Para que o desenvolvimento de um novo produto tenha melhores chances de sucesso no competitivo mercado atual, as empresas devem preocupar-se em contemplar as reais necessidades dos clientes em seus projetos. Para tanto, é preciso que os desejos dos clientes transformem-se corretamente em especificações de produto claras e objetivas. Caso contrário, as incorretas ou subjetivas especificações-meta podem gerar um produto que não atenda às expectativas do consumidor. Sabe-se que o reprojeto e retrabalho para modificação do produto implicariam em perdas de tempo, custo e qualidade. Por isso, o processo de geração de especificações no desenvolvimento de produtos é crítico para atingir as metas de time-to-market, custo e qualidade do produto final. A tradução da voz do cliente em requisitos técnicos de projeto é, geralmente, realizada através de métodos como, por exemplo, o QFD. Contudo, o QFD não é muito utilizado na prática em diversos tipos de indústrias, como a de eletrodomésticos, devido a sua generalidade e dificuldade de uso. Desta forma, tem-se por objetivo principal desenvolver uma abordagem sistemática para auxiliar a elaboração de especificações-meta de um eletrodoméstico, no caso, um fogão. Foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo em uma empresa do ramo para a verificação da oportunidade de pesquisa e coleta de dados para o desenvolvimento de um método e ferramenta. Em seguida, elaborou-se uma ferramenta em planilha eletrônica na qual as especificações-meta de um fogão são geradas automaticamente a partir das informações de entrada de projeto. A validação da sistemática foi realizada pela análise comparativa do resultado gerado pela ferramenta com produtos anteriores já desenvolvidos pela empresa pesquisada. O resultado deste estudo indicou que o método proposto apresenta-se como um mecanismo para geração de especificações de maneira simples e prática, contribuindo para a maior assertividade no desenvolvimento do produto e possível de ser incorporado ao cotidiano da empresa. / In order for a new product development to have better chances of success in today’s competitive market, companies should focus on meeting the real consumer needs in their projects. Thus, it is necessary that the consumer wishes be transformed correctly into clear and objective product specifications. Otherwise, the incorrect or subjective target specifications could generate a product which does not fulfill to the consumer expectations. It is known that the redesign and rework needed due to product modifications would involve loss of time, cost and quality. So, the specification elaboration process during the product development is critical to achieve the targets as time-to-market, cost and quality of the final product. The translation of the voice of customer into project technical requirements is usually accomplished by such methods as, for example, QFD. However, the QFD is not used very often in several industries, like the home appliances factory, because it is general and difficult to use. Therefore, the main objective is to develop a systematic approach for a home appliance specification elaboration, in this case, a cooker. A field study was conducted in a company of this branch to verify the research opportunity and data collection for the method and tool development. Next, an electronic spreadsheet toll was developed for automatically generate the target specifications of a cooker from input data of the project. The systematic validation was implemented by the comparative analysis among the results obtained by the tool with previous products already developed by the researched company. The result of this study indicates that the method proposed is a mechanism for generating specifications in a simple and practical way, contributing to greater assertiveness in product development and can be embedded in the daily-basis process of the company.

