The purpose of this investigation has been to determine the characteristics of the immune response to 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene when this hapten is conjugated with various types of proteins.

No / To determine the accuracy of radiographer plain radiograph reporting in clinical practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Studies were identified from electronic sources and by hand searching journals, personal communication and checking reference lists. Eligible studies assessed radiographers' plain radiograph reporting in clinical practice compared with a reference standard, and provided accuracy data to construct 2×2 contingency tables. Data were extracted on study eligibility and characteristics, quality and accuracy. Summary estimates of sensitivity and specificity and receiver operating characteristic curves were used to pool the accuracy data. RESULTS Radiographers compared with a reference standard, report plain radiographs in clinical practice at 92.6% (95% CI: 92.0¿93.2) and 97.7% (95% CI: 97.5¿97.9) sensitivity and specificity, respectively. Studies that compared selectively trained radiographers and radiologists of varying seniority against a reference standard showed no evidence of a difference between radiographer and radiologist reporting accuracy of accident and emergency plain radiographs. Selectively trained radiographers were also found to report such radiographs as accurately as those not solely from accident and emergency, although some variation in reporting accuracy was found for different body areas. Training radiographers improved their accuracy when reporting normal radiographs. CONCLUSION This study systematically synthesizes the literature to provide an evidence-base showing that radiographers can accurately report plain radiographs in clinical practice.

The specificity of fungal isolates from endemic Western Australian orchid species and hybrids in the tribe Diurideae was investigated using symbiotic seed germination and analysis of the fungal DNA by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). The distribution of the fungal isolates in the field was also assessed using two different seed baiting techniques. The information from these investigations is essential for developing protocols for reintroduction and translocation of orchid species. Two groups of orchids in the tribe Diurideae were studied. Firstly, a number of Caladenia species, their natural hybrids and close relatives from the southwest of Western Australia were selected because orchid species from the genus Caladenia are considered to have among the most specific mycorrhizal relationships known in the orchid family – an ideal situation for the investigation of mycorrhizal specificity. Secondly, species of Drakaea and close relatives, from the southwest of Western Australia and elsewhere in Australia, which are never common in nature and occur in highly specialised habitats, were selected to investigate the influence of habitat on specificity. Seed from the common species Caladenia arenicola germinated on fungal isolates from adult plants of both C. arenicola and its rare and endangered relative C. huegelii, while seed from C. huegelii only germinated on its own fungal isolates. The AFLP analysis grouped the fungal isolates into three categories: nonefficaceous fungi, C. huegelii type fungi, and C. arenicola type fungi. The group of C. huegelii type fungi included some fungal isolates from C. arenicola. An analysis of the AFLP fingerprints of C. arenicola fungal isolates from different collection locations showed that some, but not all, populations were genetically distinct, and that one population in particular was very variable. Despite being thought to have very specific mycorrhizal relationships, Caladenia species hybridise frequently and prolifically in nature, often forming self-perpetuating hybrid lineages. Five natural hybrids within Caladenia and its closest relatives were investigated. Symbiotic cross-germination studies of parental and hybrid seed on fungi from the species and the naturally occurring hybrids were compared with AFLP analyses of the fungal isolates to answer the question of which fungi the hybrids use. The germination study found that, while hybrid seeds can utilise the fungi from either parental species under laboratory conditions, it is likely that the natural hybrids in situ utilise the fungus of only one parental species. Supporting these observations, the AFLP analyses indicated that while the parental species always possessed genetically distinct fungal strains, the hybrids may share