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The vast majority of severe storm and tornado research is conducted in the natural laboratory of the Great Plains region of the United States. As a result, much of the knowledge and technology applied to storm forecasting is developed in the Great Plains environment. However, it has been shown that there is a maximum of strong and violent tornadoes in the region extending from Arkansas eastward into Alabama. In addition, various researchers have found strong severe storm thermodynamic signatures unique to regions such as the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic. This study has analyzed five decades of tornado data for the state of Mississippi. Thermodynamic results indicate that Mississippi has a tornado environment distinctly different than that of the Great Plains. The spatial distribution of the tornado events also indicates that mesoscale processes between the Earth's surface and the lower troposphere may play a significant role in determining the genesis location of violent tornadoes in the historical Delta region of Mississippi. It is anticipated that an understanding of environments unique to Mississippi tornadoes will lead to better forecasts and more comprehensive storm analysis, which will ultimately save lives and property.

For marine fishes, the early larval phase is considered a critical stage for survivorship and recruitment. The spatial and temporal dynamics of larval fish assemblages can influence their success and trophic structure of marine communities and entire ecosystems. This thesis will provide the first characterization of larval fish assemblage in the Strait of Georgia (SoG) in terms of diversity, abundance and composition, and their variability over multiple temporal scales, as well as the first quantification of variability in larval fish distribution in the SoG across multiple spatial scales. On the interdecadal scale, a significant decrease in larval abundance of several dominant fish taxa (Pacific hake, walleye Pollock, northern smoothtongue and rockfishes) contributed to a decline in total larval abundance and turnover in the composition structure between the early 1980s and the late 2000s. In contrast, both abundance and the relative composition of flatfishes and several demersal forage fish taxa increased during the same period. On interannual scales, abundance, diversity and community structure of the spring larval assemblages varied dramatically through 2007-2010, a period which alternated between strong La Niña and El Niño events. Higher overall larval concentrations were associated with warm conditions in the SoG in 2007 and 2010, while the lowest larval concentration was associated with cooler condition in 2009. Examination of associations between larval fish assemblages and environmental fluctuations suggests a potential influence of large-scale climate processes between the early 1980s and the late 2000s, but a primary association with local environmental factors on interannual scales. Spatial patterns in larval density of three dominant fish taxa (Pacific herring, Pacific hake and northern smoothtongue) were mostly structured on predefined broad (> 40km) and medium (20~40km) scales. Although their scale-dependent associations with environmental factors varied interannually, larval distributions in the central-southern SoG were generally associated with salinity, temperature and vertical stability of water column in the upper layer (0-50m). Our results emphasize the role of local estuarine circulation in structuring hierarchical spatial distributions of planktonic fish larvae in the SoG. These findings will provide considerable implications in fisheries resource management and conservation strategies. / Graduate / 0416 / 0329 / guanlu129@gmail.com