Submitted by Marco Antonio Oliveira da Silva (maosilva@ipen.br) on 2016-12-21T11:30:16Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-21T11:30:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / O sucesso de uma radioterapia depende do correto planejamento da dose a ser entregue ao volume alvo. Na braquiterapia, modalidade da radioterapia onde um radioisótopo selado é implantado intracavitariamente ou intersticialmente no paciente, há menos avanços em sistemas de planejamento de tratamento computacionais do que na teleterapia, amplamente mais utilizada nos serviços típicos. Porém, a braquiterapia, quando aplicável, é preferível por poupar tecidos sadios vizinhos de uma dose desnecessária. O AMIGOBrachy, um sistema de planejamento para braquiterapia de interface amigável, compatibilidade com outros sistemas comerciais em uso e integrado ao código MCNP6 (Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code v. 6) foi desenvolvido no Centro de Engenharia Nuclear do Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (CEN-IPEN) e atualmente está em processo de validação. Este trabalho contribuiu para este processo, avaliando três diferentes casos clínicos através do AMIGOBrachy com o formalismo do TG43 da AAPM (Associação Americana de Física Médica), protocolo que rege a dosimetria em braquiterapia, e comparando seus resultados com as distribuições de dose calculadas por outros sistemas comerciais consagrados: Varian BrachyVision TM (Varian Medical Systems; Palo Alto, CA, EUA) e Nucletron Oncentra® (Elekta; Estocolmo, Suécia). Os resultados obtidos estão dentro de uma faixa de concordância de ±10%, estando mais discrepantes em regiões muito próximas do aplicador, onde os sistemas de planejamento comerciais e o AMIGOBrachy divergem devido aos diferentes métodos de cálculo. Em pelo menos dois terços da região de interesse, porém, a dose concordou em uma faixa de ±3% para os três casos. Também foram realizadas simulações utilizando o formalismo do TG186 da AAPM, que considera heterogeneidades no tecido, para avaliar o impacto dos mesmos na dose. Em adição ao processo de validação, também foi realizado um estudo em braquiterapia oftálmica para posterior inserção de um módulo adicional ao AMIGOBrachy; para isso, um modelo de olho humano foi desenvolvido utilizando geometria UM (Unstructured Mesh), para validação com o código MCNP6, que apenas nesta versão demonstra um novo recurso capaz de simular uma geometria híbrida: parcialmente analítica, parcialmente UM. O modelo considera dez diferentes estruturas no olho humano: esclera, coroide, retina, corpo vítreo, córnea, câmara anterior, lente, nervo óptico, parede do nervo óptico, e um tumor definido de forma arbitrária crescendo da superfície externa do globo ocular em direção ao seu centro. Os resultados foram comparados com um modelo de olho puramente analítico modelado com o MCNP6 e tomado como referência. Os resultados foram satisfatórios em todas as simulações desenvolvidas, exceto para as estruturas do nervo óptico e sua parede, que devido ao seu pequeno tamanho e distância da fonte, mostraram erros relativos maiores, mas ainda menores que 10%, e não representam problema de preocupação clínica uma vez que recebem doses muito pequenas. Discutiu-se também a eficácia e problemas encontrados nessa nova capacidade do código MCNP de simular geometrias híbridas, uma vez que é recente e ainda apresenta deficiências, que tiveram que ser contornadas no presente trabalho. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T14:53:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Emerson Jose.pdf: 1038765 bytes, checksum: 6f58f00ccbf51733d7f976591c66c028 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-01 / Multi-agent systems are evolving to enterprise applications and they are more used in open environments, such as the Internet. Many issues should be considered with this evolution, like security and reliability of communication. In this work, we propose a solution for secure communication and a solution for a reliable communication; both solutions are for multi-agent systems. These solutions adapt XML technologies and consist of several XML Specifications and RDF standard. For secure communication, we adapt the XML-DSig specification to provide integrity and digital signature; the XMLEnc specification is used to provide confidentiality through encryption, and the XKMS specification is used to provide PKI support. For reliable communication, we adapt the WS-RM specification that guarantees the message delivery. The RDF standard enables agents for exchanging messages using XML syntax. In this work, the tests with prototypes of the proposed solutions and comparisons with other solutions are also presented. / Sistemas multiagentes estão evoluindo em aplicações corporativas e estão sendo utilizados cada vez mais em ambientes abertos, como a Internet. Vários tópicos devem ser observados nesta evolução, como a segurança e a confiança na entrega das mensagens. Neste trabalho, nós propomos um modelo de comunicação segura e um modelo de entrega de mensagens confiável. Os dois modelos têm tecnologias XML adaptadas, que consistem em várias especificações XML (Extensible Markup Language) e no padrão RDF (Resource Description Framework). Para a segurança, várias especificações foram adaptadas: a especificação XML Signature, que fornece integridade através de assinatura digital; a XML Encryption, que fornece confidenciabilidade através de criptografia; e a XKMS (XML Key management Specification) que fornece suporte ao esquema PKI (Public Key Infrastructure). Para a parte de confiabilidade de comunicação, a especificação WS-RM (WS-ReliableMessaging) foi adaptada para garantir a entrega das mensagens. O padrão RDF foi utilizado para habilitar os agentes a trocarem mensagens usando a sintaxe XML. Neste trabalho, os testes com os protótipos das soluções propostas e as comparações com algumas soluções existentes também são apresentados.

Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse portent sur la modélisation, la spécification et la vérification des modèlesdes Systèmes sur Puce (SoCs) au niveau d’abstraction transactionnel et à un niveau d’abstraction plus élevé.Les SoCs sont hétérogènes: ils comprennent des composants matériels et des processeurs pour réaliser le logicielincorporé, qui est en lien direct avec du matériel. La modélisation transactionnelle (TLM) basée sur SystemCa été très fructueuse à fournir des modèles exécutables des SoCs à un haut niveau d’abstraction, aussi appelésprototypes virtuels (VPs). Ces modèles peuvent être utilisés plus tôt dans le cycle de développement des logiciels,et la validation des matériels réels. La vérification basée sur assertions (ABV) permet de vérifier les propriétés tôtdans le cycle de conception de façon à trouver les défauts et faire gagner du temps et de l’effort nécessaires pourla correction de ces défauts. Les modèles TL peuvent être sur-contraints, c’est-à-dire qu’ils ne presentent pastous les comportements du matériel. Ainsi, ceci ne permet pas la détection de tous les défauts de la conception.Nos contributions consistent en deux parties orthogonales et complémentaires: D’une part, nous identifions lessources des sur-contraintes dans les modèles TLM, qui apparaissent à cause de l’ordre d’interaction entre lescomposants. Nous proposons une notion d’ordre mou qui permet la suppression de ces sur-contraintes. D’autrepart, nous présentons un mécanisme généralisé de stubbing qui permet la simulation précoce avec des prototypesvirtuels SystemC/TLM.Nous offrons un jeu de patrons pour capturer les propriétés d’ordre mou et définissons une transformationdirecte de ces patrons en moniteurs SystemC. Notre mécanisme généralisé du stubbing permet la simulationprécoce avec les prototypes virtuels SystemC/TLM, dans lesquels certains composants ne sont pas entièrementdéterminés sur les valeurs des données échangées, l’ordre d’interaction et/ou le timing. Ces composants nepossèdent qu’une spécification abstraite, sous forme de contraintes entre les entrées et les sorties. Nous montronsque les problèmes essentielles de la synchronisation entre les composants peuvent être capturés à l’aide de notresimulation avec les stubs. Le mécanisme est générique; nous mettons l’accent uniquement sur les concepts-clés,les principes et les règles qui rendent le mécanisme de stubbing implémentable et applicable aux études de casindustriels. N’importe quel language de spécification satisfaisant nos exigences (par ex. le langage des ordresmou) peut être utilisé pour spécifier les composants, c’est-à-dire il peut être branché au framework de stubbing.Nous fournissons une preuve de concept pour démontrer l’intérêt d’utiliser la simulation avec stubs pour ladétection anticipée et la localisation des défauts de synchronisation du modèle. / The work presented in this thesis deals with modeling, specification and testing of models of Systems-on-a-Chip (SoCs) at the transaction abstraction level and higher. SoCs are heterogeneous: they comprise bothhardware components and processors to execute embedded software, which closely interacts with hardware.SystemC-based Transaction Level Modeling (TLM) has been very successful in providing high-level executablecomponent-based models for SoCs, also called virtual prototypes (VPs). These models can be used early in thedesign flow for the development of the software and the validation of the actual hardware. For SystemC/TLMvirtual prototypes, Assertion-Based Verification (ABV) allows property checking early in the design cycle,helping to find bugs early in the model and to save time and effort that are needed for their fixing. TL modelscan be over-constrained, which means that they do not represent all the behaviors of the hardware, and thus,do not allow detection of some malfunctions of the prototype. Our contributions consist of two orthogonal andcomplementary parts: On the one hand, we identify sources of over-constraints in TL models appearing due tothe order of interactions between components, and propose a notion of loose-ordering which allows to removethese over-constraints. On the other hand, we propose a generalized stubbing mechanism which allows the veryearly simulation with SystemC/TLM virtual prototypes.We propose a set of patterns to capture loose-ordering properties, and define a direct translation of thesepatterns into SystemC monitors. Our generalized stubbing mechanism enables the early simulation with Sys-temC/TLM virtual prototypes, in which some components are not entirely determined on the values of theexchanged data, the order of the interactions and/or the timing. Those components have very abstract speci-fications only, in the form of constraints between inputs and outputs. We show that essential synchronizationproblems between components can be captured using our simulation with stubs. The mechanism is generic;we focus only on key concepts, principles and rules which make the stubbing mechanism implementable andapplicable for real, industrial case studies. Any specification language satisfying our requirements (e.g., loose-orderings) can be used to specify the components, i.e., it can be plugged in the stubbing framework. We providea proof of concept to demonstrate the interest of using the simulation with stubs for very early detection andlocalization of synchronization bugs of the design.