the mycorrhizal fungus of one parental species or possess a genetically distinct fungal strain which is more closely related to the fungus of one parental species than the other. The work on Caladenia hybrids revealed that C. falcata has a broadly compatible fungus that germinated seeds of C. falcata, the hybrid C. falcata x longicauda, and species with different degrees of taxonomic affinity to C. falcata. In general, germination was greater from species that were more closely related to C. falcata: seeds from Caladenia species generally germinated well on most C. falcata isolates; species from same subtribe (Caladeniinae) germinated well to the stage of trichome development on only some of the fungal isolates and rarely developed further; and seeds from species from different subtribes (Diuridinae, Prasophyllinae, Thelymitrinae) or tribes (Orchideae, Cranichideae) either germinated well to the stage of trichome development but did not develop further, or did not germinate at all. The AFLP analysis of the fungal isolates revealed that the fungi from each location were genetically distinct. In situ seed baiting was used to study the introduction, growth and persistence of orchid mycorrhizal fungi. A mycorrhizal fungus from Caladenia arenicola was introduced to sites within an area from which the orchid and fungus were absent, adjacent to a natural population of C. arenicola. In the first growing season, the fungus grew up to 50 cm from its introduction point, usually persisted over the summer drought into the second season and even into the third season, stimulating germination and growth to tuber formation of the seeds in the baits. Watering the inoculated areas significantly increased seed germination. Mycorrhizal relationships in Drakaeinae were less specific than in Caladeniinae. A study of the species Spiculaea ciliata revealed that this species, when germinated symbiotically, develops very rapidly and has photosynthetic protocorms, unlike all other members of the Drakaeinae. An AFLP analysis of the fungal isolates of this species grouped the isolates according to whether they had been isolated from adult plants or reisolated from protocorms produced in vitro. Isolates were genetically distinct when compared before germination and after reisolation. A cross-species symbiotic germination study of seeds of three Drakaea species and one Paracaleana species against fungal isolates from the same species and several other Drakaeinae species revealed lower specificity in this group than previously thought. A number of fungal isolates from Drakaea and Paracaleana species germinated two or more seed types, while all seed types germinated on fungal isolates from other species and the seed of Drakaea thynniphila germinated to some extent on every fungal isolate tested. An AFLP analysis of the Drakaeinae fungal isolates supported this information, revealing little genetic differentiation between the fungi of different orchid species. An ex situ seed baiting technique was used to examine the role of mycorrhizal fungi in microniche specialisation in the narrow endemic Drakaea. Soil samples from within and outside two Drakaea populations were tested for germination of the relevant seed types. In both cases, germination was significantly higher on soil samples from within than outside the populations, suggesting that the relevant mycorrhizal fungi may be restricted to the same microniches as the Drakaea species. The presence of similar fungi at distant, disjunct locations may be related to the extreme age and geological stabilityof the Western Australian landscape. The information from these investigations is essential for developing protocols for reintroduction and translocation of orchid species. It appears that the mycorrhizal relationships in these groups of orchids are not as specific as was previously thought. For reintroduction work, a broad sampling strategy is necessary, as it cannot be assumed that the same orchid species has the same fungus at different locations. A broadly compatible fungus may be of considerable utility in conservation work, such as in situations where a specific fungus appears to have poor saprophytic competence or where soil conditions have been altered. Seed baiting studies provide additional data on fungal distribution in situ. In general, molecular data do not provide information about efficacy or fungal distribution, so research programs that combine symbiotic germination studies with seed baiting investigations and genetic analyses of the fungi will provide the maximum benefit for designing more effective conservation programs.

