Prior to the 1994 democratic elections, urban tourism in South Africa was strictly confined to so-called ‘white’ areas. Black townships, prevented from constituting an integral part of ‘white’ cities, were developed as dormitory towns, far removed from central business districts and white urban areas. Today post-apartheid Soweto, a conurbation of two million inhabitants with a rich political history, has come to symbolise the political freedom of the new South Africa. Since South Africa’s first democratic elections in 1994 township tourism has been growing rapidly, with international tourists eager to see how the country has progressed. Motivated by an interest in the ethnic diversity and rich cultural heritage manifested in the daily lives and practices of township residents, tourists are visiting Soweto in increasing numbers. Because cultural tourists are motivated by local cultures in choosing to visit a particular attraction, they have been identified as both a blessing and blight, as communities living in townships are affected both positively and negatively by township tourism. The socio-cultural impacts of township tourism in South Africa, however, are not well documented. The purpose of the research undertaken was therefore to investigate the socio-cultural impacts of township tourism, as perceived by the host population, using Soweto as a case study. The purpose of this thesis is thus to present the findings of research conducted using a multiple-item Likert scale, in-depth interviews and participant observation as means for investigating host perceptions of socio-cultural impacts of township tourism in Soweto. This study reveals that respondents were divided in their perceptions of the impacts of tourism on the host community. Those who received economic or employment benefits from tourism generally viewed its socio-cultural impacts positively. Conversely, others who did not receive these benefits claimed that the inequitable distribution of benefits from tourism has led to community friction, growing antipathy towards tourists and commodification of traditional culture. Blame is laid partially at the door of government who, it is claimed, has neither afforded residents the opportunity for participation in decision-making relating to tourism planning and development in the township, nor offered the requisite funding or skills development support. A systematic analysis of tourism impacts can therefore help government planners, local decision-makers, tourism promoters and managers identify real concerns and issues in order for appropriate policies and action to be introduced. The challenge of managing sustainable township tourism in South Africa, using a community approach, is discussed. Results from the study have the potential to provide the foundation on which to formulate principles or guidelines and recommend approaches to be applied in the development and management of sustainable township tourism in South Africa, so as to create the basis necessary for good practice for any community cultural tourism project. Copyright / Thesis (PhD (Tourism Management))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Tourism Management / unrestricted

The purpose of this study was to investigate how adult education principles were being implemented in the teaching of adult learners at the Meadowlands Community Development Project (MCDP). The MCDP is a non-governmental organization (NGO) offering HIV and AIDS education to the community of Meadowlands and other townships of Soweto in Johannesburg. In attempting to educate and protect people against the HIV and AIDS epidemic, the organization has introduced and is currently implementing an adult and community education programme. This programme aims at assisting people, particularly adults in acquiring the necessary knowledge and skills to help curb the explosive death statistics in South Africa, and thereby improve their own lives and the lives of those in their communities. Problematic issues associated with the delivery of this programme related to how adult education principles were incorporated into teaching and learning activities. A qualitative research design was used to establish how adult education principles were being incorporated in a community health education programme that targeted adults. The methods of data collection that were utilised were non-participatory observations and semi-structured individual interviews with six participants. I used the constant comparative method of data analysis to search for recurring themes and patterns. The study revealed that most or all of the adult education principles prevalent in the literature were largely neglected in the planning and execution of the community health education programme and that facilitators need training in the area of learning for adults. Facilitators, for example, neglected most or all adult education principles: multiple roles of adult learners, to actively engage learners in what they were learning, the psychological safety of learners, team work and, among others, immediacy of learning. The study concludes with a few recommendations: the MCDP should utilise the services of educators who received specialised training in adult and community education. Additionally, more staff development training programmes, focusing on the incorporation of adult education principles, should be introduced. Also, facilitators should be taught to incorporate adult education principles and practices in their lesson plans. / Mrs. N.F. Petersen

