The National Packaging Covenant is a self-regulatory agreement between industries in the packaging chain and all spheres of government for the management of packaging waste. The aim of this study is to determine whether the Covenant has the capacity to achieve the environmental objectives of the government in its application to the packaging of fruit and vegetables in Western Australia. This resolves into two major questions, whether self-regulation is the appropriate policy instrument and whether the Covenant can achieve the environmental objectives of the government. The analysis proceeds as follows. A literature review of self-regulation and its relationship to Public Choice Theory to establish the theoretical foundations of the Covenant. A study of the implementation of voluntary agreements in Europe to determine alternative models and policies. A survey of growers in Western Australia to establish the extent of knowledge of the Covenant and support for its principles. An analysis of the Action Plans of Covenant signatories within the industry and an assessment of the response to the Covenant by Federal, State and Local Governments. Policy recommendations and suggestions for further research conclude the thesis. The research establishes that the structure of the industry involves a majority of stakeholders (mainly growers) without effective representation, together with small well organised and dominant groups (mainly manufacturers and supermarkets). The Covenant has had little impact, has failed to engage the majority of stakeholders and is characterised by a general lack of commitment by dominant firms within the industry. This analysis supports the public choice explanation and the multi-dimensional approach to the research has produced consistent results. The major finding of the research is that an effective voluntary agreement requires carefully targeted objectives, negotiations with all stakeholders, incentives for innovation and the certainty of penalties for non-compliance. Application of these key features to the fruit and vegetable industry in Western Australia may provide the model for the industry in Australia and a model for other industries.

The diploma thesis is focused on the voluntary tools of environmental protection, those representing a remarkably wide and variable group of tools. The aim of this thesis is to create an integrated and compendious overview of the previously mentioned tools applied not only in the Czech Republic, to outline its basic characteristics, ways of its usage, and its mutual combinations, including the analysis of the legal regulation of the voluntary tools. After the two introductory chapters dedicated to the environmental policy and the system of all tools of environmental protection the following chapter deals with the voluntary tools only, dividing them for the purposes of this diploma thesis into categories of regulatory, informative, and educational tools. Considering the extent of the topic, the author decided on a detailed analysis elaboration of the three chosen tools in the following part of the thesis. In the fourth chapter the diploma theses concentrates on the EMAS according to the Regulation (EC) No 1221/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the voluntary participation by organisations in a Community Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS), which is being compared to the second implementation option of Environmental Management System, that is represented by the internationally...

Climatic change has sparked a broad range of responses on all societal levels. New initiatives and negotiations, scientific findings, and technological developments, have established a novel framework for policymaking and industrial abatement investments. Lessons on the evolving framework should be analysed and utilised to handle the dynamic reality of climate policymaking processes. Governments in the majority of economies only have an indirect and long-term influence on reducing industrial emissions, as they do not own the emitting operations. As representing one-third of the global carbon dioxide emissions, industry is therefore a key stakeholder group in whether or not the political agenda will be fulfilled. How industry perceives that obstacles and opportunities affect investment calculi are thus important. Hence, policymakers should facilitate policy learning (PL) to aid the creation of effective and efficient political agendas. This is important to acknowledge the policy and investment experiences of industrial actors and to deal with a number of plausible investment obstacles identified under the novel framework. Taking stock of PL and other policy theories, this thesis is aimed to develop recommendations for facilitating PL and thus contributing to more effective and efficient climate policy frameworks. The results highlight the role of industry in abatement and political strategies where policymakers need to gain knowledge on how industries perceive abatement investment obstacles and how these may be bridged. The intrinsic learning values of government-industry negotiated agreements (NAs) are emphasised and a framework for operationalising PL through NA designs is developed. PL is furthermore identified as important, and NAs are recommended as a policy instrument, to fill knowledge gaps identified in two case-studies of promoting complex and novel industrial operations. This thesis also recommends a participatory policy evaluation tool that is sensitive to industrial competitiveness and establishes a forum for discussions on perceived investment obstacles and opportunities under different conditions. The results are not aimed to provide a blueprint for a comprehensive climate policy framework but as a contribution to literature and the incremental learning that this thesis strongly promotes.