Acompanhar como se manifesta o perfil da composição corporal (CC), bem como identificar crianças com risco é considerado um parâmetro de saúde. Neste sentido, o presente estudo tem como objetivo identificar o comportamento da CC de escolares com idades entre 10 e 15 anos, nos dois sexos, acompanhadas de forma longitudinal; construir uma distribuição percentílica dos valores do % de gordura; identificar qual indicador antropométrico (IMC, IC e PC) apresenta maior poder discriminatório para o sobrepeso/obesidade, tendo como referência o % de gordura; bem como determinar os pontos de cortes. O banco de dados utilizado na presente investigação é secundário. As informações utilizadas para realização das análises deste estudo fazem parte do banco de dados do PROESP-BR. Para o desenvolvimento do estudo longitudinal, foram utilizados os dados coletados no ano de 2003 até o ano 2008. A amostra foi composta por 71 crianças que participaram de todas as coletas, sendo 30 rapazes e 41 moças. Para a realização do cálculo do % de gordura foram adotadas as equações propostas por Slaughter et al. (1988). Para a análise do perfil da CC nas diferentes idades e sexo, inicialmente analisamos os dados através de um estudo exploratório com o objetivo de avaliar os pressupostos essenciais da análise paramétrica. Após a inspeção, utilizamos médias e desvio-padrão para a descrição dos dados. Quanto ao estudo do dimorfismo sexual nos componentes da CC, utilizamos o teste "t" de student para amostras independentes. Para a avaliação das diferenças entre as idades nos componentes da CC, nos dois sexos, recorremos a ANOVA para medidas repetidas. Para a identificação de qual o teste possui maior poder discriminatório para a identificação do sobrepeso/obesidade, optou-se em estimar o % de gordura como "padrão de referencia" estabelecido a partir dos critérios propostos por Lohman (1987). Inicialmente foi identificada a área total sob a curva ROC entre o IMC, IC, PC e % de gordura. Na seqüência, foi calculada a sensibilidade (SENS) e a especificidade (ESP) entre o % de gordura e as demais variáveis antropométricas. A partir da interação entre SENS e ESP foram estabelecidos os pontos de cortes para o IMC, IC e PC. No que se refere aos resultados do comportamento da CC, percebemos que o % de gordura dos rapazes apresentam valores inferiores ao das moças ao longo de todas as idades e certa redução do % de gordura, principalmente, a partir dos 11 anos. No tocante aos resultados das moças, observamos um comportamento distinto em relação aos rapazes, às moças aumentam o % de gordura ao longo das idades. Para a massa gorda (MG) identificamos um comportamento semelhante entre rapazes e moças, no entanto os valores das moças são superiores ao dos rapazes, evidenciando um desenvolvimento mais acentuado. Nos resultados da massa corporal magra (MCM), identificamos um comportamento parecido entre os sexos, sendo os valores das moças inferiores ao dos rapazes, apresentando diferenças entre os sexos a partir dos 12 anos. No que se refere às análises das relações entre as variáveis antropométricas podemos constatar que entre elas a mais indicada para discriminar crianças com maior risco de desenvolvimento de doenças de ordem metabólica associada ao sobrepeso/obesidade é o IMC. Sobre os pontos de cortes apresentados pela literatura para o IMC, os resultados sugerem que os critérios internacionais apresentam menor poder discriminatório do que os critérios nacionais quando da avaliação do sobrepeso/obesidade de crianças brasileiros. Sugere-se a utilização dos pontos de cortes apresentados na presente investigação, pois estes foram os que apresentaram melhor equilíbrio entre SENS e ESP em comparação com os critérios sugeridos na literatura, bem como estabelecido um ponto de corte para cada idade. / To follow if manifest the profile of body composition (CC), well to identify children to them with risk to the health is identified as a health parameter. In this direction, the present study it has as objective to identify the behavior of CC of pertaining to school with ages between ten and fifteen years, in the two sexs, followwed of longitudinal form; to construct a percentilic distribution of the values of the percentage of fat; to identify to which the values of the total area under curve ROC for the IMC-kg/m², index of coning (IC) and perimeter of the waist (PW), having as reference the percentage of fat, as well as determiner the points of cuts. The data base used in the present inquiry is secondary. The information used for the accomplishment of analyzes of this study are part of the data base of the PROESP-BR. For the development of the longitudinal study, had been used the data collected in the year of 2003 until the year of 2008. The sample was composed for seventy-one children who had participated of all the collections, being thirty youngsters and forty and one young women. For the accomplishment of the calculation of the percentage of fat the equations had been adopted proposals for Slaughter et al. (1988). For the analysis of the profile of the CC in the different ages and sexs, initially we have analyzed the data through of an explorator study with the objective to evaluate the essential estimated ones of the parametric