För att tillgodose allmänhetens behov av vägar, kraft- och vattenledningar med mera, får mark tas i anspråk. Expropriationsändamål och ersättningsbestämmelser för att tvångsvis ta mark i anspråk, finns stadgat i Expropriationslagen (SFS 1972:719). Genom århundraden har kritik framförts mot höga kostnader för att få åtkomst till mark vilket motiverat sänkningar av ersättning för mark. År 2010 genomfördes ändringar i ersättningsbestämmelserna som syftade till att höja markersättningen. Förhandlingar ska alltid föras vid markåtkomst för att eftersträva frivilliga uppgörelser. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur ersättningshöjningar i lagen har påverkat ersättningsnivån för att träffa frivilliga avtal. Undersökningen skulle även påvisa vilka rättsekonomiska konsekvenser som följt av lagändringen. Kvalitativa intervjuer genomfördes med ett fåtal personer som besitter stor erfarenhet inom markförhandling och god kunskap om ersättningsregler. En enkätundersökning utfördes för att få ett större underlag till vissa frågor i studien. Resultatet visade att kostnader för att ta mark i anspråk har ökat. Förhandlingsutrymmet för att nå frivilliga uppgörelser har minskat en aning men möjligheten att träffa frivilliga avtal har emellertid inte blivit sämre. Slutligen konstaterades att det vid vissa markintrång fordras att extra ersättning, utöver lagstadgad ersättning, utgår för att nå en frivillig uppgörelse. Extra ersättningen utgör vanligen 5-10 procent vilket är en minskning sedan lagändringen 2010. / There is a possibility to compulsory acquire land and rights to land in order to meet the need for public interests, for example infrastructure projects. According to the Expropriation Act, property owner who is forced to surrender land should be compensated. For centuries the principles determining compensation have been questioned. This finally led to a development of new legislation in 2010. To conduct a negotiation, voluntary agreements are desired. The purpose of this thesis was to explore how the increased compensation has affected the level of compensation in voluntary agreements. The study was also made to investigate the legal economic consequences that followed by the amendment. Qualitative interviews were conducted with a few people who had experience in land access and good knowledge of voluntary agreements. A survey was conducted to gain a better knowledge for certain questions in the study. The results showed that the cost of land access has increased. The scope for voluntarily negotiations has decreased slightly, but the opportunity to meet voluntary agreements has not deteriorated. The conclusion of this thesis was that it required an extra negotiated compensation for land access, other statutory compensation payable to reach a voluntary agreement. Extra compensation usually represents 5-10 percent, which is a decrease since the legislation in 2010 was settled.

The Role of Planning in mediating conflicts involving tourism development and land access by local communities in the Matutuine district, south of Mozambique, is the theme of this research report. The aim of the study was to analyse and understand how tourism development in a particular context, the Matutuine district, has impacted on the life of the local communities. Access to land and to the other natural resources as well as associated socio-economic aspects was explored. Present and proposed planning approaches and their role in minimising land use conflicts were also investigated. In order to address the research problem, the following research question has been proposed: Are the problems arising from the conflict of interest that involve tourism development and land access by local communities responsible for land degradation in the district? The following subsidiary questions have been proposed to assist in answering the main question: What type of land use conflicts exist in the district of Matutuine and how has tourism affected the local communities? Has tourism been beneficial to local communities in terms of land access, participation and tourism spin-offs? To what extent do land use conflicts influence land degradation and how does planning respond to this? After developing the theoretical and conceptual framework of the study, a combination of methods such as documentary analysis, sampling and interviews, participant observation and spatial observation was used to collect primary and secondary data under analysis. Data collection mainly focused on the main land use types and land use conflicts, participation of local communities in tourism development, socio-economic benefits that accrue from tourism development, land degradation and planning and management of tourism, land and the other natural resources. The resulting data and information were organised and analysed through out the chapters in order to answer the research questions. The research revealed that tourism development has not been beneficial to the local communities. Institutional fragmentation and overlapping of mandates, a lack of common understanding and enforcement of legislation, corruption, and a lack of capacity building and legal status of the local communities are the main reasons for a dysfunctional tourism system in the study area. In order to contribute for the management and resolution of land use conflicts in the study area, it is recommended that planning and planners should introduce new planning processes such as collaborative and communicative approaches, facilitation and mediation techniques as well adaptive processes to address power relations among stakeholders.

