No description available.

The precision of formal specifications allows us to prove program correctness. Even if formal methods are not used throughout the software project, formalisation improves our understanding of the problem. Formal specifications are amenable to automated analysis and consistency checking. However using them is challenging. Customers do not understand formal notations. Specifiers have difficulty tackling large problems. Once systems are built, formal specifications quickly become outdated during software maintenance. A method of developing formal specifications using concrete scenarios is proposed to tackle the disadvantages just mentioned. A concrete scenario describes system behaviour with successive steps. The pre- and post-states of scenario steps are expressed with actual data rather than variables. Concrete scenarios are expressed in a natural language or formal notation. They increase customer involvement in the creation of formal specifications. Scenarios may be ranked by priorities allowing specifiers to focus on a small part of the system. Formal specifications are constructed incrementally. New requirements are also captured in concrete scenarios which guide the modification of formal specifications. On one hand, concrete scenarios assist the creation and maintenance of formal specifications. On the other hand, they facilitate program correctness proofs without using conventional formal specifications. This is achieved by adding implementation details to customer scenarios. The resulting developer scenarios, encapsulating decisions of data structures and algorithms, are generalised to operation schemas. With the implementation details, the schemas written in formal notations are programs rather than specifications.

No description available.

Conditions under which compositions of component systems form a well-defined system-of-systems are here formulated at a fundamental level. Statement of what defines a well-defined composition and sufficient conditions guaranteeing such a result offers insight into exemplars that can be found in special cases such as differential equation and discrete event systems. For any given global state of a composition, two requirements can be stated informally as: (1) the system can leave this state, i.e., there is at least one trajectory defined that starts from the state; and (2) the trajectory evolves over time without getting stuck at a point in time. Considered for every global state, these conditions determine whether the resultant is a well-defined system and, if so, whether it is non-deterministic or deterministic. We formulate these questions within the framework of iterative specifications for mathematical system models that are shown to be behaviorally equivalent to the Discrete Event System Specification (DEVS) formalism. This formalization supports definitions and proofs of the afore-mentioned conditions. Implications are drawn at the fundamental level of existence where the emergence of a system from an assemblage of components can be characterized. We focus on systems with feedback coupling where existence and uniqueness of solutions is problematic.

QC 351 A7 no. 69 / The history of modern wide -field, high-speed catadioptric lenses is reviewed. One system comprising only spherical curves and representative of the current art for low-light-level systems is evaluated and used as a baseline design in a weight-reduction study. Five aspheric designs are computed and evaluated. It is found that the use of aspherics will permit weight reduction only in certain instances, i.e., if one element of an all-spherical design can be eliminated or if a fundamentally different configuration that is possible only with aspherics is substituted for the all-spherical configuration. Of these possibilities, the elimination of an element is the best replacement for the baseline design. The case of a highly constrained, purely refractive triplet is studied in some detail. Four designs are computed -from the all-spherical case to the most complex polynomial aspheric. It is found that, if only conic aspherics are employed, significant improvement can be obtained and the problems involved are sensibly the same as those in all-spherical designs. When complex aspherics are applied, the problem becomes surprisingly difficult, and there is some indication that a computer can deal with it better than can a human lens designer.

This practicum explores the requirements necessary for the creation of a national standard of plants and living materials. It defines the types of language and documents that are used in the communication between landscape architects, contractors and living material producers/providers. It defines the practical applications of standards in the landscape industry and outlines the process in which two governing organizations worked together to create a national standard with the inclusion of regional supplements. It then outlines the issues surrounding regional specific appendices and provides a local (Manitoba) alternative to the Container Grown Plants section of the National Landscape Standard. / May 2016

This thesis focuses on determine analysis of the job requirements in the enterprise VK VACOVSKÝ GROUP s.r.o. As a part of this company have been prepared the individual job descriptions and the job specifications. This thesis is divided into three parts. The first part is characterized by the object and the purposes of the work, outlines the hypothesis and the methodology solutions. The informations needed to the job analysis were obtained through the method of the questionnaire, the personal interviews and the analysis of the corporate documentation. The second part deals with the explanation of basic concepts relating to the job analysis. The third section focuses on the characteristics of the company, describes the result of the empirical investigation and conclusions, which outlines the individual job descriptions, the job specifications and the new organizational structure.

