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Factors influencing language development and use are many. Teacher influences such as teacher:child ratio and teaching experience can affect the types of language children produce. Classroom influences including activities , size of the room, and length of the day also play a role in the development of language. All of these areas need to be considered in order to provide the best possible language environment for the preschool child. In this study, the researchers examined the mean length of utterance (MLU) values of preschool children while participating at three areas in a preschool classroom : art, dramatic play, and snack. Gender differences in MLU were also studied. Sixteen children (8 females, 8 males), ranging in age from 50 to 66 months, participated in the study . The children were currently attending the Child Development Laboratory at Utah State University. For the collection of data , the children wore a tape recorder with a microphone until a 5-minute sample from each of the areas was obtained . These audio recordings were then transcribed and calculated into MLU values. Findings from the analysis of variance tests (3[activity : art , dramatic p l ay, snack] X 2 [gender: male , female]) demonstrated that the children had larger MLU values at snack than at art or dramatic play. Snack time has not always been recognized as an activity area for young children to display typical language use. Overall , and at the three individual areas , there were no gender differences found in MLU. Results of this study may be used in planning how to arrange and organize an environment in which the children are comfortable and have opportunities to converse with both adults and other children.

This thesis explores certain aspects of the structure of lexical semantics and its interaction with pragmatic processes of utterance comprehension, using as a case-study a sample of the English modal verbs. Contrary to previous polysemy-based accounts, I propose and defend a unitary semantic account of the English modals, and I give a relevance-theoretic explanation of the construction of their admissible (mainly, root and epistemic) contextual interpretations. Departing from previous accounts of modality, I propose a link between epistemic modality and metarepresentation, and treat the emergence of epistemic modal markers as a result of the development of the human theory of mind. In support of my central contention that the English modals are semantically univocal, I reanalyse a range of arguments employed by previous polysemy-based approaches. These arguments involve the distributional properties of the modals, their relationship to truth-conditional content, the status of so-called speech-act modality, and the historical development of epistemic meanings: it turns out that none of these domains can offer reasons to abandon the univocal semantic analysis of the English modals. Furthermore, I argue that the priority of root over epistemic meanings in language acquisition is predicted by the link between epistemic modality and metarepresentation. Finally, data from a cognitive disorder (autism) are considered in the light of the metarepresentation hypothesis about epistemic modality. The discussion of modality has a number of implications for the concept of polysemy. I suggest that, despite its widespread use in current lexical semantics, polysemy is not a natural class, and use the example of the Cognitive Linguistics to illustrate that polysemy presupposes some questionable assumptions about the structure of lexical concepts. I propose a division of labour between ambiguity, semantic underdeterminacy, and a narrowed version of polysemy, and present its ramifications for the psychology of word meaning. In the final chapter, I extend the proposed framework for modality to the analysis of generic sentences, thereby capturing certain similarities between genericity and modality.

Does the phenomenon of carnivalesque challenge hegemony and inspire social change? Mikhail Bakhtin coined the term “carnivalesque” to describe the concept of Carnival. During Carnival, social norms were overturned and ignored in favor of a chaotic atmosphere, briefly breaking down the boundaries between class, gender, and other hegemonic perspectives. Modern Carnivals, such as the Rio Carnival, still contain a semblance of the carnivalesque, as well as other holidays that celebrate the grotesque and macabre, like that of the Day of the Dead. The LGBT Pride Parade can also be seen as a modern Carnival, for it focuses heavily on sexual and gender identities that have been suppressed in most of the world. When celebrating these carnivalesque events, one can dress up and change their identity to something less tolerated in an oppressive hegemony. For example, some participants may cross-dress or act in less traditional ways, while others will dress in ways that mock the social standards of royalty or religion. Many of these identities challenged the status quo of society and slowly became accepted. This thesis explores the role the carnivalesque has in celebrating alternative identities and its use as a rhetorical tool for inspiring social change, as well as examine how Carnival uses dialogic language. The methods of exploring this topic include reading Bakhtin’s texts on language and rhetoric, analyzing other sources that also explore language and carnivalesque elements, and considering the history of Carnival and its influence on people and society.