This thesis explores agricultural livelihoods in Harlan County with two case studies in order to challenge dominant narratives about Eastern Kentucky. Harlan County, and Appalachia more broadly, is often written about in terms of its relationship to extractive industries. Absentee landownership in Appalachia has been well documented, especially in the case of coal counties. However, the relationship between extraction and agricultural livelihoods in Appalachia warrants more attention. The story of agricultural livelihoods in the region is often pushed to the periphery much like the practices of “hillside” farming. While geography makes much of the land unsuitable for farming in Harlan County, a small number of farmers have seemingly persisted through time. Preliminary findings suggest an intricate relationship between coal production, land access, and livelihood diversification through agriculture.

Siktröjning är en viltolycksförebyggande åtgärd som används för att skapa bättre siktförhållanden för trafikanter och djur genom att gallra träd och röja sly längs vägkanten. Förutom ökad sikt medför även åtgärden att vägen torkar upp snabbare eftersom att solstrålarna når vägen bättre när skymmande träd avlägsnas. En siktröjning kan utformas som en total avverkning eller en utglesning av skogen i vägkanten och bedöms minska risken för viltolyckor med ca 23%. Riksväg 25 går mellan Kalmar och Halmstad och mellan orterna Eriksmåla och Lessebo i Kalmar och Kronobergs län har väg 25 en standard som inte betraktas vara god i förhållande till trafikeringen som råder på vägen. I framtiden förväntas därför vägsträckan breddas och byggas om till en mötesseparerad väg. Eftersom detta beräknas ske längre fram i tiden spekuleras det kring om en tillfällig säkerhetshöjande åtgärd kan genomföras fram till ombyggnationen. Syftet med denna studie var att utreda om och hur en siktröjning hade kunnat genomföras på den här sträckan samtidigt som det skulle göras en avvägning mellan andra viltolycksförebyggande alternativ som främst inriktades på viltstängsel.I undersökningen skulle det utredas vilka förutsättningar som råder och hänsyn till ekonomiska och tidsmässiga perspektiv skulle tas. En relevant aspekt var hur markåtkomst kunde erhållas för att gallra träd och röja sly längs vägen. I studien användes juridisk metod, analys av litteratur samt semi-strukturerade intervjuer där ett flertal sakkunniga som besitter god kunskap beträffande viltolycksförebyggande åtgärder och förutsättningarna som råder på vägsträckan deltog. Utöver det intervjuades även sakkunniga inom markåtkomst, viltfrågor, fastighetsvärdering och skogliga åtgärder. Resultatet visar att markåtkomst för siktröjning kan erhållas med både nyttjanderätt enligt jordabalken och vägrätt enligt väglagen, men att markåtkomst mest sannolikt behöver ske genom frivilliga överenskommelser. Siktröjning kan utformas som en successiv utglesning och stamkvistning av skogen längs vägen där en total avverkning sker cirka tio meter ifrån vägkanten och en gallring sker ytterligare tio meter in. Denna utformning skapar ett mindre omfattande underhåll och mildrar konsekvenserna av singelolyckor. Det går inte med säkerhet går att fastställa vilken viltolycksförebyggande åtgärd som är mest fördelaktig på den här vägsträckan utan för det krävs mer omfattande utredningar. / Removal of trees along the road is a measure used to reduce the risk of wildlife accidents. It is used to create better view for motorists and animals by reducing the amount of trees and bushes along the roadside. Except better view the mesure will also entail faster drying of the road since removal of obscuring trees and vegetation will let the sunbeams reach the road to a greater extent. The measure can be formed as a total removal of trees or a thinning of the forest and may reduce the risk of wildlife accidents by 23 %. Highway 25 runs between the cities Kalmar and Halmstad and between the villages Eriksmåla and Lessebo, where the road section is regarded as a poor standard relative to the amount of traffic. In the future there is an expected reconstruction of the road by broaden it to a 2+1 road including a median barrier. Since this may accure further into the future there are speculations around a temporary measure that raises security on the road. The purpose of this study was to investigate if and how a removal of trees along the road could be performed on this road section and at the same time there would be a comparison with alternative measures, especially wildlife fencing. The study would investigate which are the conditions on this road section and take economic and time-consuming perspectives into account. One important aspect was to investigate how to obtain land access to be able to remove trees along the road. In the study qualitative methods were used, which included legal method, analysis of literature and semi-structured interviews, where several persons who possesses good knowledge concerning measures that reduces wildlife accidents and the conditions of this road section attended. Beyond this experts in land access, wildlife issues, property valuation and forest issues were interviewed. The results show that land access can be obtained in two different types of access rights in the Swedish legislation and that the most realistic is that it should happen in voluntary agreements with land-owners. Removal of trees can be performed as a successive thinning and branch pruning of the forest along the road where a total removal of trees is performed ten meters from the roadside and an additional area of ten meters is thinned out. This configuration can be maintained less often and makes the consequences of single vehicle accidents less severe by broadening the safety zone. It can not be determined which measure to reduce wildlife accidents that is most suitable on this road section and further investigations must be performed for this purpose.