The aim of this thesis is to analyse the consumer's purchase decision-making process at the market of the summer vacations and capture current trends of buying summer vacation in the Czech market. The first two chapters are devoted to basic definitions and approaches, serving to understanding consumer behaviour, description of the marketing mix of tourism and the factors affecting the buying decision of the individual. Next part of the thesis examines different phases of the purchase decision-making process by using secondary data. The fourth chapter briefly describes the tourism market in the Czech Republic, its entities and services overview of tourism. The final part is devoted to the analysis of a questionnaire survey carried out by me and the acquired results. My own research is supported by data from Market -- Media -- Lifestyle (MML). The end of the work is composed of the result summary and conclusion of the investigation and it shows clear process of buying summer vacation on the basis of available data.

The goal of the thesis was applying multiparametric diagnostics to determine the state and wear of a high-speed milling machine. In the theoretical section, selected areas of multiparametric diagnostics have been described as well as a significant focus on vibrodiagnostics. The chosen methods for the practical section were incorporated into the group “metrological diagnostics”. Several different types of measurements have been performed on the designed test piece. The measurements were analyzed and lead to these specific results: a drawing of the test piece, a structured methodology for evaluating the test piece, recommendations for diagnostics of the specific machine, and proposals for the future development of the field of metrological diagnostics.

Construction order is an essential production unit of a building company. Managing the order in a building company focuses on processing offers, productive preparation and realisation of construction works. The practical part of this thesis describes and examines the management of orders in two construction companies, whose production is oriented toward realisation of ground-based buildings. The result of this thesis is a comparison of these two companies, the lay-out of standard forms and their implementation into agency of the companies to improve their preparation and realisation of the order.

This thesis deals with problems concerning the management of construction orders in the construction company. This work aims to introduce specific principles, methods and procedures during the management of construction order. First described project „Hotel****Čeladná“, and I continue to work supplier's preparation order.

No description available.

Modern vehicles have electrical architectures whose complexity grows year after year due to feature growth corresponding to customer expectations. The latest of the expectations, automation of the dynamic driving task however, is poised to bring about some of the largest changes seen so far. In one fell swoop, not only does required functionality for automated driving drastically increase the system complexity, it also removes the fall-back of the human driver who is usually relied upon to handle unanticipated failures after the fact. The need to architect thus requires a greater rigour than ever before, to maintain the level of safety that has been associated with the automotive industry. The work that is part of this thesis has been conducted, in close collaboration with our industrial partner Scania CV AB, within the Vinnova FFI funded project ARCHER. This thesis aims to provide a methodology for architecting during the concept phase of development, using industrial practices and principles including those from safety standards such as ISO 26262. The main contributions of the thesis are in two areas. The first area i.e. Part A contributes, (i) an analysis of the challenges of architecting automated driving, and serves as a motivation for the approach taken in the rest of this thesis, i.e. Part B where the contributions include, (ii) a definition of a viewpoint for functional safety according to the definitions of ISO 42010, (iii) a method to systematically extract information from legacy components and (iv) a process to use legacy information and architect in the presence of uncertainty to provide a work product, the Preliminary Architectural Assumptions (PAA), as required by ISO 26262. The contributions of Part B together comprise a methodology to architect the PAA.   