After several decades of rapid urbanisation, population growth and industrialisation, most developing countries have now become home to the rapidly increasing informal sector’s polluting activities. With marked failures in their use of traditional Command and Control (CAC) legislation, limited technical and fiscal environmental protection resources coupled with weak environmental protection, complimentary judicial and legislative institutions, it has become necessary for these countries to look somewhere else for environment regulation policy. This study evaluates potential contributions of public-led voluntary agreements programs in the control of informal sector pollution in Lusaka’s Soweto and City markets in Zambia. The study employs Binary Logistic Models to establish factors critical to the successful implementation of environmental management voluntary agreements in the two markets. It also uses the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) to assess and estimate traders’ Willingness to pay (WTP) for proposed improvements to cleanliness in the markets. The main empirical data for the study was collected by means of a questionnaire survey of 93 traders in the two markets and supplemented by semi-structured interviews. The study finds that indeed voluntary agreements have a potential to control informal sector pollution in developing countries like Zambia. The study also finds that while the informal sector significantly contributes to urban pollution, they are hamstrung by lack of capacity to control their own pollution. The absence of adequate regulatory enforcement and appropriate incentives in terms of waste bins and cleaners in these markets seriously militate against the sector’s limited efforts in implementing positive environmental management in these markets. The traders’ mean willingness to pay (WTP) for the proposed improvement to cleanliness in the two market is K483,384 per trader per year while the total WTP of all the traders in the two markets is K1,208,460,000 or K1.2 billion per year. As a proportion of the traders’ average annual income, the mean WTP amounts to 0.8%. The study concludes that deliberate interventions with the aim of enhancing their capacity are necessary. In this regard specific recommendations have been made for policy intervention in specific key areas, namely; the provision of appropriate incentives in form of increasing the number of waste bins and cleaners in the markets together with supporting organisational structure and efficient services in terms of frequent removal of waste from the markets by the local authority; the expansion and strengthening of the physical presence of regulatory and enforcement agents in these markets and finally; the building of a shared understanding among the traders of the need for maintaining a clean and environmentally conducive market area through continued sensitisation programs in these markets Copyright / Dissertation (MSc(Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / unrestricted

Denna rapport undersöker vilka förutsättningar som krävs för att frivilliga överenskommelser på klimatområdet inom universitet- och högskolesektorn ska fungera, där efterlevnaden av Klimatramverket undersöks som en fallstudie. Främst utrönas vilka förutsättningar som historiskt har varit viktiga för effektiva frivilliga överenskommelser i tidigare forskning, där en jämförelse med Klimatramverket görs för att undersöka vilka av dessa ramverket uppfyller. Vidare undersöks efterlevnaden av Klimatramverket mer djupgående för att dra slutsatser om de uppfyllda förutsättningarna har bidragit till en effektiv efterlevnad av Klimatramverket.  För att besvara rapportens frågeställning har en litteraturstudie, litteraturstudiejämförelse, enkätundersökning, intervjuer samt en webbplatsundersökning tillämpats som metoder. Litteraturstudien avsåg att undersöka vilka förutsättningar som tidigare visats leda till effektiva frivilliga överenskommelser, samt att utröna uppkomsten och karaktären av Klimatramverket. I litteraturstudiejämförelsen drogs paralleller mellan förutsättningarna och Klimatramverket för att utröna vilka av förutsättningarna ramverket uppfyller. En enkätundersökning skickades ut till de svenska högskolor och universitet som är anslutna till Klimatramverket, i syfte att undersöka efterlevnaden samt hur nära lärosätena är att uppfylla ramverkets uppsatta mål. För en djupare inblick i olika lärosätens arbete med Klimatramverket utfördes intervjuer med representanter från tre olika lärosäten. Vidare granskades ett urval av lärosätenas webbplatser i syfte att undersöka om lärosätena kommunicerar sitt klimatarbete, vilket är ett åtagande i enlighet med Klimatramverket. Resultaten från undersökningen tyder på att de av litteraturstudien funna förutsättningar för att frivilliga överenskommelser ska fungera effektivt i stor utsträckning kan tillämpas på högskole- och universitetssektorn. Från litteraturstudiejämförelsen konstateras att Klimatramverket främst uppfyller de kontextuella förutsättningarna för effektiva överenskommelser, medan de innehållsmässiga förutsättningarna åläggs de enskilda lärosätena, vilket har gjorts av flexibilitetsskäl men äventyrar