M.Comm. / Captains of industries are constantly under pressure to perform. Their performance is measured in various forms like financial returns, market share, capitalisation, share price and the like. From a broader perspective managers must, according to the traditional functions of management, be able to plan, organise, control and lead. From a narrower perspective this study is concerned with the leading function of management. In order to perform, managers must lead their respective teams to achieve even greater heights than before, as well as to outperform the competition. In order to do this, managers are expected to motivate their teams to do exactly what is required to achieve the set goals. Managers constantly ask why certain employees perform better than others. This is a continual and perplexing problem facing managers. Research done in South Africa by Gail Kelly (Charlton, 1993:2), involving twenty-five successful business leaders, highlighted the following five factors as fundamental for success. • Leadership. • Motivation of people and interpersonal skills. This includes effective communication. • Ability to learn on the job. • Linking strategic planning to implementation. • Hard work. Despite the obvious importance of motivating people, it is difficult to define and analyse motivation. One group of theories states that motivation has to do with the direction, the effort and the duration of the required behaviour. Another group suggests that the factors that incite and direct motivation should be analysed.

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This thesis is concerned with the phonological representations of words used in lexical storage and retrieval, during speech perception by second language speakers. There is evidence of categorical perception of certain phonological features of words by native speakers of particular languages. This can be constrained by language- particular phonological properties, such as lexical tone, or by distinctions between certain types of consonant. If native language perceptual strategies were used in second language word retrieval, then this would mean there were differences in word storage for second language speakers. This would be reflected in differing patterns of word retrieval for second language speakers of a language with different phonological properties from their own. In order to test this possibility, Hong Kong Cantonese speakers with English as their second language were required to retrieve English words from their word store. Their native language is tonal, unlike English, and they have been found to perceive tones in their native language categorically. Subjects were presented aurally with English sentences which each contained a malapropism for the last word, and were asked to produce the correct word. The malapropisms were systematically varied in their phonological similarity to the target. The phonological variation was determined from evidence drawn from speech error analyses in production and from an analysis of a high frequency sample of words conducted as part of the thesis. Native speakers of English were used as controls in the experiments. Results showed similarities and differences in retrieval between the two groups of subjects. Both groups made use of a number of phonological properties in retrieval. The differences were associated with perceptual strategies involving a suprasegmental phonological property of English, that of lexical stress. Correct words could be retrieved by the Cantonese speakers when word stress was the only shared phonological property of error and target. Native speakers only made use of word stress when other phonological properties were shared by error and target. The use of a number of phonological properties by both sets of speakers during word retrieval is consistent with recent generative linguistic accounts of enriched phonological structure in phonological representations. It is possible that the mind takes account of such constituent structure during speech perception to disanibiguate phonetic stimuli. However, the phonological organisation of lexical representations may vary from one language to another, with information from the same sound signal being used differently by second language speakers of a given language from native speakers

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Columbia University, 1920. / Vita. Published also without thesis note. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. "Bibliography of authorities on the nature of literature and on methods of studying and teaching it": p. 87-88.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Columbia University, 1920. / Vita. Published also without thesis note. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. "Bibliography of authorities on the nature of literature and on methods of studying and teaching it": p. 87-88.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Columbia University, 1900. / Vita. Pub. also as Columbia University contributions to philosophy, psychology and education, v. 8, no. 2. Bibliography: p. 91-92.

A Thesis submitted to The University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine. / The purpose of this research was to assess the quality of the inpatient, health education diabetes program as it relates to primary Spanish speaking patients. Complications from diabetes account for huge personal and financial costs. There is substantial evidence supporting the use of targeted diabetes education to reduce complications but we need to know if our education interventions are valid. In order to accomplish this by auditing the knowledge of a sample of inpatient diabetics before and after receiving the standard MMC Spanish language diabetes education interventions via Spanish language pre and post surveys (standardized by the previously validated SKILLD survey). Demographic and clinical data were analyzed and all significant data (p value <0.05) were considered for their importance. The data demonstrated that in all 10 items on the survey, overall patients were able to demonstrate significant improvement in survey scores. Additionally, comparisons of demographic data demonstrated that being less than 50 years old was associated with improved survey scores. This indicates overall benefit of the training program as well as possible insight into need for more aggressive training for patients greater than 50 years in age.

This study investigates the division of labor between null and overt pronouns in Spanish. The Position of Antecedent Hypothesis (Carminati 2002) posits that null and overt pronouns in null-subject languages differ with respect to antecedent choice in ambiguous constructions. The objectives of this study are to determine i) to what extent native French speakers learning Spanish in adulthood can acquire the same interpretation bias as Spanish speakers, ii) if heritage speakers (HS) of Spanish who grow up in a French environment acquire the same interpretative strategies as native speakers, and iii) if the type of exposure to Spanish influences the extent to which HS and L2 speakers of Spanish acquire the PAH tendencies. Fifty-nine participants (10 HSs, 23 L1 French and 26 L1 Spanish speakers) filled a questionnaire on language background, and completed a written production task and a self-paced judgement task. Our results show that the French and HS’ answers were similar to those of the native speakers, except for the backward anaphora with the matrix subject as the antecedent of the overt pronoun. The French and HSs rated this type of sentence significantly higher than the native Speakers did, which suggests that while French speakers and HS might have acquired the bias for sentences with null pronouns, the bias might not be as strong for the anaphora with overt pronouns. Interestingly, the French speakers tend to be “better” than the HS at rating all sentences like the native speakers.