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国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

Orientador: Maria Inez Mateus Dota / Banca: José Carlos Marques / Banca: José Luiz Aidar Prado / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar e descrever os recursos discursivos e enunciativos utilizados pelo Jornal Bom Dia Bauru na construção de suas opiniões e, além disso, detectar, identificar, caracterizar as vozes presentes nos discursos que emanam desses textos. O referencial teórico-metodológico utilizado baseia-se nas Teorias do Jornalismo, que tratam das etapas do processo de transformação dos acontecimentos em notícias e das relações socioprofissionais e linguisticas inerentes a esse processo, que configuram o texto jornalístico como um construto social; nos estudos acerca do jornalismo opinativo, que explicam o papel da opinião no jornalismo brasileiro e suas manifestações práticas, tendo como foco o editorial, gênero que representa os posicionamentos institucionais das empresas jornalísticas sobre os acontecimentos; nos elmentos da Análise Crítica do Discurso (ACD), dos conceitos de heterogeneidade discursiva, de enunciação no jornalismo e de contrato de comunicação/leitura. Para a constituição do corpus, foram selecionados 33 editoriais publicados entre os anos de 2006 e 2007, os quais foram separados e organizados por temas, e cujo assunto principal fosse a prefeitura de Bauru (instituição e agentes). Como principais resultados, constatamos a presença de uma lógica adversarial que rege o discurso dos editoriais, e por meio da qual se estabelece uma contraposição entre os agentes públicos municipais e a população, marcado principalmente por estruturas discursivas que visam desqualisficar as ações dos políticos e vitimizar os munícipes. Em meio a isso, o Bom Dia Bauru visa construir uma relação de comprometimento entre o jornal e seu público-alvo, assim como com a cidade de Bauru, colocando-se como uma instância que está a serviço de seu leitor e, por isso, avalia, julga e fiscaliza o trabalho dos agentes públicos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective of this work is to identify and describe the discursive and enunciative strategies used by the newspaper Bom Dia Bauru in composing its editorials and, besides this, to delect, identify and charactetize the voices present in discourses which emanate from those texts. The theoretical and methodological references are based on the Journalism Theories, which focus the stages of events transformation processes into news and the socioprofessional and linguistic relations inherent to those processes, which configure the journalistic text as a social construct; on studies about opinative journalism, which explain the opinion role in Brazilian Journalism and its practical manifestations, focused in the editorial, a genre that shows the view of journalism companies about the events; on the Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) elements, the concepts of discursive heterogeneity, the utterance in journalism and the communication/reading contract. For composing the corpus, it was selected 33 editorials published between 2006 and 2007, which were separated and organized by themes, whose main subject was Bauru City Hall (the institution and its agents). As the main results, it was found out the presence of an adversarial logic which rules the editorial discourse, whereby it establishes a contraposition between public agents and population, which is mainly market by discursive structures that tend to disqualify the politician actions and to show Bauru citizens as victims. Amid that, Bom Dia Bauru aims to construct a compromise relationship between itself and its target public, just as with the city of Bauru, placing itself as an instance that serves its reader and, hence, analyzes, judges and surpervises the work of the local public agents. However, this attitude manifests itself as dissonant, for tasking, on the one hand, a more combative approach and, on the other... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-05-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:10:09Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 garrido_bs_me_bauru.pdf: 3802781 bytes, checksum: 1cdd1e9754227f4ae15abe0a83fa2627 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar e descrever os recursos discursivos e enunciativos utilizados pelo Jornal Bom Dia Bauru na construção de suas opiniões e, além disso, detectar, identificar, caracterizar as vozes presentes nos discursos que emanam desses textos. O referencial teórico-metodológico utilizado baseia-se nas Teorias do Jornalismo, que tratam das etapas do processo de transformação dos acontecimentos em notícias e das relações socioprofissionais e linguisticas inerentes a esse processo, que configuram o texto jornalístico como um construto social; nos estudos acerca do jornalismo opinativo, que explicam o papel da opinião no jornalismo brasileiro e suas manifestações práticas, tendo como foco o editorial, gênero que representa os posicionamentos institucionais das empresas jornalísticas sobre os acontecimentos; nos elmentos da Análise Crítica do Discurso (ACD), dos conceitos de heterogeneidade discursiva, de enunciação no jornalismo e de contrato de comunicação/leitura. Para a constituição do corpus, foram selecionados 33 editoriais publicados entre os anos de 2006 e 2007, os quais foram separados e organizados por temas, e cujo assunto principal fosse a prefeitura de Bauru (instituição e agentes). Como principais resultados, constatamos a presença de uma lógica adversarial que rege o discurso dos editoriais, e por meio da qual se estabelece uma contraposição entre os agentes públicos municipais e a população, marcado principalmente por estruturas discursivas que visam desqualisficar as ações dos políticos e vitimizar os munícipes. Em meio a isso, o Bom Dia Bauru visa construir uma relação de comprometimento entre o jornal e seu público-alvo, assim como com a cidade de Bauru, colocando-se como uma instância que está a serviço de seu leitor e, por isso, avalia, julga e fiscaliza o trabalho dos agentes públicos... / The objective of this work is to identify and describe the discursive and enunciative strategies used by the newspaper Bom Dia Bauru in composing its editorials and, besides this, to delect, identify and charactetize the voices present in discourses which emanate from those texts. The theoretical and methodological references are based on the Journalism Theories, which focus the stages of events transformation processes into news and the socioprofessional and linguistic relations inherent to those processes, which configure the journalistic text as a social construct; on studies about opinative journalism, which explain the opinion role in Brazilian Journalism and its practical manifestations, focused in the editorial, a genre that shows the view of journalism companies about the events; on the Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) elements, the