Thesis (Dr.P.H.)--Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 2006 / Typescript (photocopy)

Submitted by MATEUS MONTEIRO LOBATO null (mateusmonteirolobato@gmail.com) on 2018-04-02T18:33:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_mateus.pdf: 130966747 bytes, checksum: f56316c457c7bd800dbaa0f961ea7fac (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ALESSANDRA KUBA OSHIRO ASSUNÇÃO (alessandra@fct.unesp.br) on 2018-04-02T20:47:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lobato_mm_dr_prud.pdf: 130966747 bytes, checksum: f56316c457c7bd800dbaa0f961ea7fac (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-02T20:47:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lobato_mm_dr_prud.pdf: 130966747 bytes, checksum: f56316c457c7bd800dbaa0f961ea7fac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-17 / A incidência de processos naturais milenares em seu território forjaram, na Amazônia, características ambientais ímpares e essas características são responsáveis por um ambiente diversificado do ponto de vista dos recursos naturais. Por isso, a Amazônia sempre figurou no centro de qualquer debate sobre o tema. Nos últimos cento e cinquenta anos, com a expansão e a consolidação, em nível mundial, do modo capitalista de produção, esse debate ganha ainda mais relevância, pois significa dizer que a formação histórica e geográfica da região está permeada de relações, processos e determinações originadas desse modo de produção. Então, para se compreender a Amazônia, é imprescindível buscar entendê-la a partir da sua inserção na reprodução capitalista. Logo, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo principal investigar a atuação dos sujeitos hegemônicos na economia regional amazônica, especificamente no sudeste paraense, a partir da dinâmica do modo capitalista de produção. A hipótese que guiou essa pesquisa é a de que os sujeitos hegemônicos do capital presentes na região sudeste paraense (produtores de commodities do agronegócio, pecuaristas, madeireiros e empresas ligadas à mineração) podem ser considerados sujeitos integrantes ou à serviço do capital mundializado, que se materializa na fronteira amazônica. Neste espaço geográfico, esses sujeitos criam seus territórios de forma conflituosa e direcionam os processos da fronteira agropecuária, de maneira que toda a dinâmica da fronteira e os sujeitos não hegemônicos estão submissos à lógica dos sujeitos capitalistas hegemônicos. / The incidence of millenarian natural processes in its territory have forged in Amazon unique environmental characteristics and these characteristics are responsible for a diversified environment from the natural resources standpoint. Because that, Amazon was at the center of any natural resources’ debate. However, in the last hundred and fifty years, with capitalist mode of production worldwide expansion and consolidation, this debate becomes even more relevant. This means that the region’s historical and geographical formation are permeated by relations, processes and determinations originated from the capitalism. So, to understand Amazon, it is essential to seek to understand it from its insertion in capitalist reproduction. My research aims to investigate the performance of hegemonic subjects in the regional Amazon economy, specifically in Southeast Pará, from the capitalist mode of production dynamics. The hypothesis guiding this research is that: the hegemonic subjects of capital present in the Southeast Pará region (producers of agribusiness commodities, cattle ranchers, loggers and mining companies) may be considered as members or at the service of globalized capital, which is materialized in the Amazonian border. In this geographic space, these subjects create their territories in a conflictive way and direct the agricultural frontier process, so that all frontier dynamics and the non-hegemonic subjects are submissive to the logic of the hegemonic capitalist subjects.

This dissertation used osteometrics to assess the level of congruence between biological distance and long-distance material exchange in three Middle and Late Archaic groups living in the mid-South United States. Dental and cranial data support greater biological affinity between groups in southern Illinois (represented by individuals from the Black Earth site) and central Tennessee (individuals from Eva and surrounding sites) while groups in the Green River region of western Kentucky (Shell Mound Archaic) were somewhat more removed or perhaps more isolated. Females were more biologically variable than males for the majority of metrics used. This finding is suggestive of a patrilocal residence pattern, if only loosely followed.