This doctoral thesis concerns the interplay between multinational enterprises (MNE) and spatial economies, with an orientation towards the location and spillover effects of inward foreign direct investments (FDI). The thesis consists of four essays that are self-contained studies. The first essay relates to the shift away from FDI in manufacturing to services and examines whether service FDI locates differently from manufacturing FDI. The second essay concerns the relationship between FDI and public incentives and whether investment promotion schemes are useful to attract FDI. The third essay examines the link between human capital and FDI and how different types of skilled workers influence FDI location. Taken together, these three essays examine conditions and factors that determine the location decision of foreign MNEs in the contemporary era of globalisation. The forth essay examines whether labour mobility is a potential source for spillovers from FDI in a spatial context. Although the latter essay does not provide any final answer to whether spillovers actually arise through this channel, it shows that the potentials for an effect to arise are larger in some regions than others because there are very few or no such knowledge spillover agents in many parts of the country. The thesis concludes by discussing the link between FDI and the policy work on regional development, and some avenues for future studies. / <p>QC 20130816</p>

During muscle contraction, electrical signals are generated by the muscle cells. The analysis of those signals is called electromyography (EMG). The EMG signal is mainly determined by physiological factors including so called central factors (central nervous system origin) and peripheral factors (muscle tissue origin). In addition, during the acquisition of EMG signals, technical factors are introduced (measurement equipment origin). The aim of this dissertation was to develop and evaluate methods to estimate physiological properties of the muscles using multichannel surface EMG (MCsEMG) signals. In order to obtain accurate physiological estimates, a method for automatic signal quality estimation was developed. The method’s performance was evaluated using visually classified signals, and the results demonstrated high classification accuracy. A method for estimation of the muscle fibre conduction velocity (MFCV) and the muscle fibre orientation (MFO) was developed. The method was evaluated with synthetic signals and demonstrated high estimation precision at low contraction levels. In order to discriminate between the estimates of MFCV and MFO belonging to single or populations of motor units (MUs), density regions of so called spatial distributions were examined. This method was applied in a study of the trapezius muscle and demonstrated spatial separation of MFCV (as well as MFO) even at high contraction levels. In addition, a method for quantification of MU synchronisation was developed. The performance on synthetic sEMG signals showed high sensitivity on MU synchronisation and robustness to changes in MFCV. The method was applied in a study of the biceps brachii muscle and the relation to force tremor during fatigue. The results showed that MU synchronisation accounted for about 40 % of the force tremor. In conclusion, new sEMG methods were developed to study muscle function and motor control in terms of muscle architecture, muscle fibre characteristics, and processes within the central nervous system.

<p> The globular cluster system of a nearby giant elliptical galaxy, NGC 5128 is studied to place constraints on the formation history of the galaxy. In this thesis, we have identified 190 new globular clusters via radial velocity measurements, bringing the total known population of globular clusters to 605 within this galaxy. We have examined the colour and spatial distributions of the globular cluster system and find it is bimodal in colour, with both a red and blue globular cluster population. The blue population is more spatially extended than the red, and both populations fall off in number density with radius as a power-law. There is a clear lack of globular clusters along the isophotal minor axis of the galaxy beyond a galactocentric radius of 15' warranting further search. With this new dataset, we have measured the ages, metallicities, and formation timescales for 72 globular clusters. The spectroscopic metallicity distribution function is bimodal indicating there is a metal-rich and metal-poor globular cluster population that corresponds to the red and blue globular clusters, respectively. We find the majority of both metal-rich (56%) and metal-poor (92%) globular clusters