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) also known as hyperkinetic disorder is a well-recognised neurodevelopmental disorder) that affects approximately 5.9% to 7.1% of children and adolescents. ADHD is one of the most common psychiatric disorders of young people, affecting primary school children. ADHD symptoms are associated with impairment in academic, behavioural, social, and emotional functioning, generally resulting in substantial difficulties in school settings. Specifically, learners with ADHD or those perceived to have it are at significantly higher risk for academic underachievement, grade retention, identification for special education services, and school drop-out. The purpose of the study was to explore grade three teachers’ experiences of learners perceived to have ADHD in Soweto mainstream primary schools with the aim of harvesting intervention strategies (if any) employed in teaching learners perceived to have ADHD. This study employed a qualitative research approach with a case study method employing semi-structured interviews, focus group and an ADHD-specific knowledge and attitudes of teachers (ASKAT) open ended questionnaire section. The findings of this study indicate that lack of training teachers on neurodevelopmental disorders such as ADHD. Further that teacher experience is characterized by feelings over being overwhelmed exacerbated by not know how to support the learners perceived to have ADHD, Stereotyping and labeling the learners; poor time management and general lack of knowledge of ADHD. They however employ various interventions from their day-to-day experience and not necessarily evidence-based intervention that they received. / Psychology of Education / D. Phil (Psychology (Psychology of Education))

After several decades of rapid urbanisation, population growth and industrialisation, most developing countries have now become home to the rapidly increasing informal sector’s polluting activities. With marked failures in their use of traditional Command and Control (CAC) legislation, limited technical and fiscal environmental protection resources coupled with weak environmental protection, complimentary judicial and legislative institutions, it has become necessary for these countries to look somewhere else for environment regulation policy. This study evaluates potential contributions of public-led voluntary agreements programs in the control of informal sector pollution in Lusaka’s Soweto and City markets in Zambia. The study employs Binary Logistic Models to establish factors critical to the successful implementation of environmental management voluntary agreements in the two markets. It also uses the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) to assess and estimate traders’ Willingness to pay (WTP) for proposed improvements to cleanliness in the markets. The main empirical data for the study was collected by means of a questionnaire survey of 93 traders in the two markets and supplemented by semi-structured interviews. The study finds that indeed voluntary agreements have a potential to control informal sector pollution in developing countries like Zambia. The study also finds that while the informal sector significantly contributes to urban pollution, they are hamstrung by lack of capacity to control their own pollution. The absence of adequate regulatory enforcement and appropriate incentives in terms of waste bins and cleaners in these markets seriously militate against the sector’s limited efforts in implementing positive environmental management in these markets. The traders’ mean willingness to pay (WTP) for the proposed improvement to cleanliness in the two market is K483,384 per trader per year while the total WTP of all the traders in the two markets is K1,208,460,000 or K1.2 billion per year. As a proportion of the traders’ average annual income, the mean WTP amounts to 0.8%. The study concludes that deliberate interventions with the aim of enhancing their capacity are necessary. In this regard specific recommendations have been made for policy intervention in specific key areas, namely; the provision of appropriate incentives in form of increasing the number of waste bins and cleaners in the markets together with supporting organisational structure and efficient services in terms of frequent removal of waste from the markets by the local authority; the expansion and strengthening of the physical presence of regulatory and enforcement agents in these markets and finally; the building of a shared understanding among the traders of the need for maintaining a clean and environmentally conducive market area through continued sensitisation programs in these markets Copyright / Dissertation (MSc(Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / unrestricted

The aim of this study was to established whether police officials in Area Soweto understand the affirmative action that is taking place within the SAPS. A literature study on affirmative action was done and a questionnare generated. An imperical study was done by questionnaire on the trans formation that has taken place within the SAPS from 1994 to 2000. The sample of 300 members was taken out of the eight identified police stations in Soweto. It was established that police officials in soweto do no understand affirmative action and its implementation within the SAPS in Soweto. Most of them were uncertain in ther reponse to the questions asked. Recommendations are made for the SAPS to teach members about affirmative action and its consequences within this organisation for affirmative action to succeed. / Penology / M.A. (Police Science)

The aim of this study was to established whether police officials in Area Soweto understand the affirmative action that is taking place within the SAPS. A literature study on affirmative action was done and a questionnare generated. An imperical study was done by questionnaire on the trans formation that has taken place within the SAPS from 1994 to 2000. The sample of 300 members was taken out of the eight identified police stations in Soweto. It was established that police officials in soweto do no understand affirmative action and its implementation within the SAPS in Soweto. Most of them were uncertain in ther reponse to the questions asked. Recommendations are made for the SAPS to teach members about affirmative action and its consequences within this organisation for affirmative action to succeed. / Penology / M.A. (Police Science)

