Den snabba tekniska utvecklingen och en ökad globalisering som har skett i världen under de senaste decennierna har bidragit till en större exponering av digitala data och därmed skapat större risker för otillbörlig behandling och användning av person-uppgifter. Skydd av personuppgifter regleras av en EU-förordning som heter Gene-ral Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) som trädde i kraft 2018. En kategori av per-sonuppgifter som har fått ett starkare skydd i GDPR är känsliga personuppgifter. Syftet med denna studie är att göra en inledande analys av begreppet ’känslig per-sonuppgift’ som ett mellanbegrepp, med fokus på begreppets grunder och följder vad beträffar tillåten behandling av känsliga personuppgifter inom ramen för GDPR. Genomförandet består av analys av källmaterial som utgörs av lagtext som beskriver begreppet ’känslig personuppgift’ och undantagssituationer som tillåter hantering av denna uppgift (Artikel 9 i GDPR). Resultatet är en analys av begreppet ’känslig per-sonuppgift’ med sju grunder och två villkorliga normativa följder. Följderna innehål-ler tio undantagsvillkor för tillåten behandling av känsliga personuppgifter. Det har visat sig att både grunderna och de tio undantagen potentiellt innehåller mellanbe-grepp som inte är så tydligt formulerade i lagtexten och därför kan kräva en djupare analys. Det kan också vara fallet att det finns ett behov av att vidare analysera grun-derna och undantagen som så kallade grundöppna mellanbegrepp.

When highschool students apply for university physics programs they are taking a significant stepdown a path suggestively leading them closer to becoming physics community members. Highschoolstudents’ ideas of what physicists do at work might however differ from what physicists actuallydo. In order to inspire highschool students to do physics and give them a better understanding ofwhat physicists do at work, four highschool students at a Swedish highschool were invited to do alaboratory project at Uppsala University, Sweden. To understand how student attitudes may have been affected by the project and to analyze the process in search of finding out more about what waschallenging for the students, the author of this paper attended several laboratory sessions to observethe students, interviewed the students, and had the students take a pre- and post standardizedtest, before and after the laboratory period to compare their attitudes toward physics with those of experts. Theoretical frameworks of identity negotiation and student participation, and activity theory were used to identify what enabled or hindered the students and the professor in terms of succesfully completing the project. Other than finding out about changes in student attitudes, one goal ofthis study was to produce suggestions for improvements on how the laboratory project could be designed for future installments. The results showed that both the students and the professor weresuccesfull in achieving their objectives but that there were several problems that arose during theprocess that caused the project from progressing optimally. From the observation data and relevanttheory, a set of suggestions for project improvements were generated. Though the standardized testfor comparing students attitudes with those of experts did not reveal anything significant, it wasclear from the interviews with the students had been inspired to do more physics and that theirperspective on what physicist do had shifted closer to represent what physicist actually do at work.

No description available.