are older than 8 Gyr, comparable to the Milky Way globular cluster system. We do find a smaller fraction, 18% of our sample, are metal-rich globular clusters with ages younger than 5 Gyr, while the remaining globular clusters have intermediate ages between 5 -8 Gyr. The formation times of these globular clusters, estimated by their alpha-to-iron abundance ratios, indicate they formed quickly, on a timescale similar to globular clusters in most spiral galaxies, but on slower timescales than those in some other giant elliptical galaxies. The kinematics of the full globular cluster system is analyzed, as well as for the metal-rich and metal-poor globular clusters separately, as a function of galactocentric radius. We find the metal-poor globular cluster system has a small rotation signature of 17±14 km s-1 around no clearly defined axis and its dynamics are dominated by dispersion. The metal-rich globular cluster system has a mild rotation of 41 ± 15 km s-1 about the galaxy's isophotal major axis, following the rotation of a representative field star population, the planetary nebulae. The motion of the metal-rich globular cluster system is also dominated by random motion. We estimate the mass of the galaxy to be (5.5 ± 1.9) x 1011 with a mass-to-light ratio of 15.35 M0 /L80 using the globular cluster M0 population out to 20'. This estimate places NGC 5128 on a mass scale similar to other giant elliptical galaxies. The evidence collected suggests that NGC 5128 formed in a hierarchical scenario, gradually building up larger structure from smaller protogalaxies at early times in the history of the Universe. The group environment of NGC 5128 may have prolonged star formation within the galaxy as well, enabling a small spread in the old ages of globular clusters and also slowing the formation timescales compared to globular clusters in other giant elliptical galaxies. Results from this thesis also support more recent accretions in the history of NGC 5128, building up the more metal-rich and young globular clusters, which have a different rotation axis than the rest of the population. </p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Τα παραγόμενα πρωτογενή ηλεκτρόνια εντός του φωτοαγώγιμου υλικού ενός μαστογραφικού ανιχνευτή ενεργού μήτρας άμεσης μετατροπής κατά την ακτινοβόληση, αποτελούν το πρωτογενές σήμα το οποίο προχωρώντας σχηματίζει το τελικό σήμα (εικόνα). Έτσι, η ποιότητα της μαστογραφικής εικόνας εξαρτάται άμεσα από τα χαρακτηριστικά των πρωτογενών ηλεκτρονίων. Ερευνώνται οι διαδικασίες σχηματισμού του πρωτογενούς σήματος και τα χαρακτηριστικά των πρωτογενών ηλεκτρονίων σε κατάλληλα φωτοαγώγιμα υλικά, όπως τα a-Se, a-As2Se3, GaSe, GaAs, Ge, CdTe, CdZnTe, Cd0.8Zn0.2Te, ZnTe, PbO, TlBr, PbI2 και HgI2, με την ανάπτυξη μοντέλου προσομοίωσης με τεχνικές Monte Carlo της παραγωγής των πρωτογενών ηλεκτρονίων για διάφορα φάσματα ακτίνων Χ στο μαστογραφικό εύρος ενεργειών. Το μοντέλο προσομοιώνει την αλληλεπίδραση φωτονίων-ύλης και την ατομική αποδιέγερση. Επιπρόσθετα, ειδικότερα για το a-Se, πραγματοποιείται μία προκαταρτική μελέτη της συσχέτισης των χαρακτηριστικών αρχικού και τελικού σήματος, με επίλυση των εξισώσεων του Νεύτωνα για την ολίσθηση των πρωτογενών ηλεκτρονίων στο κενό υπό την επίδραση ενός απλού ηλεκτρικού πεδίου. Για το ίδιο υλικό, αναπτύσσεται αφενός μεν αλγόριθμος υπολογισμού της κατανομής του ηλεκτρικού δυναμικού εντός του ανιχνευτή με χρήση υπάρχουσας αναλυτικής λύσης αφετέρου δε ένα πρωταρχικό μοντέλο Monte Carlo για τις ηλεκτρονιακές αλληλεπιδράσεις. Τα σημαντικότερα ευρήματα είναι: (i) το ποσοστό των πρωτογενών ηλεκτρονίων που εκπέμπονται εμπρόσθια είναι περίπου 60 % με την πιθανότερη πολική γωνία εκπομπής μεταξύ 50ο και 70ο, (ii) τα ηλεκτρόνια εκπέμπονται σε δύο λοβούς γύρω από τις αζιμουθιακές γωνίες φ=0 και π, (iii) περίπου το 80 % των πρωτογενών ηλεκτρονίων παράγεται στο σημείο πρόσπτωσης των ακτίνων Χ ενώ η πλειονότητά τους παράγεται εντός των πρώτων 300 μm από την επιφάνεια του ανιχνευτή, (iv) οι χωρικές κατανομές των ηλεκτρονίων στα a-Se, a-As2Se3, GaSe, GaAs, Ge, PbO και TlBr είναι σχεδόν ανεξάρτητες του μαστογραφικού φάσματος ενώ στα υπόλοιπα υλικά παρουσιάζουν φασματική εξάρτηση, (v) για το πρακτικό μαστογραφικό εύρος (15-40 keV) και στο πρωταρχικό στάδιο