även i sig effektiviteten. Resultatet bekräftas i fallstudien, där det framkommer att ett fåtal av lärosätena bedömer att de kommer uppnå ramverkets uppsatta mål, vilket indikerar att Klimatramverket hittills inte bidragit till att uppfylla nationella och internationella klimatåtaganden i större omfattning. / This thesis examines the conditions which lead to effective environmental voluntary agreements within higher education institutions (HEIs), where the Climate Framework is examined as a case study. Primarily, conditions which historically have led to successful voluntary agreements will be examined, where a comparison with the Climate Framework is made to identify which of these conditions it fulfills. Furthermore, the compliance of the Climate Framework is examined more profoundly in order to draw conclusions about whether the fulfilled conditions have led to a successful compliance of the Climate Framework.  In order to answer the questions posted in this thesis, methods such as literature review, literature review comparison, survey, interviews and a website analysis have been applied. The aim for the literature review was to examine which conditions have led to effective voluntary agreements in the past, as well as to ascertain the emergence and the nature of the Climate Framework. In the literature review comparison, parallels were drawn between the conditions and the Climate Framework to determine which of the conditions the Framework fulfills. The survey was sent to all of the Swedish HEIs affiliated with the Climate Framework, in order to investigate the compliance and how close the institutions are to fulfill the Frameworks’ set goals. In order to get a deeper insight regarding different institutions’ work with the Climate Framework, interviews were made with representatives from three different HEIs. Furthermore, a selection of HEIs’ websites was examined in order to investigate whether they are communicating their climate work, which is a commitment in accordance with the Climate Framework.   The findings from the study suggests that conditions for successful voluntary agreements identified in the literature review can largely be applied to HEIs. The literature review comparison indicates that the Climate Framework primarily fulfills the contextual conditions for effective agreements, while the content-related conditions are imposed on individual HEIs. This was made hence to flexibility reasons, but it is also jeopardizing the effectiveness of the agreement. The results are confirmed in the case study, which also reveals that only a few of the HEIs estimate that they will achieve the Frameworks’ set goals, which indicates that the Climate Framework has not so far significantly contributed to fulfilling national and international climate commitments.

Darbo objektas – savanoriški susitarimai dėl energijos efektyvumo didinimo. Darbo tikslas – įvertinti savanoriškų susitarimų naudojimo patirtį kitose šalyse ir nustatyti jų panaudojimo galimybes Lietuvoje. Darbo uždaviniai: • Išanalizuoti ir susisteminti mokslinę, teorine ir empirinę literatūrą, nagrinėjančią savanoriškus susitarimus; • Išsiaiškinti savanoriškų susitarimų naudojimo praktiką kitose šalyse; • Ištirti energijos vartojimo tendencijas Lietuvoje; • Išanalizuoti Lietuvos teisinę bazę, ir įstatymus reguliuojančius savanoriškus susitarimus; • Atlikti anketinį įmonių tyrimą ir išsiaiškinti savanoriškų susitarimų panaudojimo galimybes Lietuvoje. Hipotezė – savanoriškų susitarimų dėl energijos efektyvumo didinimo plėtrą Lietuvoje stabdo patirties savanoriškų aplinkos politikos priemonių panaudojimo srityje stoka, mažas informuotumas, institucinės ir tesinės bazės nebuvimas. Darbo struktūra. Darbas susideda iš trijų pagrindinių dalių. Pirmoje apžvelgiama mokslinė literatūra, susijusi su savanoriškais susitarimais, bei jų taikymo patirtimi. Antrojoje apžvelgiama ES politika energijos vartojimo efektyvumo didinimo srityje ir savanoriškų susitarimų dėl energijos vartojimo efektyvumo didinimo įgyvendinimo rezultatai ES. Taip pat šioje dalyje analizuojamos energijos vartojimo tendencijos Lietuvoje. Trečiojoje dalyje, pateikiami anketinės įmonių apklausos rezultatai bei aptariamos savanoriškų susitarimų panaudojimo galimybės Lietuvoje. Visą darbą sudaro 52 puslapiai, darbe yra... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Work item - voluntary agreements on energy efficiency. Working the problem - it is necessary to the implementation of the EU Directive, while Lithuania is not disbanded the possibility of the use of voluntary agreements for the implementation of energy efficiency improvement goal. The aim - to evaluate the use of voluntary agreements and the experience of other countries to determine their potential use in Lithuania. Job tasks: analyze and structure the scientific, theoretical and empirical literature dealing with voluntary agreements; Practice the use of voluntary agreements in other countries; Investigate the energy consumption trends in Lithuania; analyze the Lithuanian legal framework, and the laws governing voluntary agreements; Make corporate investigations, and to clarify the use of voluntary agreements in Lithuania. Hypothesis - voluntary agreements on energy efficiency development in Lithuania is hampered by lack of practice on voluntary environmental policies, low awareness and lack of law basis. The work consists of three main parts. The first reviews the scientific literature relating to voluntary agreements, and their experiences. The second reviews the EU's policy to improve energy efficiency, and voluntary agreements on energy efficiency implementation of the results of the EU. I also analyzed in this part of energy consumption trends in Lithuania. The third part, the corporate results of the survey questionnaire and discussed the possibility of the use of... [to full text]

