesquisa. Este estudo, desenvolvido no Instituto de Radiologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo no período de novembro de 2004 a setembro de 2006 objetivou: A) estabelecer os padrões de vascularização do enxerto nos pacientes normais e naqueles com suspeita de complicações; B) comparar os achados de exames laboratoriais, uso ou não de insulina exógena e situação clínica dos pacientes com os achados da ultra-sonografia modo-B e com meio de contraste por microbolhas; C) Estabelecer o valor da ultra-sonografia com meio de contraste de microbolhas (USMCM) na avaliação do pâncreas transplantado. CASUÍSTICA e MÉTODOS: Vinte e seis pacientes foram submetidos ao exame de ultra-sonografia com contraste em um total de trinta estudos, 20 (66,7%) em homens e 10 (33,3%) em mulheres. A idade dos pacientes variou de 25 a 51 anos, com média de idade de 40 anos (+ 7,3 anos). O tempo médio da realização do transplante até a realização do estudo variou de um dia a 63 meses (mediana de 24 meses). Ao modo-B, o pâncreas foi analisado quanto a ecogenicidade, dimensões (avaliação qualitativa e quantitativa) e contornos. Após a administração do meio de contraste, observou-se o tempo de chegada do meio de contraste no pâncreas, o padrão e a intensidade de realce. Após esta avaliação foi realizada uma classificação baseada nos achados do modo-B e contraste nas seguintes possibilidades: padrão de perfusão normal, alterações agudas (rejeição, pancreatite ou trombose) ou alterações crônicas (rejeição crônica). RESULTADOS: Observou-se associação estatisticamente significante entre a ecogenicidade e a situação clínica (p=0,010); ecogenicidade e uso de insulina (p= 0,021); dimensões (avaliação qualitativa) e situação clinica (p=0,011); dimensões (avaliação qualitativa) e uso de insulina (p=0,028); padrão de realce (p=0,024) e intensidade do realce com a situação clínica (p=0,039). Houve associação estatisticamente significante também entre o uso ou não de insulina exógena com a perfusão do enxerto (p=0,014) e a hipótese diagnóstica (ultra-som) (p=0,001). CONCLUSÃO: Os padrões de vascularização do pâncreas transplantado normais e naqueles com suspeita de complicações foram estabelecidos. Os critérios de ecogenicidade e a avaliação qualitativa das dimensões do pâncreas ao ultra-som modo-B se mostraram adequados na diferenciação entre estudos normais e alterados. A ultra-sonografia com meio de contraste de microbolhas foi útil na diferenciação entre estudos normais e alterados do pâncreas transplantado, utilizando os critérios de padrão do realce, intensidade do realce e perfusão do enxerto na fase arterial. / INTRODUCTION: Pancreatic transplantation is the long-term therapeutic option for maintaining normoglycemic status in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Sonographic contrast medium allows to evaluate tissue perfusion but there are no studies comparing this parameter in normal and pathologic pancreatic grafts in the literature at the time of this writing. The importance of assessment of graft perfusion and the potential role of contrast-enhanced sonography with microbubbles in this regard were the reasons for this research. The study conducted at the Instituto de Radiologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo between November, 2004 and September, 2006 had the following objectives: A) to establish patterns of graft vascularization in normal patients and in those with suspected abnormalities; B) to compare grayscale mode and contrastenhanced sonographic findings with clinical status, laboratory results, and need for exogenous insulin; C) to define the role of contrast-enhanced sonography with microbubbles in the evaluation of pancreatic transplantation.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-six patients underwent a total of 30 sonographic examinations with microbubbles, 20 (66.7%) men and 10 (33.3%) women. Age range was 25 to 51 years, with a mean of 40 years (+ 7.3 years). Time elapsed between transplantation and imaging ranged from 1 day to 63 months (median, 24 months). Using grayscale mode, pancreas was assessed for echogenicity, dimensions (both quantitatively and qualitatively) and contours. Following intravenous contrast medium administration, time for enhancement of the pancreatic graft, pattern and intensity of enhancement were documented. A classification system based on grayscale and contrast-enhanced sonographic findings was designed, with the following categories: normal perfusion pattern, acute changes (rejection, pancreatitis or thrombosis) and chronic changes (chronic rejection). RESULTS: There was a statistically significant association between echogenicity and clinical status (p=0.010); echogenicity and need for exogenous insulin (p=0.021); dimensions (qualitative criteria) and clinical status (p=0.011); dimensions (qualitative criteria) and need for exogenous insulin (p=0.028); pattern (p=0.024) and intensity of enhancement versus clinical status (p=0.039). There was also statistically significant association between need for exogenous insulin and graft perfusion (p=0.014), and sonography-based diagnosis (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: The study provided patterns of vascularization in normal pancreatic grafts and in patients with suspected abnormalities. Distinction of normal and abnormal pancreatic grafts was possible using echogenicity and qualitative analysis of graft size on grayscale mode. Contrast-enhanced sonography with microbubbles also contributed to differentiation between normal and abnormal pancreatic grafts, using pattern and intensity of enhancement and perfusion of the graft during the arterial phase.

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