analysis. After the inspection, we used measured and shunting line-standard for the description of the data. About the study of the sexual dimorfismo in the components of the corporal composition, we use test "t" of student for independent samples. For the evaluation of the differences between the ages in the components of the CC, in the two sexs, we appeal the ANOVA for repeated measures. For the identification of which the test has greater to be able discriminatory for the identification of the overweight/obesity was opted in esteem the percentage of fat as "established standard of reference" from the criteria considered for Lohman (1987). Initially the total area under curve ROC between the IMC, IC, PC and percentage of fat was identified. In the sequence, the SENS and ESP were calculated between the percentage of fat and the excessively changeable anthropometrics. Later of the interaction between SENS and ESP the points of cuts for the IMC, IC had been established and PC. As for the results of the behavior of the CC, we perceive that the percentage of fat of the youngsters presents inferior values to the one of the young women throughout all the ages and certain reduction of the percentage of fat, mainly, from the eleven years. In regards to the results of the young women, its observed a distinct behavior in relation to the youngsters, the young women increase the percentage of fat throughout the age. For the fat mass we identify to a similar behavior between youngsters and young women, however the values of the young women are superior to the one of the youngsters, evidencing an accented development more. In the results of the MCM, is identified a behavior similar between the sexs, being the values of the inferior young women to the one of the youngsters, presenting differences between the sexs from the twelve years. As for the analyses of the relations between the antropometrics variable we can evidence that it enters they more indicated it to discriminate the children with bigger risk of development of illnesses of metabolic order associated to the overweight/obesity is the IMC. On the points of cuts presented for literature for the IMC, the results suggest that the international criteria present little discriminatory power of what the national criteria when of the evaluation of the overweight/obesidade of Brazilian children. It is suggested use of the points of cuts presented in the present inquiry, therefore these had been the ones that better present balance between SENS and ESP in comparison with the criteria suggested in literature, as well as established a point of cut for each age.

Acompanhar como se manifesta o perfil da composição corporal (CC), bem como identificar crianças com risco é considerado um parâmetro de saúde. Neste sentido, o presente estudo tem como objetivo identificar o comportamento da CC de escolares com idades entre 10 e 15 anos, nos dois sexos, acompanhadas de forma longitudinal; construir uma distribuição percentílica dos valores do % de gordura; identificar qual indicador antropométrico (IMC, IC e PC) apresenta maior poder discriminatório para o sobrepeso/obesidade, tendo como referência o % de gordura; bem como determinar os pontos de cortes. O banco de dados utilizado na presente investigação é secundário. As informações utilizadas para realização das análises deste estudo fazem parte do banco de dados do PROESP-BR. Para o desenvolvimento do estudo longitudinal, foram utilizados os dados coletados no ano de 2003 até o ano 2008. A amostra foi composta por 71 crianças que participaram de todas as coletas, sendo 30 rapazes e 41 moças. Para a realização do cálculo do % de gordura foram adotadas as equações propostas por Slaughter et al. (1988). Para a análise do perfil da CC nas diferentes idades e sexo, inicialmente analisamos os dados através de um estudo exploratório com o objetivo de avaliar os pressupostos essenciais da análise paramétrica. Após a inspeção, utilizamos médias e desvio-padrão para a descrição dos dados. Quanto ao estudo do dimorfismo sexual nos componentes da CC, utilizamos o teste "t" de student para amostras independentes. Para a avaliação das diferenças entre as idades nos componentes da CC, nos dois sexos, recorremos a ANOVA para medidas repetidas. Para a identificação de qual o teste possui maior poder discriminatório para a identificação do sobrepeso/obesidade, optou-se em estimar o % de gordura como "padrão de referencia" estabelecido a partir dos critérios propostos por Lohman (1987). Inicialmente foi identificada a área total sob a curva ROC entre o IMC, IC, PC e % de gordura. Na seqüência, foi calculada a sensibilidade (SENS) e a especificidade (ESP) entre o % de gordura e as demais variáveis antropométricas. A partir da interação entre SENS e ESP foram estabelecidos os pontos de cortes para o IMC, IC e PC. No que se refere aos resultados do comportamento da CC, percebemos que o % de gordura dos rapazes apresentam valores inferiores ao das moças ao longo de todas as idades e certa redução do % de gordura, principalmente, a partir dos 11 anos. No tocante aos resultados das moças, observamos um comportamento distinto em relação aos rapazes, às moças aumentam o % de gordura ao longo das idades. Para a massa gorda (MG) identificamos um comportamento semelhante entre rapazes e moças, no entanto os valores das moças são superiores ao dos rapazes, evidenciando um desenvolvimento mais acentuado. Nos resultados da massa corporal magra (MCM), identificamos um comportamento parecido entre os sexos, sendo os valores das moças inferiores ao dos rapazes, apresentando diferenças entre os sexos a partir dos 12 anos. No que se refere às análises das relações entre as variáveis antropométricas podemos constatar que entre elas a mais indicada para discriminar crianças com maior risco de desenvolvimento de doenças de ordem metabólica associada ao sobrepeso/obesidade é o IMC. Sobre os pontos de cortes apresentados pela literatura para o IMC, os resultados sugerem que os critérios internacionais apresentam menor poder discriminatório do que os critérios nacionais quando da avaliação do sobrepeso/obesidade de crianças brasileiros. Sugere-se a utilização dos pontos de cortes apresentados na presente investigação, pois estes foram os que apresentaram melhor equilíbrio entre SENS e ESP em comparação com os critérios sugeridos na literatura, bem como estabelecido um ponto de corte para cada idade. / To follow if manifest the profile of body composition (CC), well to identify children to them with risk to the health is identified as a health parameter. In this direction, the present study it has as objective to identify the behavior of CC of pertaining to school with ages between ten and fifteen years, in the two sexs, followwed of longitudinal form; to construct a percentilic distribution of the values of the percentage of fat; to identify to which the values of the total area under curve ROC for the IMC-kg/m², index of coning (IC) and perimeter of the waist (PW), having as reference the percentage of fat, as well as determiner the points of cuts. The data base used in the present inquiry is secondary. The information used for the accomplishment of analyzes of this study are part of the data base of the PROESP-BR. For the development of the longitudinal study, had been used the data collected in the year of 2003 until the year of 2008. The sample was composed for seventy-one children who had participated of all the collections, being thirty youngsters and forty and one young women. For the accomplishment of the calculation of the percentage of fat the equations had been adopted proposals for Slaughter et al. (1988). For the analysis of the profile of the CC in the different ages and sexs, initially we have analyzed the data through of an explorator study with the objective to evaluate the essential estimated ones of the parametric analysis. After the inspection, we used measured and shunting line-standard for the description of the data. About the study of the sexual dimorfismo in the components of the corporal composition, we use test "t" of student for independent samples. For the evaluation of the differences between the ages in the components of the CC, in the two sexs, we appeal the ANOVA for repeated measures. For the identification of which the test has greater to be able discriminatory for the identification of the overweight/obesity was opted in esteem the percentage of fat as "established standard of reference" from the criteria considered for Lohman (1987). Initially the total area under curve ROC between the IMC, IC, PC and percentage of fat was identified. In the sequence, the SENS and ESP were calculated between the percentage of fat and the excessively changeable anthropometrics. Later of the interaction between SENS and ESP the points of cuts for the IMC, IC had been established and PC. As for the results of the behavior of the CC, we perceive that the percentage of fat of the youngsters presents inferior values to the one of the young women throughout all the ages and certain reduction of the percentage of fat, mainly, from the eleven years. In regards to the results of the young women, its observed a distinct behavior in relation to the youngsters, the young women increase the percentage of fat throughout the age. For the fat mass we identify to a similar behavior between youngsters and young women, however the values of the young women are superior to the one of the youngsters, evidencing an accented development more. In the results of the MCM, is identified a behavior similar between the sexs, being the values of the inferior young women to the one of the youngsters, presenting differences between the sexs from the twelve years. As for the analyses of the relations between the antropometrics variable we can evidence that it enters they more indicated it to discriminate the children with bigger risk of development of illnesses of metabolic order associated to the overweight/obesity is the IMC. On the points of cuts presented for literature for the IMC, the results suggest that the international criteria present little discriminatory power of what the national criteria when of the evaluation of the overweight/obesidade of Brazilian children. It is suggested use of the points of cuts presented in the present inquiry, therefore these had been the ones that better present balance between SENS and ESP in comparison with the criteria suggested in literature, as well as established a point of cut for each age.