To guarantee protection of our drinking water, water catchment protections are established. These are divided into three different zones and in the first zone it is most likely that an activity, such as agriculture, will contaminate the water resource. Hence the activities are strongly regulated or banned. The EU communion is working towards a sustained water quality through several directives; Nitrate Directive, Waterframwork directives and Sustainable use of pesticide directive. The main purpose is to regulate the diffuse pollution from agriculture.This thesis is about how Denmark, Germany and France are working towards a sustainable agriculture within water protection areas. Sweden is also discussed but mainly about two different methods applied in Linköpings and Ljungbys municipalties.How the different countries work is mainly the same due to the directives. However, there are some interesting water management methods to observe such as voluntary agreements between water companies and farmers. Moreover, the sustainability perspective is approached in a larger scale where you and I as consumers also contribute via consumer-pays-principle. Therefore, we are, by our demand for water, the problem but also the solution and together we can contribute with good social, economic and ecological conditions for ourselves and the farmer.

I takt med att klimatet förändras ökar frekvensen av extrema väderhändelser. I Sverige har den ökade årsmedeltemperaturen och nederbörden förhöjt risken för översvämningar. Översvämningar är inget nytt fenomen och har i Sverige orsakat stor skada på privat och offentlig egendom, kritisk infrastruktur och samhället i stort. Med tanke på översvämningarnas breda definition avgränsas denna studie till översvämningar som härleds från havet, sjöar eller vattendrag.  För att skydda samhället mot översvämningar och mildra de sociala, ekologiska och ekonomiska skador som uppstår, implementerar kommuner och privata fastighetsägare olika typer av skyddsåtgärder, såsom skyddsvallar och dammar. Syftet med denna rapport är att undersöka vilka skyddsåtgärder som tillämpas, om privat mark tas i anspråk för att etablera översvämningsskydd och vilka ersättningsprinciper som används.  För att besvara uppsatsens frågeställningar tillämpas en kvalitativ metodansats, inkluderande fallstudier, litteraturstudier och semistrukturerade intervjuer, för att samla in data. Fallstudier från tio kommuner med kända översvämningsrisker utgör grunden för de erhållna resultaten och ger insikt i hur dessa frågor hanteras i kommunerna. Intervjuerna, som har genomförts digitalt, utgör den primära datakällan för fallstudierna och har kompletterats med relevant litteratur. Eftersom resultatet baseras på den data som erhållits från intervjuer styrs resultatet av den kompetens och kunskap respondenterna har samt hur insatta de är i ämnet.  I den teoretiska bakgrunden ges en översyn över de juridiska förutsättningar som kommuner har för att skydda egendom, infrastruktur och samhället mot översvämningar. Denna bakgrund tillhandahåller nödvändig information för att nyansera och kontextualisera resultatet.  I rapportens resultatdel presenteras fallstudier utförda på följande kommuner: Arvika, Göteborg, Halmstad, Kalmar, Karlstad, Kristianstad, Lomma, Trelleborg, Vellinge och Värnamo. Varje fallstudie analyserar och beskriver kommunens översvämningsrisker, genomförda skyddsåtgärder, processer för markåtkomst och ersättningsmodeller. Dessa studier illustrerar hur olika kommuner anpassar sina strategier utifrån förutsättningar och de juridiska verktyg som finns till hands. Kommuner som Kristianstad, Vellinge, Arvika och Karlstad har tagit privat mark i anspråk för att upprätta översvämningsskydd. I dessa kommuner har även ersättning utgått till fastighetsägarna för intrång i äganderätten. Ambitionen är att lösa förvärven via frivilliga överenskommelser, där befintlig lagstiftning underlättar förhandlingarna. Ersättningen baseras vanligtvis på en oberoende värdering av marknadsvärdet plus ett påslag på 25 % för att ge en skälig ersättning för skadan. I Vellinge har ersättningsfrågan varit särskilt omdiskuterad, och efter ett domstolsbeslut i Mark- och miljööverdomstolen fastställdes den intrångsersättning som utgick till fastighetsägarna.  I Göteborg och Trelleborg uppförs skydden inom ramen för detaljplaneprocessen. I de fall där kommunen inte äger mark, vilket dessa kommuner gör i stor utsträckning, har förvärvet av marken säkerställts inom ramen för de civilrättsliga avtal som upprättas när detaljplanerna realiseras. I Värnamo, Lomma och Halmstad har översvämningsskydden upprättats på kommunal mark, vilket innebär att ingen ersättning har utgått till privata fastighetsägare.  