Thesis (MPhil (Rehabilitation))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In South Africa, rapid urbanisation and epidemiological transition have left the black urban population vulnerable to diseases of lifestyle such as chronic heart failure. This is in part due to the fact that changes in dietary patterns during urbanization play an important role in the increase of risk factors of these diseases. However, there is a lack of information on dietary choices of black urban populations. Therefore the current study evolved to describe the food choices and macro-and micronutrient intake of black, urban Sowetans, newly diagnosed with chronic heart failure, who attended the outpatient cardiac clinic at Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital. A descriptive study methodology that made use of quantitative methods of data collection was used. Study participants comprised Sowetans with chronic heart failure who attended the Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital outpatient cardiac clinic for the first time. Consecutive sampling followed by stratified random sampling was used to identify study participants. Participants were stratified for gender. Hundred persons participated in the study. Data was collected through the Food Frequency Questionnaire, a demographic questionnaire and measuring of height and weight. Data from the FFQ's was analysed for macro- and micronutrient intake by using the MRC "Food Finder 3‟ programme. Data were analysed by a statistician using StatSoft, Inc. (2009) STATISTICA, version 9.0. A p value of 0.05 was seen as statistically significant. The most significant clinical finding is an inadequate intake of certain micro nutrients and excessive salt consumption. Study participants continued to eat the more traditional carbohydrate foods. These staples were supplemented by highly refined carbohydrate sources, such as added sugar, sweets and chocolates, cakes, biscuits and cold drinks. Women ate significantly more maltabella (p=0.04), sweets and chocolates (p=0.01) than men, while men consumed significantly more, meat (p=0.01), milk and milk products (p=0.04), additional salt (p=0.02) and take away foods (p=0.05). Both genders had inadequate intake of Vitamin D [men 4 mcg/day (p=0.00), and women, 4 mcg/day (p=0.01)], selenium, [46 mcg/day (p=0.03) and 32 mcg/day (p=0.00)], folate [215 mcg/day (p=0.00) and 179 mcg/day (p=0.00)] and Vitamin C [71 mg/day (p=0.05) and 66 mg/day (p=0.07)]. Women had an inadequate intake of iron of 9 mg/day (P=0.00). It is recommended that dietary health promotion packages are developed and targeted specifically at this high risk community. Key words: Chronic heart failure, black, urban, food choices, macro-and micronutrients. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die swart stedelike bevolking in Suid Afrika gaan gebuk onder 'n al groter wordende risiko vir leefstyl siektes soos kroniese hartversaking. Dit kan gedeeltelik toegeskryf word aan veranderinge in dieet patrone as gevolg van verstedeliking en die epidemiologiese oorgang. Daar is egter nie genoeg inligting oor die voedselkeuses van swart stedelike bevolkingsgroepe nie. Die huidige studie het dus ontwikkel uit die behoefte om die voedselkeuses en mikro- en makronutrient inname van swart, stedelike Soweto inwoners wat nuut gediagnoseer is met hartversaking en die buitepasiënt kardiologie kliniek by Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospitaal bygewoon het, te bepaal. Daar was gebruik gemaak van 'n beskrywende studie metodologie wat gebruik gemaak het van kwantitatiewe metodes van data insameling. Deelnemers aan die studie het bestaan uit swart inwoners van Soweto met kroniese hartversaking wat die buitepasiënt kardiologie kliniek by Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospitaal vir die eerste keer bygewoon het. 'n Opeenvolgende steekproef, gevolg deur gestratifiseerde steekproefneming was gebruik om die studie deelnemers te identifiseer. Deelnemers was gestratifiseer volgens geslag. Eenhonderd pesone het aan die studie deelgeneem. Data is ingesamel deur gebruik te maak van die Voedsel Frekwensie Vraelys, a demografiese vraelys en die meet van lengte en gewig. Data van die Voedsel Frekwensie Vraelyste was ge-analiseer vir mikro-en makronutrient inname met die MRC ”Food Finder 3” program. Data is ge-analiseer deur 'n statistikus met die „StatSoft, Inc. (2009) STATISTICA, version 9.0‟. 'n P waarde van 0.05 is gesien as statisties beduidend. Mees beduidendste kliniese bevinding was die ontoereikende inname van sekere mikro-nutriënte en die verhoogde inname van sout. Studie deelnemers het nog steeds die meer tradisionele koolhidraat voedsels geëet. Hierdie stapel voedsels was aangevul deur hoogs verfynde bronne van koolhidrate, soos ekstra suiker, lekkergoed en sjokolade, koek, koekies en koeldrank. Die vrouens het beduidend meer maltabella (p=0.01), lekkergoed en sjokolade (p=0.01) geëet as mans, terwyl mans beduidend meer vleis (p=0.01), melk en melkprodukte (p=0.04), bygevoegde sout (p=0.02) en wegneem kosse (p=0.05) ingeneem het. Beide geslagte het ontoereikende innames van vitamiene D [mans 4 mcg/dag (p=0.00), en vrouens, 4 mcg/dag (p=0.01)], selenium [46 mcg/dag (p=0.03) en 32 mcg/dag (p=0.00)], foliensuur [215 mcg/dag (p=0.00) en 179 mcg/dag (p=0.00)] en vitamiene C [71 mg/dag (p=0.05) en 66 mg/dag (p=0.07)]. Vrouens het 'n ontoereikende inname van yster van 9 mg/dag (p=0.00) gehad. Daar word aanbeveel dat gesonde voedingsprogramme ontwikkel word, spesifiek gemik op hierdie bevolkingsgroep. Sleutelwoorde: Kroniese hartversaking, swart, verstedeliking, voedselkeuses, makro- en mikronutriënte.