Studien ämnar att undersöka sambandet mellan den fysiska miljön och kriminalitet. I uppsatsen undersöks stadsdelen Karlslund i Landskrona som år 2017 blev utnämnt som ett särskilt utsatt område av Polisen. Studien genomfördes i syfte att undersöka på vilket sätt den fysiska miljön kan utformas för att förhindra situationer som möjliggör brott. Vidare studeras utmaningar som kan tillkomma till följd av ett situationellt brottspreventivt arbete. I Karlslund pågår ett förändringsarbete som studerats i uppsatsen för att få förståelse över hur brottspreventiva aspekter tas i beaktning när stadsdelen utvecklas. Studien presenterar kvalitativ data där empiri samlats in från intervjuer, litteratur- och dokumentstudier. Intervjuerna har genomförts med Polisen, Stadsbyggnadsförvaltningen, ett fastighetsföretag och en förening i Landskrona. Uppsatsen redovisar en analys innehållande studiens empiri i kombination med teorier inom situationell brottsprevention. Två väsentliga teorier i uppsatsen är Jane Jacobs Gatans ögon och CPTED vilka främjar för mänsklig närvaro och social kontroll i stadsrummet. Studien har ur ett situationellt brottspreventivt perspektiv identifierat att Karlslunds storskaliga bebyggelse, gatunät utifrån SCAFT- principerna och uppväxta grönska inte tillgodosett flöden, rörelse, gemenskap och överblickbarhet i området, vilket enligt uppsatsens teorier är väsentliga aspekter för att uppnå en social kontroll. Förändringsarbetet i stadsdelen fokuserar på att åtgärda dessa aspekter genom att förändra områdets gatunät, tillföra en multifunktionell bebyggelse, reducera grönska, tillföra mötesplatser och aktiviteter. Förändringarna ska möjliggöra en social kontroll och flöden i stadsrummet, samt främja för en ansvarskänsla hos boende i området. Studien har identifierat utmaningar med de situationellt brottspreventiva aspekterna som inkluderats i förändringsarbetet i Karlslund, vilket skapar utrymme att kritisera uppsatsens teorier. Exempelvis har studien visat att förändringar i den fysiska miljön kan ske på bekostnad av andra värden. Vidare har det framgått att en ökad formell kontroll kan skapa förflyttningar av kriminella till närliggande områden. Likväl diskuteras om en social kontroll kan tillgodoses genom förändringar i den fysiska miljön. I uppsatsen presenteras exempel från Karlslund som ifrågasätter huruvida en social kontroll kommer som resultat av att flöden och närvaro skapas samt under vilka omständigheter som människor är villiga att ingripa i stadsrummet. / The study is based on investigating the relationship between the physical environment and crime. The paper examines the Karlslund district in Landskrona, which in 2017 was designated as a particularly vulnerable area by the police. The study was conducted in order to investigate how the physical environment can be designed to prevent situations that enable crime. Furthermore, the challenges that may arise as a result of situational crime prevention work are problematized. In Karlslund, a change process is underway that is studied in the paper to gain an understanding of how crime prevention aspects are taken into account when the neighborhood is developed. The study presents qualitative data where empirical data was collected from interviews, literature and document studies. The interviews have been conducted with the Police, the Urban Development Administration, a real estate company and citizens in Landskrona. The paper presents an analysis containing the study's empirical data in combination with theories in situational crime prevention. Two essential theories in the thesis are Jane Jacobs' Eyes of the Street and CPTED, which promote human presence and social control in the urban space. The study has identified that Karlslund's large-scale buildings, street network based on the SCAFT principles and mature greenery have not met situational crime prevention aspects. The district's physical environment does not promote flows, movement, community and visibility in the area, which according to the thesis' theories are essential aspects for achieving social control. The change work in the district focuses on remedying these aspects by changing the area's street network, adding a multifunctional building, reducing greenery, adding meeting places and activities. The changes should enable social control and flows in the urban space, and promote a sense of responsibility among residents in the area. The study has identified challenges with the situational crime prevention aspects included in the change work in Karlslund. For example, the study has shown that changes in the physical environment can occur at the expense of other values. Furthermore, it has been shown that increased formal control can create movements of criminals to neighboring areas. Nevertheless, theories in crime prevention are criticized whether social control can be met through flows and human presence. The paper presents examples from Karlslund that question whether social control comes as a result of creating flows and presence and under what circumstances people are willing to intervene.