Proxies geoquímicos (n-alcanos, alquenonas, GDGTs, δ13C, Fe/Ca e Ti/Ca), obtidos em amostras de um testemunho sedimentar, foram utilizados para avaliar as mudanças paleoclimáticas e paleoceanográficas na região da Plataforma Continental de São Sebastião ao longo do Holoceno Tardio. O modelo de idade, obtido através da análise conjunta dos métodos de 210Pb e 14C, demonstrou que testemunho aqui estudado cobre os últimos 1500 anos. A avaliação dos marcadores terrígenos permitiu a identificação das mudanças na drenagem e erosão continental, as quais estão relacionadas às alterações no regime de precipitação do continente adjacente. Variações ao longo do tempo na temperatura da superfície do mar foram relacionadas às mudanças no regime de ventos predominante, os quais são responsáveis por um aumento ou uma redução da frequência dos eventos de ressurgência. Já as mudanças nos valores de temperatura de subsuperfície foram relacionadas com a entrada e saída da Água Central do Atlântico Sul próxima às regiões costeiras, e com os processos de mistura na coluna d\'água. As variações na temperatura média do ar (TMA), por sua vez, provavelmente estiveram relacionadas com mudanças na irradiação total solar. Períodos representados pelos valores mais elevados de TMA correspondem aos períodos de máxima irradiação solar conhecidos como Máxima Medieval (1100 a 1250 DC) e Máxima Moderna (1950 - presente) e o período representado pelos menores valores de TMA coincide com o período de mínima solar conhecido como Spörer. Além disso, foi possível observar uma redução na entrada de material terrígeno para a plataforma continental durante a Anomalia Climática Medieval. Em contrapartida, o período que corresponde a Pequena Era do Gelo foi caracterizado por um aumento da contribuição terrígena. No geral, foi possível observar que o gradiente de temperatura da superfície do mar entre o Oceano Atlântico Norte e o Atlântico Sul parece desempenhar um papel importante desencadeando ou amplificando as mudanças climáticas observados nos trópicos. Este dipolo de temperatura pode ocasionar mudanças na posição da Zona de Convergência Intertropical e no regime de ventos predominantes, que por sua vez irão influenciar, direta e indiretamente, nas mudanças na circulação marinha de superfície e no regime de chuvas da região. / Geochemical proxies (n-alkanes, alkenones, GDGTs, δ13C, Fe / Ca and Ti / Ca) were used to evaluate the paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic changes in the Continental Shelf of São Sebastião during the Late Holocene. The age model, obtained through the combined analyses of 210Pb and 14C methods, indicated that the core used in this study covers the last 1500 years. Variations in the sea surface temperature may be related to changes in the prevailing winds, which in turn are responsible for an increase or reduction in the frequency of the upwelling events. Changes in subsurface temperature values can be related to the presence of the South Atlantic Central Water near the coastal regions, and the mixing processes in the water column. Changes in mean air temperature (MAT), in turn, are probably related to fluctuations in total solar radiation, since periods represented by higher values of MAT correspond to the periods of maximum solar irradiation known as Medieval (1100-1250 AD) and Modern Maximum (1950 - present). While the period represented by the lower MAT values can be linked to the solar minimum period known as Spörer. The evaluation of terrigenous markers allowed the identification of variations in the drainage and continental erosion, which in turn are related to changes in the precipitation of the adjacent continent. Furthermore, the Medieval Climate Anomaly was characterized by a decrease in the terrigenous input, while the Little Ice Age could be characterized as a period of increased terrestrial contribution. Overall, it was observed that the sea surface temperature gradient between the North Atlantic and the South Atlantic Oceans appears to play an important role in triggering or amplifying climate change observed in the tropics. This temperature dipole can cause changes in the position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and the direction of prevailing winds, which in turn will influence, directly and indirectly, the marine circulation and the rainfall.