DPhil, School of Social Sciences, Dept of Anthropology, Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, 2011 / This thesis investigates a number of economic and financial practices, processes, relationships, actors and institutions prevalent in the residential areas that form part of Johannesburg that is known as Soweto, all of which have in common the exchange, hoarding, spending and risking of cash money. It describes actual flows of monies between actors and through popular economic institutions which are embedded in social relations of friendship and kinship, neighbourhood life and socially constructed identities. Building on the anthropological literature that seeks to show how money flows carry meaning as well as having function, it inquires into the meanings such flows of money - between popular institutions and social groups and across social classes - have for a range of differently situated participants in the popular economies. It explores the ways in which institutions and practices within the popular economies are deployed by actors and groups so as to direct flows of monies into certain social networks and relationships while redirecting it away from others, highlighting the agency of actors and groups in relation to their position in the local and larger political economy. Employing elements of practice theory, as well as perspectives from both political economy and cultural economy approaches to everyday life, the thesis offers arguments about power, identity, agency and state sovereignty in the context of the history of Black Johannesburg under apartheid and makes a contribution to our understanding of the material and symbolic structures of everyday life in contemporary Soweto and Johannesburg.

Student Number : 9402058P - M Med Research Report - School of Clinical Medicine - Faculty of Health Sciences / Objective In view of recent suggestions that HIV infection may protect against pre-eclampsia, this study was done to estimate whether untreated HIV positive pregnant women have a lower rate of preeclampsia-eclampsia than HIV negative women. Methods Subjects for this study were pregnant women from Soweto, South Africa, who gave birth from March to December 2002 at midwife-run clinics or at the Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, and in whom the HIV status was known. A sample size calculation indicated that 2588 subjects would be required to show statistical significance at P<0.05 with a power of 80% for a reduction in the rate of preeclampsia from 8% to 5% with HIV seropositivity, assuming an HIV seroprevalence rate of 30%. Data collection was by record review from randomly selected patient files and birth registers. Results In the total sample of 2600 women, 1797 gave birth at the hospital and 803 at the midwife-run clinics. The HIV seroprevalence rate was 27.1%. Hypertension was found in 17.3% of women, with 5.3% having preeclampsia-eclampsia. The rates of preeclampsia-eclampsia were 5.2% in HIV negative and 5.7% in HIV positive women (P=0.61). CD4 count results were available for only 13 women (0.5%). Conclusion HIV seropositivity was not associated with any reduction in the risk of developing preeclampsia-eclampsia.

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg, 2012 / Research indicates that there is a strong association between household composition and household stability, and child well-being. Black South African family life has historically been affected by the social, political and economic pressures of colonialism, the migrant labour system, and Apartheid policies. It has been shown that Black households have been in a constant state of flux as members move between rural and urban households, as well as, within urban environments. This situation of intense household fluidity and household compositional changes continues to persist. High rates of urbanisation, the fluid job market, and fast social change are all associated with high levels of mobility and household compositional change. Kin networks remain a significant informal safety net for households in order to absorb change. The movement of children between family members, or child fostering is an important mechanism for maintaining networks of support. Children are frequently moved between different households in urban areas so as to maximise their care and education. These changes could potentially influence their overall well-being and, in particular, their academic performance.