Acompanhar como se manifesta o perfil da composição corporal (CC), bem como identificar crianças com risco é considerado um parâmetro de saúde. Neste sentido, o presente estudo tem como objetivo identificar o comportamento da CC de escolares com idades entre 10 e 15 anos, nos dois sexos, acompanhadas de forma longitudinal; construir uma distribuição percentílica dos valores do % de gordura; identificar qual indicador antropométrico (IMC, IC e PC) apresenta maior poder discriminatório para o sobrepeso/obesidade, tendo como referência o % de gordura; bem como determinar os pontos de cortes. O banco de dados utilizado na presente investigação é secundário. As informações utilizadas para realização das análises deste estudo fazem parte do banco de dados do PROESP-BR. Para o desenvolvimento do estudo longitudinal, foram utilizados os dados coletados no ano de 2003 até o ano 2008. A amostra foi composta por 71 crianças que participaram de todas as coletas, sendo 30 rapazes e 41 moças. Para a realização do cálculo do % de gordura foram adotadas as equações propostas por Slaughter et al. (1988). Para a análise do perfil da CC nas diferentes idades e sexo, inicialmente analisamos os dados através de um estudo exploratório com o objetivo de avaliar os pressupostos essenciais da análise paramétrica. Após a inspeção, utilizamos médias e desvio-padrão para a descrição dos dados. Quanto ao estudo do dimorfismo sexual nos componentes da CC, utilizamos o teste "t" de student para amostras independentes. Para a avaliação das diferenças entre as idades nos componentes da CC, nos dois sexos, recorremos a ANOVA para medidas repetidas. Para a identificação de qual o teste possui maior poder discriminatório para a identificação do sobrepeso/obesidade, optou-se em estimar o % de gordura como "padrão de referencia" estabelecido a partir dos critérios propostos por Lohman (1987). Inicialmente foi identificada a área total sob a curva ROC entre o IMC, IC, PC e % de gordura. Na seqüência, foi calculada a sensibilidade (SENS) e a especificidade (ESP) entre o % de gordura e as demais variáveis antropométricas. A partir da interação entre SENS e ESP foram estabelecidos os pontos de cortes para o IMC, IC e PC. No que se refere aos resultados do comportamento da CC, percebemos que o % de gordura dos rapazes apresentam valores inferiores ao das moças ao longo de todas as idades e certa redução do % de gordura, principalmente, a partir dos 11 anos. No tocante aos resultados das moças, observamos um comportamento distinto em relação aos rapazes, às moças aumentam o % de gordura ao longo das idades. Para a massa gorda (MG) identificamos um comportamento semelhante entre rapazes e moças, no entanto os valores das moças são superiores ao dos rapazes, evidenciando um desenvolvimento mais acentuado. Nos resultados da massa corporal magra (MCM), identificamos um comportamento parecido entre os sexos, sendo os valores das moças inferiores ao dos rapazes, apresentando diferenças entre os sexos a partir dos 12 anos. No que se refere às análises das relações entre as variáveis antropométricas podemos constatar que entre elas a mais indicada para discriminar crianças com maior risco de desenvolvimento de doenças de ordem metabólica associada ao sobrepeso/obesidade é o IMC. Sobre os pontos de cortes apresentados pela literatura para o IMC, os resultados sugerem que os critérios internacionais apresentam menor poder discriminatório do que os critérios nacionais quando da avaliação do sobrepeso/obesidade de crianças brasileiros. Sugere-se a utilização dos pontos de cortes apresentados na presente investigação, pois estes foram os que apresentaram melhor equilíbrio entre SENS e ESP em comparação com os critérios sugeridos na literatura, bem como estabelecido um ponto de corte para cada idade. / To follow if manifest the profile of body composition (CC), well to identify children to them with risk to the health is identified as a health parameter. In this direction, the present study it has as objective to identify the behavior of CC of pertaining to school with ages between ten and fifteen years, in the two sexs, followwed of longitudinal form; to construct a percentilic distribution of the values of the percentage of fat; to identify to which the values of the total area under curve ROC for the IMC-kg/m², index of coning (IC) and perimeter of the waist (PW), having as reference the percentage of fat, as well as determiner the points of cuts. The data base used in the