της δημιουργίας του σήματος τα a-Se, a-As2Se3 και Ge έχουν την ελάχιστη αζιμουθιακή ομοιομορφία κατά την εκπομπή των ηλεκτρονίων ενώ τα CdZnTe, Cd0.8Zn0.2Te και CdTe τη μέγιστη, το a-Se παρουσιάζει την καλύτερη ενδογενή χωρική διακριτική ικανότητα αλλά το μικρότερο παραγόμενο αριθμό ηλεκτρονίων, το PbO παρουσιάζει το ελάχιστο χώρο παραγωγής πρωτογενών ηλεκτρονίων (ακτίνας R=200 μm, βάθους Dmax=320 μm), ενώ το CdTe το μέγιστο (R=500 μm, Dmax=660 μm), (vi) τέλος, υπάρχουν σημαντικές ενδείξεις ότι τα PbI2 και HgI2 αποτελούν τις καλύτερες επιλογές φωτοαγώγιμου υλικού. / The x-ray induced primary electrons inside the photoconductor of direct conversion digital flat panel mammographic detectors, comprise the primary signal which propagates in the material and forms the final signal (image). Consequently, the quality of the mammographic image strongly depends on the characteristics of primary electrons. An investigation is made concerning the primary signal formation and the characteristics of primary electrons inside a-Se, a-As2Se3, GaSe, GaAs, Ge, CdTe, CdZnTe, Cd0.8Zn0.2Te, ZnTe, PbO, TlBr, PbI2 and HgI2, which are suitable photoconductors for direct detectors. A Monte Carlo model has been developed that simulates the primary electron production inside the materials mentioned for various x-ray spectra in the mammographic energy range. The model simulates the photon interactions and the atomic deexcitations. Furthermore, particularly for a-Se, a preliminary study is made concerning the correlation between the characteristics of primary and final signal, solving Newton’s equations of electron drifting in vacuum under the influence of a simple electric field. For the same material, an algorithm that calculates the electric potential distribution inside the detector from an existing analytical solution has been developed as well as a primitive Monte Carlo model for electron interactions. The most important findings are: (i) the percentage of primary electrons being forwards ejected is approximately 60 % with the most probable polar angles ranging from 50o to 70o, (ii) the electrons prefer to be emitted at two lobes around azimuthal angles φ=0 and π, (iii) approximately 80% of primary electrons are produced at the point of x-ray incidence whereas their majority is produced within the first 300 μm from detector’s surface, (iv) the electron spatial distributions for a-Se, a-As2Se3, GaSe, GaAs, Ge, PbO and TlBr are almost spectral independent while for the rest of materials there is a spectral dependence, (v) at the practical mammographic energies (15-40 keV) and at the primitive stage of signal formation a-Se, a-As2Se3 and Ge have the minimum azimuthal uniformity in electron emission whereas CdZnTe, Cd0.8Zn0.2Te and CdTe the maximum one, a-Se has the best inherent spatial resolution but the minimum number of primary electrons, PbO has the minimum bulk space in which electrons can be produced (radius R=200 μm, depth Dmax=320 μm) whereas CdTe has the maximum one (R=500 μm, Dmax=660 μm), (vi) finally, there is strong evidence indicating that PbI2 and HgI2 could be the best choices for this kind of applications.

本論文主要是探討在二維度空間上二母體分佈是否一致。我們利用排列 (permutation)檢定方法來做比較, 並藉由費雪(Fisher)正確檢定方法的想法而提出重標記 (relabel)排列檢定方法或稱為費雪排列檢定法。 我們透過可交換性的特質證明它是正確 (exact) 的並且比 Syrjala (1996)所建議的排列檢定方法有更高的檢定力 (power)。 本論文另提出二個空間模型: spatial multinomial-relative-log-normal 模型 與 spatial Poisson-relative-log-normal 模型 來配適一般在漁業中常有的右斜長尾次數分佈並包含很多0 的空間資料。另外一般物種可能因天性或自然環境因素像食物、溫度等影響而有群聚行為發生, 這二個模型亦可描述出空間資料的群聚現象以做適當的推論。 / This thesis proposes the relabel (Fisher's) permutation test inspired by Fisher's exact test to compare between distributions of two (fishery) data sets locating on a two-dimensional lattice. We show that the permutation test given by Syrjala (1996} is not exact, but our relabel permutation test is exact and, additionally, more powerful. This thesis also studies two spatial models: the spatial multinomial-relative-log-normal model and the spatial Poisson-relative-log-normal model. Both models not only exhibit characteristics of skewness with a long right-hand tail and of high proportion of zero catches which usually appear in fishery data, but also have the ability to describe various types of aggregative behaviors.