concepts of discursive heterogeneity, the utterance in journalism and the communication/reading contract. For composing the corpus, it was selected 33 editorials published between 2006 and 2007, which were separated and organized by themes, whose main subject was Bauru City Hall (the institution and its agents). As the main results, it was found out the presence of an adversarial logic which rules the editorial discourse, whereby it establishes a contraposition between public agents and population, which is mainly market by discursive structures that tend to disqualify the politician actions and to show Bauru citizens as victims. Amid that, Bom Dia Bauru aims to construct a compromise relationship between itself and its target public, just as with the city of Bauru, placing itself as an instance that serves its reader and, hence, analyzes, judges and surpervises the work of the local public agents. However, this attitude manifests itself as dissonant, for tasking, on the one hand, a more combative approach and, on the other... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Background: Speech production in Bantu languages places great demands on neuromotor control, because unique speech motor behaviours such as syllabic tone variation and the aspiration of speech sounds require an additional level of vocal fold control compared to speech production in Germanic languages. As these motor behaviours play an important role in differentiating the meaning of words (Van der Merwe & Le Roux, 2014a), neuromotor speech disorders such as dysarthria may have a greater impact on communication in Bantu languages than in Germanic languages. The focus of this study was on syllabic tone variation in Bantu language speakers with dysarthria compared to typical speakers. Sepedi was the Bantu language investigated. Syllabic tone variation refers to pitch level changes for every syllable of words in a tone language (Zerbian & Barnard, 2008a) and requires manipulation of vocal fold length and mass over and above the voicing or devoicing of sounds within words. These pitch changes convey the lexical and grammatical meaning of words and may differentiate between the meanings of two orthographically identical words (Zerbian & Barnard, 2008a). Studies on lexical tone variation in speakers with dysarthria to date have focused mostly on the tone languages of Asia and Scandinavia (Kadyamusuma, De Blesser, & Mayer, 2011). No studies of tone variation in Bantu language speakers with dysarthria were found. Furthermore, past research only regarded tone variation in monosyllabic words, with no reference to how tone would be affected across bisyllabic words and within each of the two syllables of these words. No inquiries were made into the tone variation ability of speakers with dysarthria when producing short utterances compared to longer utterances and mostly speakers with congenital dysarthria were used as research participants. These shortcomings needed to be addressed to gain a more holistic and accurate view of the extent to which tone variation is a challenge for Bantu language speakers with dysarthria. Aims: The first aim of the study was to determine whether a difference exists between typical Sepedi speakers and Sepedi speakers with dysarthria, in their ability to vary tone across CVCV words with a HL tone pattern. The second aim of the study was to determine whether a difference in tone variation exists between short and longer utterances in typical Sepedi speakers and Sepedi speakers with dysarthria. Method: A quasi-experimental, between-group comparison was used in the study. Speech samples were obtained from a control group of five typical Sepedi speakers and from an experimental group of four Sepedi speakers with dysarthria. These speech samples consisted of 20 consonant-vowel-consonant-vowel (CVCV) words with high-low (HL) tone variation produced in three- and also in six- /seven-syllable utterances (resulting in a total of 40 words). The speech samples were analysed acoustically using Praat software. To achieve the first aim, the following acoustic measures were obtained from the 40 words produced by participants: (1) Mean fundamental frequency (F0) of syllable 1 (S1) and syllable 2 (S2), (2) Change in F0 across words from the highest F0 point of S1 to the lowest F0 point of S2, (3) Intrasyllabic change in F0 within S1 and S2. To achieve the second aim of the study, the change in F0 across words in short utterances was compared to the change in F0 across words in longer utterances for the typical speakers and speakers with dysarthria. Results: Wilcoxon rank tests were used for statistical analyses. Descriptive statistics were performed and median values were used to achieve research aims. All of the control participants and participants with dysarthria produced S1 with a higher mean F0 than S2, as was appropriate for the HL tone pattern ascribed to the target words. For most of the individuals from both groups, the mean F0 of S1 was significantly higher than the mean F0 of S2. However, one participant from each group produced an insignificant difference between the mean F0 values of the two syllables. The control group produced slightly greater median F0 changes across the words and within S1 than the dysarthria group, but the differences between the speaker groups for the change in F0 across words and the change in F0 within S1 were insignificant. In contrast to this, the control group produced a significantly smaller median change in F0 within S2 than the dysarthria group. Individual speakers from both groups produced unique patterns of F0 changes for all aspects of tone variation (change in F0 across words and changes in F0 within S1 and S2). Both speaker groups produced a significantly greater median change in F0 across words in short utterances compared to long utterances. The difference in the change in F0 across words between short and long utterances was significantly greater for the control group than for the dysarthria group. Conclusions: The speakers with dysarthria in the study maintained the ability to vary tone across bisyllabic words with an HL tone pattern. The dysarthria group only differed significantly from the control group with regard to the extent of tone reduction in the second syllable. This finding may point to possible difficulties in the required graded relaxation of the vocal folds. Individual differences in F0 changes were found for both typical speakers and speakers with dysarthria, indicating that unique tone variation patterns may normally exist for all speakers. For both control and dysarthria groups, greater tone variation was observed in short compared to longer utterances. The role of increased utterance length in decreased F0 variation was greater for the typical speakers than for the individuals with dysarthria. / Dissertation (M Communication Pathology)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology / M Communication Pathology / Unrestricted