present inquiry is secondary. The information used for the accomplishment of analyzes of this study are part of the data base of the PROESP-BR. For the development of the longitudinal study, had been used the data collected in the year of 2003 until the year of 2008. The sample was composed for seventy-one children who had participated of all the collections, being thirty youngsters and forty and one young women. For the accomplishment of the calculation of the percentage of fat the equations had been adopted proposals for Slaughter et al. (1988). For the analysis of the profile of the CC in the different ages and sexs, initially we have analyzed the data through of an explorator study with the objective to evaluate the essential estimated ones of the parametric analysis. After the inspection, we used measured and shunting line-standard for the description of the data. About the study of the sexual dimorfismo in the components of the corporal composition, we use test "t" of student for independent samples. For the evaluation of the differences between the ages in the components of the CC, in the two sexs, we appeal the ANOVA for repeated measures. For the identification of which the test has greater to be able discriminatory for the identification of the overweight/obesity was opted in esteem the percentage of fat as "established standard of reference" from the criteria considered for Lohman (1987). Initially the total area under curve ROC between the IMC, IC, PC and percentage of fat was identified. In the sequence, the SENS and ESP were calculated between the percentage of fat and the excessively changeable anthropometrics. Later of the interaction between SENS and ESP the points of cuts for the IMC, IC had been established and PC. As for the results of the behavior of the CC, we perceive that the percentage of fat of the youngsters presents inferior values to the one of the young women throughout all the ages and certain reduction of the percentage of fat, mainly, from the eleven years. In regards to the results of the young women, its observed a distinct behavior in relation to the youngsters, the young women increase the percentage of fat throughout the age. For the fat mass we identify to a similar behavior between youngsters and young women, however the values of the young women are superior to the one of the youngsters, evidencing an accented development more. In the results of the MCM, is identified a behavior similar between the sexs, being the values of the inferior young women to the one of the youngsters, presenting differences between the sexs from the twelve years. As for the analyses of the relations between the antropometrics variable we can evidence that it enters they more indicated it to discriminate the children with bigger risk of development of illnesses of metabolic order associated to the overweight/obesity is the IMC. On the points of cuts presented for literature for the IMC, the results suggest that the international criteria present little discriminatory power of what the national criteria when of the evaluation of the overweight/obesidade of Brazilian children. It is suggested use of the points of cuts presented in the present inquiry, therefore these had been the ones that better present balance between SENS and ESP in comparison with the criteria suggested in literature, as well as established a point of cut for each age.

Chalcid wasps (Chalciodiodea) is superfamily within parasitic group of the order Hymenoptera. These insects attack other arthropods. My thesis is focused on phylogeny of selected species groups of the genus Torymus Dalman 1820, whose range of hosts includes mainly gall-forming insect as gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) and gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Using genes 28D2 rDNA, COI and CytB, I constructed phylogenetic trees, which helped with discussing current view on classification of the genus and with inferring new findings about co-evolution with host organisms. Previously established morphological - ecological species groups were not supported by my analyses in many cases. Morphological traits seem to be convergent for many species. They often do not support observed monophyla as apomorphies. On the other hand, ecology and natural habitat of species was common for many branches in my cladograms. It was found out, that recent hosts are not probably original hosts of the group. Adaptive radiation in different habitats is likely to be the phenomenon that stands behind present-day host range of Torymus species. This process could have occurred after swapping to gall midges and gall wasps. Key words: Chalcidoidea, Torymus, phylogeny, parasitoid, host specifity, co-evolution