Lors de la réalisation des pièces d’un mécanisme, le fabricant se doit de respecter les exigences géométriques exigées par le client. Ces exigences sont issues de besoins fonctionnels du mécanisme à tous les stades de son cycle de vie. Le fabricant lors des opérations successives d’usinage, avec ou sans enlèvement de matière, doit définir les exigences de la géométrie ajoutée au poste. La combinaison de ces exigences affectées de leur tolérance doit être comparée aux exigences géométriques du client. L’objectif du travail présenté est la définition d’une méthode optimisant, rationnellement, les exigences géométriques des surfaces créées. Nous définirons les spécifications géométriques, au sens de l’iso 1101, mais la valeur de ces tolérances ne sera pas abordée dans ce travail, d’autres équipes ayant réalisés des travaux de qualité. L’étude poussée de la méthode 1D utilisée dans l’ensemble du groupe Renault pour définir les fiches schéma nous a montré ses limites lors de la multiplication des posages orientés différemment. Par contre l’optimisation du choix des spécifications influentes a retenu notre intérêt. L’étude des méthodes du bureau d’études pour la recherche de spécifications des pièces composant un mécanisme nous a permis de faire l’analogie avec les phases d’usinages. En effet le passage successif de la pièce sur les différents postes d’usinage s’apparente à des assemblages temporaires qui mettent en œuvre des surfaces actives qu’elles soient de posage ou créées à l’opération. La modélisation du processus d’usinage à l’aide d’une représentation graphique est largement utilisée par la communauté travaillant dans le tolérancement. Nous avons développé dans notre travail un modèle de représentation appelé SPIDER GRAPH. Ce modèle essentiellement pédagogique nous permet de visualiser le déroulement de l’algorithme développé à l’occasion de ce mémoire. Il met en valeur la succession de liens entre les différentes surfaces intervenant pour réaliser une spécification exigée. Deux méthodes utilisant le concept SATT pour la mise en position des ensembles de surfaces de tolérancement de fabrication 3D sont décrites : « Recherche des chemins du process contraignant les degrés de liberté de la spécification fonctionnelle ». Nous avons identifié, en se référant aux résultats développés par DESROCHERS, toutes les combinaisons possibles entre des entités simples et leurs correspondances en termes de type de tolérance. Une validation par un exemple a été établie et un ensemble de spécifications géométriques de fabrication a été généré. Cette méthode qui s’appuie successivement sur les surfaces du système de référence ne permet pas une écriture se référant à des systèmes de référence. Nous avons donc développé une alternative à ce travail initial. « Méthode rationnelle de tolérancement de fabrication 3D » Cette méthode est représentée par un logigramme qui prend en compte la hiérarchie des surfaces lors des posages. Il prend également en compte les inversions de spécifications entre la référence et la surface spécifiée. Lors de la création de surfaces temporaires qu’elles soient de posage ou d’usinage, la méthode permet de spécifier ces surfaces dans les opérations considérées. Lors du développement de cette méthode originale, nous avons repris la totalité des fiches de cotations SATT, développées par CLEMENT et aussi les modélisations vectorielles de ces cas d’association décrites par GAUNET. A l’aide des lois d’identification des paramètres de mise en position relative entre SATT, nous avons pu générer, l’ensemble des spécifications géométriques capables de mener au respect de la spécification géométrique fonctionnelle. Cette méthode assure la traçabilité des liens successifs entre les surfaces actives lors des différentes opérations. [...] / During the realization of the mechanism pieces, the manufacturer must respect the customer geometrical requirements. These requirements arise from functional needs of the mechanism in all its life cycle stages. During the successive operations of manufacturing, with or without material removing, the manufacturer has to define the added geometry requirements in each phase. The combination of these requirements affected by their tolerance must be compared with the functional geometrical requirements. The objective the actual work is to define a method optimizing, in a rational way, the geometrical requirements of the created surfaces. We shall define the geometrical specifications, according to the standard “ISO on 1101”, but the quantification of the tolerance zones will not be approached on this work, other teams have given good results. The 1D method, used in the whole of the group Renault to define process cards, is limited during the reproduction of positioning surfaces directed differently. On the other hand the optimization of the influential specifications retained our interest. The study of the engineering consulting firm method, used for the search of the each pieces specification composing a mechanism, allowed us to make analogy with the manufacturing phases. Indeed the successive manufacturing operation on various posts is similar to temporary assemblies which implement active surfaces whether they are positioning or machined surfaces, existing in this phase. The modeling of the manufacturing process by means of a graphic representation is widely used on the tolerance filed. We developed in our work a model of representation called SPIDER GRAPH. This essentially educational model allows us to show the progress of the algorithm, developed in this these. It emphasizes the succession of links between the various surfaces with intervene in the generation of needed manufacturing specification. Two methods based on the TTRS concept to select all needed surfaces in 3D manufacturing tolerancing are described: « Search of the process links constraining the functional forbidden displacement ». In this method we identified, by referring to the results developed by DESROCHERS, all the possible combinations between simple entities and their tolerance type correspondences. An example of validation is afterward established and a set of geometrical manufacturing specifications were generated. With this previous method we are constrained to treat the surfaces that constitute the functional reference system independently, one by one, which is not conform to the standard. What urged us to look for another alternative able to remedy to this problem. « Rational method for 3D manufacturing tolerancing synthesis based on TTRS approach » This method is represented by an algorithm which takes into account the hierarchy of positioning surfaces and the specifications inversions between the reference and the specified surface. During the creation of temporary surfaces, whether they are used for positioning or they are machined, the method allows to generate the appropriate tolerance specification in the considered phase. During the development of this method, we took back the totality of the tolerancing process TTRS cards, developed by CLÉMENT and also the vectorial modelling of these associations’ cases, described by GAUNET. With the relatives positioning parameters rules, we were able to generate at the end of the treatment all the geometrical specifications capable to ensure the respect of the functional geometrical specification. This method insures the traceability of the successive links between the active surfaces during the various manufacturing operations. These links which can be represented on the SPIDER GRAPH will allow determining mathematically or in a probability way the consequence of these various pieces transfer between machines.

Thesis (M. Sc) --University of Limpopo, 1999 / refer to ducument

Thesis (M.S.)--Ohio University, June, 2007. / Title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references.