When Spanish explorers first arrived in the region later known as the southeastern United States in the early 16th century, they encountered complex, chiefdom level societies in many areas. These societies, with populations commonly numbering in the thousands and occasionally tens of thousands, were characterized by hereditary inequality of individuals and groups, monumental architecture, elaborate ceremonialism, and were engaged in constant warfare with one another. While state societies like those present in western South America and Mesoamerica were not found in the Southeast, most scholars believe they would have eventually emerged within the region. Indeed, some believe that a state did emerge briefly at Cahokia in the central Mississippi Valley around ca. AD 1050. The contact era societies the early European explorers saw, however, represented only the final chapter in a long record dating back thousands of years. Seemingly complex societies characterized by formal cemeteries and elaborate ceremonialism were present in the region as far back as the terminal Pleistocene some 12.000 years ago, as represented by the Dalton culture of the central Mississippi Valley, while the construction of massive mound complexes of earth and shell appears in many areas in the later Mid-Holocene era, after ca. 7000 cal yr BP. Complex societies thus persisted for thousands of years in the Southeast, with hunting and gathering providing the means of subsistence for much of this interval. Agricultural food production only became important in the final two millennia before contact, long after complex societies were widely established. / A principios del siglo XVI, cuando los exploradores españoles llegaron por primera vez a la región más tarde conocida como el Sureste de los Estados Unidos, encontraron sociedades complejas correspondientes al ámbito de las jefaturas en muchas áreas. Este tipo de organizaciones, con poblaciones que alcanzaban los miles y, ocasionalmente, las decenas de miles de personas, se caracterizaban por una desigualdad hereditaria de individuos y grupos, arquitectura monumental, ceremonialismo elaborado y constantes guerras entre ellas. Si bien sociedades del tipo que existieron en la parte occidental de Sudamérica y en Mesoamérica no se han encontrado en el Sureste, diversos estudiosos piensan que, en algún momento, esto pudo haber ocurrido en la región. Ciertamente, se sostiene que, si bien de manera breve, en Cahokia, en el valle central del Mississippi, surgió un Estado alrededor de 1050 d.C. Sin embargo, esta época particular, en que las comunidades entablaban contacto y que vieron los exploradores europeos tempranos, representaba solo el capítulo final de un largo registro que retrocede miles de años en el tiempo. Al parecer, las sociedades complejas caracterizadas por cementerios formales y un elaborado ceremonialismo existían ya hacia fines del Pleistoceno, alrededor de 12.000 a.p., tal como lo representa la cultura Dalton, del valle central del Mississippi, mientras que la construcción de complejos de montículos masivos de tierra y conchas aparece en muchas áreas en la parte tardía del Holoceno Medio, hacia alrededor de 7000 A.P. De esta manera, las sociedades complejas persistieron por miles de años en el Sureste y, en gran parte de este intervalo, sus medios de subsistencia fueron la caza y la recolección. La producción agrícola de alimentos solo cobró importancia en los dos últimos milenios antes del contacto con los europeos, mucho después de que este tipo de agrupaciones estuvieran ampliamente establecidas.

Reproductive characters of the elliptical star coral Dichocoenia stokesi (Cnidaria: Scleractinia) were investigated based in histological examination of tissues collected in southeastern Florida between September 1999 and September 2000. The study population was predominantly gonochoric with a small incidence of hermaphroditism. Dichocoenia stokesi exhibits intermediate egg size (312.2 ± 40.4μm; mean ± SD) compared with other scleractinian species, suggesting a moderately lecithotrophic larval stage. Although spawning was not directly observed in this study, two separate spawning events per year are inferred from histological slide analyses; the first in late August or early September, and the second in early October. Sea water temperature was significantly positively correlated with female gonadal development in D. stokesi, whereas insolation was significantly inversely correlated with gonadal development. A recent epizootic of White Plague Type II in south Florida appears to be skewing local D. stokesi populations toward smaller - and potentially less fecund - colony sizes, although colony size and fecundity were not correlated in this study. The mean fecundity of the study population is estimated as 1138.1 eggs cm-2 yr-1.

AJ The work is paid to the study of the Bronze Age in the territory of Cambodia. This period is dated from the year 4000. Study of the Bronze Age in Cambodia, located in the lowlands in Southeast Asia, has long been influenced by the fact that the country was in the years 1865 - 1953 French colony. And yet they were the first archaeological excavations of prehistoric loklait made in Cambodia earlier than in other countries in East and Southeast Asia. Representative of the French protectorate in Cambodia Lieutenant Jean Moura, led by a focus on prehistoric monuments, won the research in 1864, stone tools at the site near the river Samrong Sen Chinita. The findings were later moved to study in France. Samrong Sen and the location was again examined in the years 1878-1879. This was practically initiated the study of the Bronze Age in Cambodia. The present study deals with a detailed description of the geography of Cambodia, the composition of the population, society, religion and language peculiarities. The basis of the work is characteristic of the major archaeological sites of the Bronze Age, classifications and technical analysis finds of bronze objects. The work can be seen as a first overview study of the Bronze Age in the territory of Cambodia.