I dagens samhälle har vi alla ett stort ansvar, inte minst företag. Företags samhällsansvar, benämnt CSR, är idag en mycket viktig del i dagens stora utmaningar med hållbarhetsarbete. Därför är det av stort intresse att veta om denna utveckling med ansvar kan ske med bidrag till företags kärnverksamhet, lönsamhet, för att på så vis ge incitament för just CSR-arbete. Detta arbete försöker besvara frågeställningen På vilka sätt har CSR visat sig ha effekt på företags lönsamhet? Arbetet har i syfte att ge en översikt i CSR:s företagsmässiga påverkan med hänsyn till lönsamhet baserat på tidigare forskning för att förtydliga de olika delarna som därmed berörs. Detta gjordes genom en kvantitativ metod där en litteraturstudie, samt ett ramverk är de huvudsakliga tillvägagångssätten för att uppnå studiens syfte och mål. Med hjälp av metoden och med hänsyn till syfte och frågeställning observerades ett antal faktorer till följd av CSR-arbete som kan påverka lönsamhet. Dels påverkan på lönsamhet genom konkurrensfördelar; innovation, effektivt resursutnyttjande och förbättrat företagsrykte. Dels påverkan på lönsamhet genom organisatoriska fördelar; organisatoriskt engagemang och motivation. Dels påverkan på lönsamhet genom värdeskapande; långsiktiga tillväxtmöjligheter, attraherande av arbetskraft och konsumenter samt värde genom image, innovation och möjligheter. Slutligen också genom direkt lönsamhetspåverkan i form av ökade vinster till följd av differentiering och möjlighet till uttag av högre premier. Viss motsättning gentemot detta resultat observerades men givet samhällets utveckling över senare år samt uppföljande studier är slutsatsen ändå klar: det är till fördel för företag att arbeta med CSR sett till lönsamhet. Dock är här att betona att lönsamheten snarare uppnås genom möjlighet till konkurrenskraft än direkt monetär utdelning. / In today's society, we all have a great responsibility, not least companies. Corporate social responsibility, called CSR, is today a very important part of the major challenges within sustainability. Therefore, it is of great interest to know whether this development with responsibility can take place within contributions to the company's core business profitability, to provide incentives for CSR. This study aims to answer the question In what way has CSR been observed to have an effect on the profitability of companies? The study aims to provide an overview of CSR's business impact with regard to profitability based on previous research to clarify the various parts that consequently are affected. This was done through a quantitative method where a literature study and a framework are the main approaches to achieve the aim and objectives. Using the method described above and taking the objectives and the question into consideration, a number of factors were observed as a result of CSR work that can affect profitability. Firstly, the impact on profitability through competitive advantages; innovation, efficient resource utilization and improved corporate reputation. Secondly, the impact on profitability through organizational benefits; organizational commitment and motivation. Thirdly, the impact on profitability through value creation; long-term growth opportunities, attracting labor and consumers and value through image enhancements, innovation and opportunities. Finally, also through direct profitability impact in the form of increased profits as a result of differentiation and the possibility of adding higher premiums. Some contradictions to this result was observed, but given the development of the society over recent years and follow-up studies, the conclusion is still clear: it is advantageous for companies to work with CSR in terms of profitability. However, it is important to emphasize that profitability is achieved through the possibility of competitiveness rather than direct monetary dividend as a result of CSR.

Water is one of the fifth element that is the most attractive to humans. We drink, we swim, we admire, we touch, we play... we can’t live without it, and yet it remains a foreign body to us. A mysterious and yet fascinating element, to which we are constantly attracted to. What would Stockholm look like if the city had not taken very pre-cautious measures to protect the body of water that surrounds it? One wonders on the shores of the magni cent Gamla Stan and admires the splendid architecture re ecting itself on the water, which makes Stockholm a very unique, visually peaceful and romantic city: The Venice of the North. Unlike Venice though, Stockholm has kept its water rather «intact», keeping aside a few exceptions. It has a tight control on what happens in, on and out of the water. As an example: waterfronts should never have lights pointing towards the water, or too close to the shore, in order to preserve the ecosys- tem as well as possible. Regulations have turned Stockholm’s water into a «Holy» body. On the other hand, Viking Lines are traveling in and out of the city like planes on a landing strip. The Royal Seaport is developing at a great speed, and the trend keeps accelerating. Furthermore, in the current context of housing shortage and unavailable lands, the municipality has proposed a plan to build an elementary school on the water, because of land shortage. What is the body of water supposed to be? Should it be preserved as an undisturbed place, highly regulated and tightly controlled like natural reserve areas? Or could it also be considered as an actual «place» rather than a simple element - a place in which or with which, inhabitants would be able to fully experience.  With this in mind, I wish to investigate the possibility of connecting two fundamen- tally di erent areas through the body of water that appears to be the only barrier that separates them: the Ekerö area (Parksidan and Solsidan) and the western shore- line of Skärholmen. Ekerö is the third wealthiest municipality of Sweden and Skärholmen regroups a very modest, low income population. I wish to explore the possibilities of developing on, in and around water places that will connect both areas, and that will counteract the segregated aspect of these two neighborhoods. The design of this project will be around the development of connective and interactive spaces for the inhabitants, while fully integrating the qualities of water and the natural forest reserves present in the area. The design will fully respect Stockholm’s regulations on preserving and protecting natural ecosystems, but will also be around the concept of «touchability». Through this design, I hope to show that water can be understood as a whole «place»on its own, on/in which people can live, interact and play. I wish to create oppurtunities for people to connect naturally, rather than forcing the bridging of societies.