Från resultatet framgår tydligt att kommunernas unika förutsättningar styr de strategier som implementeras. I vissa kommuner tas privat mark i anspråk för säkra samhället mot översvämningar, vilket förefaller bero på vikten av att säkerställa kompletta skydd och de rådande markägoförhållandena. Majoriteten av förvärven har säkerställts med frivilliga överenskommelser, där lagstiftningen utgör grunden för förhandlingarna. Att skydda samhällen mot översvämningar är avgörande för att skapa socialt och ekonomiskt hållbara samhällen för medborgarna. Ett koordinerat kommunalt arbete med goda förutsättningar att upprätta skydd och stödja privata fastighetsägare kan bidra till säkrare och bättre rustade samhällen för att hantera de risker och skador som härleds till översvämningar. / As the climate changes, the frequency of extreme weather events increases. In Sweden, the rising annual average temperature and precipitation have heightened the risk of flooding. Flooding is not a new phenomenon and has caused significant damage to private and public property, critical infrastructure, and society at large in Sweden. Given the broad definition of flooding, this study is limited to floods originating from the sea, lakes or rivers.  To protect society against flooding and mitigate the social, ecological, and economic damages that occur, municipalities and private property owners implement various protective measures, such as levees and dams. The purpose of this report is to investigate the protective measures that are applied, whether private land is appropriated for establishing flood defenses, and the compensation principles used. This thesis employs a qualitative methodological approach, including case studies, literature reviews, and semi-structured interviews, to gather data. Case studies from ten municipalities with known flood risks form the basis of the results and provide insight into how these issues are managed locally. The interviews, conducted digitally, serve as the primary data source for the case studies and have been supplemented with relevant literature. Since the results are based on data obtained from interviews, they are influenced by the competence and knowledge of the respondents and their familiarity with the subject. The theoretical background provides an overview of the legal frameworks available to municipalities to protect property, infrastructure, and society against flooding. This background provides essential information to nuance and contextualize the results. The results section presents case studies conducted in the following municipalities: Arvika, Gothenburg, Halmstad, Kalmar, Karlstad, Kristianstad, Lomma, Trelleborg, Vellinge, and Värnamo. Each case study analyzes and describes the municipality's flood risks, implemented protective measures, land acquisition processes, and compensation models. These studies illustrate how different municipalities adapt their strategies based on conditions and available legal tools. Municipalities such as Kristianstad, Vellinge, Arvika, and Karlstad have appropriated private land to establish flood defenses. In these municipalities, compensation has also been awarded to property owners for infringements on property rights. The goal is to resolve acquisitions through voluntary agreements, where existing legislation facilitates negotiations. Compensation is usually based on an independent valuation of the market value plus an additional 25% to provide fair compensation for the damage. In Vellinge, the issue of compensation has been particularly contentious, and after a court ruling in the Swedish equivalent to Land and Environment Court of Appeal, the compensation awarded to property owners was established. In Gothenburg and Trelleborg, the defenses are constructed within the framework of the detailed planning process. In cases where the municipality does not own the land, which is often the case in these municipalities, the acquisition of land has been secured within the framework of the civil law agreements established as the detailed plans are realized. In Värnamo, Lomma, and Halmstad, the flood defenses have been established on municipal land, meaning that no compensation has been paid to private property owners. The results clearly show that the unique conditions of the municipalities dictate the strategies implemented. In some municipalities, private land is appropriated to secure the community against flooding, which appears to depend on the importance of ensuring complete protections and the prevailing land ownership conditions. The majority of acquisitions have been secured through voluntary agreements, where legislation forms the basis of the negotiations. Protecting communities from flooding is crucial for creating socially and economically sustainable communities for citizens. Coordinated municipal efforts with good conditions for establishing defenses and supporting private property owners can contribute to safer and better-prepared communities to manage the risks and damages associated with flooding.