No description available.

The study examines the contestations and conflicts over land access between smallholder settler farmers and nomadic cattle herders in the Kwahu Afram Plains South District. Current studies on the farmer-herder conflict in Ghana have emphasised the conflict between indigenous farmers and nomadic herders. This study has contributed to existing knowledge by highlighting the conflict between two migrant groups. As migrants, both settler farmers and nomadic herders are renting land and, in the process, come into conflict. The tension in the area is that both migrant groups have no ownership of land, which exposes their vulnerability to the landowners in the sense that they have no firm land rights. The study's main objective is to examine the root causes of the conflict between crop farmers and nomadic herders in the case study area of the Afram Plains. The environmental scarcity and political ecology theories were utilised to analyse the conflict in the study area. The study adopted the qualitative approach with the purposive and snowball sampling methods used to select participants for the research. The study's findings reveal that increasing land scarcity due to population growth, climate-induced migration, and large-scale land acquisition is a major cause of the land conflict. The study further reveals that, aside from the core issues leading to land scarcity, what instantly ignites conflict between farmers and herders includes crop destruction, burning of grasses, and alleged vices perpetrated by the herders. The findings of the study also reveal that the mitigation measures put in place to address the conflict have been ineffective because of corruption, poor land governance, and greedy chiefs. The study concludes that the farmer-herder conflict is complex and needs to be examined from diverse perspectives to appreciate the nuances of the conflict.

<p>The issue of women&rsquo / s access to land is a developmental issue. From a fundamental research view point, this study aims to explore the circumstances in which women access land in South Africa. The study examines the inequalities that may arise in the context of land access, land acquisition / land use, activities taking place on land and closely related issues focusing specifically on women in general, and women headed households in particular. The study is based on demographic characteristics such as age, gender, marital status, occupational groups, education, province of residence and ethnic groups. Bringing together the demographic variables and land related variables, the study captures the structural changes between 2004 and 2007. Using 2004 and 2007 GHS secondary data requested from Statistics South Africa, cross tabulation and bivariate statistical analysis by means of SPSS software was performed. The results obtained indicate that the inequality against women&rsquo / s access to land still persists. Some women have access to land for agricultural purpose but few own it. The findings suggest that a number of factors including age, place of residence, marital status, ethnic group, literacy, educational level, of women are associated with the ability of women to access and acquire land. The sustainable livelihood framework is a theory that guided this study. Diversification is commonly used to prevent time of risks and shocks. In general, the study shows that the proportion of women who had access to land was 16% in 2004. This figure dropped to 14% in 2007.</p>

<p>The issue of women&rsquo / s access to land is a developmental issue. From a fundamental research view point, this study aims to explore the circumstances in which women access land in South Africa. The study examines the inequalities that may arise in the context of land access, land acquisition / land use, activities taking place on land and closely related issues focusing specifically on women in general, and women headed households in particular. The study is based on demographic characteristics such as age, gender, marital status, occupational groups, education, province of residence and ethnic groups. Bringing together the demographic variables and land related variables, the study captures the structural changes between 2004 and 2007. Using 2004 and 2007 GHS secondary data requested from Statistics South Africa, cross tabulation and bivariate statistical analysis by means of SPSS software was performed. The results obtained indicate that the inequality against women&rsquo / s access to land still persists. Some women have access to land for agricultural purpose but few own it. The findings suggest that a number of factors including age, place of residence, marital status, ethnic group, literacy, educational level, of women are associated with the ability of women to access and acquire land. The sustainable livelihood framework is a theory that guided this study. Diversification is commonly used to prevent time of risks and shocks. In general, the study shows that the proportion of women who had access to land was 16% in 2004. This figure dropped to 14% in 2007.</p>