The bilberry is a natural resource in European countries, represented by Sweden, and has been shown to have unique health benefits. Therefore, the bio-extraction industry for deriving valuable biomass from bilberries shows promising future development. Currently, there is no study that comprehensively describes the structural component, development path, and system dynamics of the bilberry bio-extraction industry. This thesis interviewed seven stakeholders from the most important regions regarding the bilberry bio-extraction industry, including Europe, the United States, and China. Primary data from industry and academia were collected through the seven semi-structured interviews, as well as secondary data from various sources. The technological innovation system of the global bilberry bio-extraction industry was established, the seven system functions were analyzed, and the development path of the system was summarized and synthesized in a timeline. The study also systematically described and dissected the endogenous dynamics of the global bilberry bio-extraction technology innovation system and the background of the Swedish bilberry bio-extraction field. Suggestions are made for the development of this system in Sweden. The study found that Sweden has sufficient knowledge and technological potential. The main obstacle is the domestic bio-extraction system's lack of capital and resources. Possible recommendations are to encourage industry-academia cooperation and to develop the application of sustainable technologies such as bilberry-leftover. For small start-ups, in addition to software support such as knowledge and technology training, hardware support such as pilot plants and adulteration detection could be given to lower the entry threshold. / <p>Confidential</p>

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Organizations lack knowledge of a relatively new phenomenon of the potential of those with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). As companies today seek to innovate, this paper explores employers’ experiences and perceptions of employing those with ASD. As companies have already begun to integrate adults with ASD into their organizations’ it seems appropriate to help Swedish companies to innovate and give them a competitive advantage. This paper provides a critical analysis on the challenges within the employment market in Sweden to include individuals with ASD in high-quality labor and high-tech industries. Analyzing data from several case studies and relevant literature review, this paper describes the employment discrimination of people with ASD and investigates if such discrimination can be eradicated by developing an innovation to include those people. Further, this paper seeks to explore if such a social innovation can be adopted in Swedish companies. The results of surveyed and interviewed employers showed their knowledge, support, and confidence about ASD was mixed; partially because of the ethics to question one’s neuropsychiatric diagnosis. Additionally, 2 actors were contacted to gain further insight into the process of the social innovation process framework. In summary, these studies find companies lack knowledge regarding ASD. Increasing knowledge and awareness from successful company cases could encourage companies to design ASD, or more broadly neurodiversity, into their organizations in order to innovate. / Organisationer saknar kunskap om ett relativt nytt fenomen som innefattar potentialen hos personer med autismspektrumstörning (ASD). Företag söker ständigt efter innovation, så detta arbete undersöker arbetsgivarnas erfarenheter och uppfattningar om att anställa personer med ASD. Eftersom företag redan har börjat integrera vuxna med ASD i sina organisationer, förefaller det sig lämpligt att hjälpa svenska företag att utvecklas genom innovation och ge dem en konkurrensfördel inom detta ämne. I den här uppsatsen ges en kritisk analys av utmaningarna på arbetsmarknaden i Sverige, som innefattar personer med ASD i högkvalitativa arbeten och högteknologiska industrier. Genom analyser av information från flera fallstudier och relevant litteraturgranskning, beskriver denna uppsats diskrimineringen som innefattar personer med ASD och undersöker om diskriminering kan minska genom utveckling, för att inkludera denna målgrupp. Vidare, syftar denna uppsats på att utforska en sådan social innovation som kan antas i varje företag. Resultaten av undersökningen samt intervjuer, visar att arbetsgivarnas kunskap, support och förtroende för ASD är delade; delvis på grund av etiken att ifrågasätta sin neuropsykiatriska diagnos. Dessutom kontaktades 2 aktörer för att få mer inblick i processen inom ramen för social innovationsprocess. Sammanfattningsvis finner dessa studier att företag saknar kunskap om ASD. Ökad kunskap och medvetenhet från framgångsrika företagsärenden skulle uppmuntra företag att utforma ASD, eller på en mer allmän nivå inom neuro mångfald, i sina organisationer.

This study, aiming to support the future decision-making, presents a model that tries to evaluate the effects of different combinations of likely future changes in the mixed waste generation and of conservative or innovative organisations of the plastic waste handling in the County of Stockholm in the year 2030. The criteria chosen for the evaluation are the energy generated (heat to be used in the district heating network and electricity) from the incineration of plastic waste (which represents nowadays the predominant treatment option for the plastic waste generated in the County of Stockholm) and the amount of virgin raw materials (fossil fuels) needed for the replacement of the plastics not successfully recycled. The results show the importance of the harmonization among the plastic waste composition, the waste collection system and the recycling processes in order to reach a more sustainable configuration of the system. However the uncertainty of some input data hinders a neat evaluation relatively to the selected scenarios.