A significant challenge in working with the industry is finding the right fit between idealized principles and practical utility. The methodology in Part B has been judged fit for purpose by different parts of the organization at Scania and multiple case studies have been conducted to assess its usefulness in collaboration with senior architects. The methodology was found to be conducive in both, generating the PAA of a quality that was deemed suitable to the organization and, to find inadequacies in the architecture that had not been found earlier using the previous non-systematic methods. The benefits have led to a commissioning of a prototype tool to support the methodology that has begun to be used in projects related to automation at Scania. The methodology will be refined as the projects progress towards completion using the experiences gained. A further impact of the work is seen in two patent filings that have originated from work on the case studies in Part B. Emanating from needs discovered during the application of the methods, these filed patents (with no prior publications) outline the future directions of research into reference architectures augmented with safety policies, that are safe in the presence of detectable faults and failures. To aid verification of these ideas, work has begun on identifying critical scenarios and their elements in automated driving, and a flexible simulation platform is being designed and developed at KTH to test the chosen critical scenarios. / Efterfrågan på nya funktioner leder till en ständigt ökande komplexitet i moderna fordon, speciellt i de inbyggda datorsystemen. Införande av autonoma fordon utgör inte bara det mest aktuella exemplet på detta, utan medför också en av de största förändringar som fordonsbranschen sett. Föraren, som ”back-up” för att hantera oväntade situationer och fel, finns inte längre där vid höggradig automation, och motsvarande funktioner måste realiseras i de inbyggda system vilket ger en drastisk komplexitetsökning. Detta ställer systemarkitekter för stora utmaningar för att se till att nuvarande nivå av funktionssäkerhet bibehålls. Detta forskningsarbete har utförts i nära samarbete med Scania CV AB i det Vinnova (FFI)-finansierade projektet ARCHER. Denna licentiatavhandling har som mål att ta fram en metodik för konceptutveckling av arkitekturer, förankrat i industriell praxis och principer, omfattande bl.a. de som beskrivs i funktionssäkerhetsstandards som ISO 26262. Avhandlingen presenterar resultat inom två områden. Det första området, del A, redovisar, (i) en analys av utmaningar inom arkitekturutveckling för autonoma fordon, vilket också ger en motivering för resterande del av avhandlingen. Det andra området, del B, redovisar, (ii) en definition av en ”perspektivmodell” (en s.k. ”viewpoint” enligt ISO 42010) för funktionssäkerhet, (iii) en metod för att systematiskt utvinna information från existerande komponenter, och (iv) en process som tar fram en arbetsprodukt för ISO 26262 – Preliminära Arkitektur-Antaganden (PAA). Denna process använder sig av information från existerande komponenter – resultat (iii) och förenklar hantering av avsaknad/osäker information under arkitekturarbetet. Resultaten från del B utgör tillsammans en metodik för att ta fram en PAA. En utmaning i forskning är att finna en balans mellan idealisering och praktisk tillämpbarhet. Metodiken i del B har utvärderats i flertalet industriella fallstudier på Scania i samverkan med seniora arkitekter från industrin, och har av dessa bedömts som relevant och praktiskt tillämpningsbar. Erfarenheterna visar att metodiken stödjer framtagandet av PAA’s av   lämplig kvalitet och ger ett systematiskt sätt att hantera osäkerhet under arkitekturutvecklingen. Specifikt så gjorde metoden det möjligt att identifiera komponent-felmoder där arkitekturen inte var tillräcklig för åstadkomma önskad riskreducering, begränsningar som inte hade upptäckts med tidigare metoder. Ett prototypverktyg för att stödja metodiken har utvecklats och börjat användas på Scania i projekt relaterade till autonoma fordon. Metodiken kommer sannolikt att kunna förfinas ytterligare när dessa projekt går mot sitt slut och mer erfarenheter finns tillgängliga. Arbetet i del B har vidare lett till två patentansökningar avseende koncept som framkommit genom fallstudierna. Dessa koncept relaterar till referensarkitekturer som utökats med policies för personsäkerhet (Eng. ”safety”) för att hantera detekterbara felfall, och pekar ut en riktning för framtida forskning. För att stödja verifiering av dessa koncept har arbete inletts för att identifiera kritiska scenarios för autonom körning. En flexibel simuleringsplattform håller också på att designas för att kunna testa kritiska scenarios. / Vinnova-FFI funded Project ARCHER