Orientador: Michela Borges / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T05:03:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alitto_RenataAparecidadosSantos_M.pdf: 8727741 bytes, checksum: cec55277cd7fcd22f90e5b2522a2a3e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Com o propósito de estudar a biodiversidade dos Echinodermata da Baía do Araçá, São Sebastião (SP), foi analisado o material procedente do Projeto Biota/FAPESP- "Biodiversidade e funcionamento de um ecossistema costeiro subtropical: subsídios para gestão integrada", Proc. nº 2011/50317-5. Para avaliação da diversidade e densidade desses organismos foram realizados: (i) inventário dos Echinodermata; (ii) estudos taxonômicos morfológicos com descrições detalhadas e discussões específicas para Ophiuroidea, incluindo ilustrações e fotomicrografias das espécies e ampliação das descrições já existentes e (iii) estudo dos fatores que influenciam a riqueza e abundância desses animais em microescala. Os equinodermos foram amostrados na região entremarés até 23 m de profundidade, costões rochosos, e como fauna associada a esponjas. Dos 863 exemplares coletados, foram identificadas quatro classes, 13 famílias, 19 gêneros e 25 espécies, o que corresponde a 8,3 % dos equinodermos registrados para o litoral brasileiro. A classe Ophiuroidea foi a mais diversa com 16 espécies e duas delas representam novos registros para a Baía: Amphiura kinbergi e Ophiothela danae. Para as espécies de ofiuróides, foi realizado um estudo taxonômico mais aprofundado com descrições da morfologia externa e interna (ossículos braquiais), o que enriqueceu as descrições já existentes. A maior riqueza e abundância deste grupo foi verificada no infralitoral quando coletado com draga. Amphiuridae e Ophiactidae foram as famílias mais representativas e corresponderam a aproximadamente 80 % do total de ofiuróides amostrado. Os resultados obtidos com esse trabalho contribuirão de forma consistente para o conhecimento da biodiversidade dos equinodermos no Estado de São Paulo, será a base para futuros monitoramentos sobre o impacto das atividades humanas na baía e seu entorno e contribuirá para implementações de ações de conservação deste rico ambiente / Abstract: The aim of the present work is to study the biodiversity of Echinodermata from Araçá Bay, São Sebastião (SP). We analyzed the material from Biota Project / FAPESP - "Biodiversity and functioning of a subtropical coastal ecosystem: a contribution to integrated management", Proc. No 2011 / 50317-5. Diversity and density avaliations of these organisms were performed to: (i) build an inventory of Echinodermata; (ii) morphological taxonomic studies with detailed descriptions and specific discussions to Ophiuroidea, including illustrations and photomicrographs of species and expansion of existing descriptions and (iii) study the factors that influence the richness and abundance in microscale. The echinoderms were sampled in the intertidal zone to 23 m deep, rocky shores, and as associated fauna of sponges. The 863 specimens collected were classified into four classes, 13 families, 19 genera and 25 species, corresponding to 8.3 % of echinoderms registered for the Brazilian coast. The Ophiuroidea was the most diverse with 16, with two being are new records for the Araçá Bay: Amphiura kinbergi and Ophiothela danae. For species of brittle stars, there was a further taxonomic study with descriptions of external and internal morphology (arm ossicles), that enriched the existing descriptions. The highest richness and diversity of this group was observed in infralitoral when collected with a dredge. Amphiuridae and Ophiactidae were the most representative brittle stars families and accounted for approximately 80 % of brittle stars sampled. The results of this work will contribute consistently to the knowledge of the echinoderms diversity in São Paulo, will be the basis for future monitoring of the human activities impact on the bay will contribute to this rich conservation actions implementations environment / Mestrado / Biodiversidade Animal / Mestra em Biologia Animal

Visitors to parks and protected areas (PPAs) engage in a variety of activities and choose different modes of travel, especially when the location itself has few limitations, such as open-water settings with relatively few backcountry visitors. Managers must understand why visitors are recreating in a particular place and the quality of their experiences in order to offer appropriate and meaningful opportunities. This study seeks to better understand visitor motivations (the “why”), to develop and measure effective indicators for evaluating the quality of visitor experiences, and to contextualize these findings with a unique investigation of historical Glacier Bay National Park data. This study contributes to current literature by exploring visitor dimensions in a coastal Alaskan park. Visitor intercept surveys were conducted for six different visitor groups. Several statistical analyses were completed, resulting in eight visitor motivations, a three-group clustering of visitors based on their motivations, and an overall report of high-quality experiences. Historical comparisons confirm that decades later visitors continue to be motivated by opportunities to experience glaciers, solitude, and natural connection and renewal; litter, cruise ships and propeller-driven aircrafts continue to be the main social factors detracting from the visitor’s overall experience; and visitors are shifting to older, highly educated, wealthy travelers.

No description available.