Africa’s agricultural productivity is the lowest in the world. At the same time the largest proportion of poor people live in rural areas where they are dependent upon agriculture for their survival. Agriculture is thus an essential to consider when fighting poverty. Women make up 70-80 % of the labour force in the agricultural sector and produce about 80% of the food for the household. Women are at the same time dependent upon their husbands for access to agricultural land and financial resources. Despite the important role of agriculture for poverty reduction, the sector continues to lack attention from both governments and international organizations, and the fact that gender discrimination is a cause of poverty is rarely raised.   This thesis aims to investigate, through a field study in Zambia, which conditions and circumstances that create low agricultural productivity, based on how the peasants themselves perceive it. The paper aims to problematize the question of low agricultural productivity by looking at the issue of land access and gender equality. This thesis takes its methodological point of departure in a qualitative ethnographic field study with semi-structured interviews. In order to analyze the peasants situation Sustainable Rural Livelihood has been used as an analytical framework.   The result of this thesis shows that peasants’ productivity mainly is hampered by the fact that they lack access to productive and financial resources. The overall difficult macro-economic situation in Zambia, together with the fact that investments from the government in the agricultural sector and in rural development is small, contributes to a situation that hinders peasants’ opportunities to increase productivity with other means than just working harder. Furthermore, the result shows that women experience gender discrimination in accessing land, credits and education. The difference between men and women is structural and is the result of unequal access to resources, which have given men more power and influence. Hence, women have become dependent upon their husbands to gain access to land and financial resources, implying that women become both vulnerable and isolated. Access to land would strengthen women’s economical dependency and give them the possibility to control the income and investment made in agriculture. / Afrikas jordbruksproduktivitet är lägst i hela världen,.sSamtidigt som den största delen av fattiga människor bor på landsbygden där de är beroende av jordbruket för sin överlevnad. Jordbruket är därmed en central fråga för att kunna bekämpa fattigdom. Kvinnor utgör 70-80 % av arbetskraften inom jordbrukssektorn och producerar cirka 80 % av maten till familjen. Samtidigt är kvinnor beroende av sina män för tillgång till jordbruksmark och finansiella resurser. Trots jordbrukets viktiga roll för fattigdomsbekämpning fortsätter sektorn att bli åsidosatt av både regeringar och internationella organisationer, samtidigt som bristen på könsdiskriminering som en orsak till fattigdom sällan tas upp.   Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka, genom en fältstudie i Zambia, vilka förhållanden och omständigheter som skapar låg jordbruksproduktivitet, utifrån hur böndernas själva ser på det. Uppsatsen ämnar problematisera frågan om låg jordbruksproduktivitet genom att titta på frågan om tillgång till land och jämställdhet mellan kvinnor och män. Uppsatsen har sin metodologiska utgångspunkt i en kvalitativ etnografisk fältstudie med semi-strukturerade intervjuer. För att analysera böndernas situation har Sustainable Rural Livelihood använts som analytiskt ramverk.   Resultatet av denna studie visar att bönders produktivitet framförallt hindras av det faktum att de saknar tillgångar till produktiva och finansiella resurser. Den övergripande svåra makroekonomiska situationen i Zambia, tillsammans med att investeringar från regeringen i jordbrukssektorn och landsbygds utveckling är små, bidrar till en situation som hämmar böndernas möjligheter att öka sin produktivitet på andra sätt än genom att enbart arbeta hårdare. Vidare pekar resultatet av denna studie på att kvinnor upplever könsdiskriminering vad gäller tillgången till land, krediter och utbildning. Skillnaden mellan män och kvinnor  är strukturell och bottnar i en ojämlik tillgång till resurser, vilket gett män mer makt och inflytande. Detta har gjort att kvinnor är i nuläget är beroende av sina män för tillgång till land och finansiella resurser, vilket innebär att de blir både sårbara och isolerade. Tillgång till land skulle stärka kvinnors ekonomiska oberoende och ge dem möjligheten att själva kontrollera intäkterna och investeringarna i jordbruket.

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / The issue of women's access to land is a developmental issue. From a fundamental research view point, this study aims to explore the circumstances in which women access land in South Africa. The study examines the inequalities that may arise in the context of land access, land acquisition; land use, activities taking place on land and closely related issues focusing specifically on women in general, and women headed households in particular. The study is based on demographic characteristics such as age, gender, marital status, occupational groups, education, province of residence and ethnic groups. Bringing together the demographic variables and land related variables, the study captures the structural changes between 2004 and 2007. Using 2004 and 2007 GHS secondary data requested from Statistics South Africa, cross tabulation and bivariate statistical analysis by means of SPSS software was performed. The results obtained indicate that the inequality against women's access to land still persists. Some women have access to land for agricultural purpose but few own it. The findings suggest that a number of factors including age, place of residence, marital status, ethnic group, literacy, educational level, of women are associated with the ability of women to access and acquire land. The sustainable livelihood framework is a theory that guided this study. Diversification is commonly used to prevent time of risks and shocks. In general, the study shows that the proportion of women who had access to land was 16% in 2004. This figure dropped to 14% in 2007. / South Africa