This master thesis studies environmental effects of a detergents' compactation project. The theoretical part describes negative environmental effects of detergents' use and foreign initiatives having successfully led to decrease of these effects. The analytical part evaluates the information campaign focused on customer behavior and detergent dosage through a market survey. Lower detergent consumption is a prerequisite of a decreased negative environmental impact. Market data showing real detergent consumption are compared to expected development. Results of the market survey and the market data analysis show that a change in consumer behavior was not sufficient; and therefore, the compactation project was not successful.

<p>The aim of the thesis is to analyze the design of the present climate and energy policies. The main focus is on how the policy instruments affect the Swedish stakeholders who are included in the European Union’s Emission Trading Scheme (EU-ETS). In-depth interviews have been carried out with representatives from the basic industry, energy utilities as well as industrial and green organizations. The purpose is to illustrate have how these stakeholders view the current policy framework and what amendments that they view as necessary.</p><p>Suggestions to the Government are given regarding the design of national policies and policy instruments to provide for an improved policy framework. The information and synthesis have furthermore been collected through extensive literature studies as well as participating at conferences and seminars.</p><p>The thesis is written as a monograph in order to address a larger group of readers interested in the transition of energy systems towards sustainability as well as policy makers and Swedish stakeholders. The common understanding that the global energy systems have to undergo a transition to renewables and higher energy efficiency due to the earth’s finite sources of fossil fuels and uranium presents large challenges for policy makers and business sectors as well as the society in general.</p><p>Global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have to be drastically reduced and the work to achieve this has started through international negotiations such as the Kyoto Protocol. As the present commitment levels are low, an important issue in a short-term perspective is to develop a more comprehensive and efficient system with a much wider participation and more stringent emission targets.</p><p>In order to achieve current national policy goals and international GHG emission commitments the Swedish Government utilizes a number of policy instruments that are either nationally self-assumed or called for by international agreements or the European Union. The Swedish stakeholders that are included in the EU-ETS face a broad policy framework that has a large impact on their daily operations and future investment strategies. It is imperative for the policymakers, i.e. the Government, to act in accordance with the long-term perspective that the climate change issue and the transition of the energy system require. It is likewise important that any actions are in accordance with the operational and investment climate that the business sector faces. It is argued that these aspects are not fully considered as the success of the next national budget or term of public office seems to overshadow these issues. A long-term perspective is required to provide the business sector with stable and reliable incentives. This is needed to provide the economic conditions under which the businesses can realize investments that will result in emission reductions. Short-term policies reinforce the view of environmental investments as a form of risk investments. This negatively affects the possibility of the policy instruments to effectively achieve established policy goals.</p><p>Paying attention to these requirements is however not a simple task for policy makers as it will require agreements between the political parties. This demonstrates the main political difficulty with climate change – the requirement of a long-term and full commitment by all state authorities. It should be noted that the thesis does not attempt to describe the Swedish policy makers as neglecting the urgency of acting to mitigate climate change. The national agenda is far to advanced from an international perspective for such statements. The thesis however pinpoints some important issues highlighted by stakeholders, within the business sector and other organizations, who are concerned with the present climate and energy policy framework.</p><p>Some of the findings are as follows:</p><p>• Reducing GHG emissions in order to combat climate change must include a long-term perspective</p><p>• The design of policy instruments should consequently be long-term to increase the support for investments in GHG emission reducing technologies</p><p>• The design of policies that promote low GHG production alternatives within the energy utilities should be improved</p><p>• The large potential for reduced GHG emission available through fuel switching and energy efficiency improvements in the Swedish basic industry should be promoted by amended policies</p><p>• Reformulate or abandon the national GHG emissions target goal with the current formulation</p><p>• Strive for an emission rights allocation system that is as transparent, fair and predictable as possible</p><p>• The policy framework should aim for a high level of stability through interaction with the affected stakeholders</p><p>• These factors are inherently important for the overall efficiency of the policy framework</p>