La interacción entre gametos es crucial para la fecundación. La zona pelúcida (ZP) se considera responsable de bloquear la polispermia, pero in vitro estas funciones no son totalmente eficientes. La polispermia es frecuente en fecundación in vitro (FIV) en porcino y bovino, mientras que la interacción heteróloga espermatozoide-ovocito ha sido demostrada. Los objetivos fueron estudiar el bloqueo de la polispermia para mejorar los resultados de FIV e investigar las interacciones heterólogas entre espermatozoide humano y ovocito porcino. Los resultados demuestran que se produce endurecimiento de la ZP de ovocitos bovinos y porcinos de forma previa a la fecundación, utilizando DTSP o fluido oviductal bovino. Cuando se utilizan estos ovocitos en FIV aumenta la monospermia y el rendimiento final. En las interacciones heterólogas los espermatozoides humanos pueden unirse a ZP porcina y sufren la reacción acrosómica, pero no penetran los ovocitos sin ZP. En ICSI activan el ovocito y forman pronúcleos. / The interaction between gametes is crucial to fertilization. The zona pellucida (ZP) is responsible to block of polyspermy, but in vitro these functions are not efficient. The polyspermy is frequently in bovine and porcine in vitro fecundation. Besides the heterologous interaction between spermatozoa-oocyte had been described. The aims were study the block of polyspermy to improve the output of IVF and research the heterologous interactions between human spermatozoa and porcine oocyte.The results show that there is hardening of bovine and porcine ZP previously at fertilization, in vivo and using DTSP or bovine oviductal fluid. When these oocytes are used in IVF improve the monospermy and the output. In heterologus interactions the human spermatozoa could bind to porcine ZP and it triggers the acrosome reaction, but not penetration in ZP-free oocyte was observed. In ICSI the oocyte activation and

Morphological-taxonomical study of gryporhynchid cestodes from Africa is presented. New material from Kenya, Senegal and Sudan was studied and we belong to 17 species in 8 orders - Amirthalingamia macracantha (Joyeux et Baer, 1935) Bray, 1974; Anomotaenia riccii (Fuhrmann et Baer, 1943) Baer et Bona, 1960; Cyclustera magna (Baer, 1959) Bona, 1975; Cyclustera sp.; Dendrouterina macrosphincter (Fuhrmann, 1909) Baer et Bona, 1960; Neogryporhynchus sp.; Paradilepis lloydi (Southwell, 1926) Spasski, 1954; Paradilepis maleki (Khalil, 1961); Paradilepis urceina Bona, 1975; Paradilepis urceus (Wedl, 1855) Joyeux et Baer, 1950; Parvitaenia macrocoleo Bona, 1975; Parvitaenia macropeos (Wedl, 1855) Baer et Bona, 1960; Parvitaenia megascolecina Bona, 1975; Parvitaenia purpurea Johri, 1959; Parvitaenia samfyia Mettrick, 1967; Valipora ardeolae (Singh, 1952) Baer et Bona, 1960 and Valipora mutabilis (Linton, 1927). Known larval stages and adults from Africa are presented in review of species.

The hard tick Ixodes ricinus is an important blood-feeding parasite that transmits tick- borne diseases, such as tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme disease. Ticks employ a battery of proteolytic enzymes, including cathepsins, to digest their bloodmeal. These proteins are potential targets for the development of anti-tick vaccines. This work is focused on cathepsin L from I. ricinus (IrCL), namely its isoenzymes IrCL1 and IrCL3. IrCL1 was expressed in Pichia pastoris and chromatographically purified. Its substrate specifity was determined by the cleavage of (a) peptide fluorogenic substrates and (b) protein substrates analyzed by mass spectrometry. The proteolytic activity of IrCL1 was modulated by its interaction with glycosaminoglycans, which affected the pH optimum value. Futhermore, a proteolytically active mutant of IrCL1 with reduced number of N-glycosylation sites was prepared; this form will be used for crystallization experiments. IrCL3 was expressed in Escherichia coli, refolded and activated to its active form. The proteolytic activity of IrCL3 is in many ascpects similar to that of IrCL1, including substrate specifity, acidic pH optimum and activity modulation by glycosaminoglycans. Key words: cysteine proteases, cathepsin L, hard tick I. ricinus, substrate specifity, proteolytic activity...