The objective of this thesis was to develop novel technologies for measuring the physical characteristics of high-speed pulse trains, for use in performance monitoring applications. This thesis describes the development of three separate techniques that perform measurements in either the time domain, frequency domain or the phase space of the optical signal. The first section investigates phase-sensitive pulse measurement techniques. A high- resolution SHG-FROG apparatus was custom-designed to measure 40GHz RZ pulse trains, from which an operational characterisation of a Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) was realised. A numerical model of a nonlinear pulse compressor was developed to compress 40GHz RZ pulses from 8.5ps down to 3.4ps. These pulses were time-division multiplexed to 80GHz, and phase-retrievals of the 80GHz pulse trains were measured. A comparison between the techniques of SHG-FROG and linear spectrogram has been undertaken for 10GHz pulse sources, exposing SHG-FROG's weaknesses at this particular repetition rate. The second section investigates a simple, time-averaged, nonlinear detection technique. Two-photon absorption in a GaAs/InGaAs quantum-well laser diode was used to measure the duty cycle (and by extension, the pulse duration) of a range of pulse sources. This technique was further developed to measure the extinction ratio of NRZ pulse trains. Additionally, the pulse duration of a mode-locked laser source was measured using the nonlinear absorption in a 1-m length of As2Se3 Chalcogenide glass fiber. This demonstrates that the nonlinear properties of this glass may well find application in future instrumentation. The third section investigates the development of an ultra-high resolution swept heterodyne spectrometer. This spectrometer was used to spectrally-distinguish repetitive 8-bit NRZ patterns at 2.5Gbit/s. It was also used to measure the chirp parameter of an X-cut LiNbO3 MZM, revealing a chirp parameter of απ/2 < 0.1 across a modulation band- width of 250-2500MHz. Additionally, the distinctive CW spectrum of a DFB laser diode was measured. Analysis of the measured CW spectrum yielded a linewidth enhancement factor of α≃ 1.8 and also the relative intensity noise of the DFB laser diode.

The objective of this thesis was to develop novel technologies for measuring the physical characteristics of high-speed pulse trains, for use in performance monitoring applications. This thesis describes the development of three separate techniques that perform measurements in either the time domain, frequency domain or the phase space of the optical signal. The first section investigates phase-sensitive pulse measurement techniques. A high- resolution SHG-FROG apparatus was custom-designed to measure 40GHz RZ pulse trains, from which an operational characterisation of a Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) was realised. A numerical model of a nonlinear pulse compressor was developed to compress 40GHz RZ pulses from 8.5ps down to 3.4ps. These pulses were time-division multiplexed to 80GHz, and phase-retrievals of the 80GHz pulse trains were measured. A comparison between the techniques of SHG-FROG and linear spectrogram has been undertaken for 10GHz pulse sources, exposing SHG-FROG's weaknesses at this particular repetition rate. The second section investigates a simple, time-averaged, nonlinear detection technique. Two-photon absorption in a GaAs/InGaAs quantum-well laser diode was used to measure the duty cycle (and by extension, the pulse duration) of a range of pulse sources. This technique was further developed to measure the extinction ratio of NRZ pulse trains. Additionally, the pulse duration of a mode-locked laser source was measured using the nonlinear absorption in a 1-m length of As2Se3 Chalcogenide glass fiber. This demonstrates that the nonlinear properties of this glass may well find application in future instrumentation. The third section investigates the development of an ultra-high resolution swept heterodyne spectrometer. This spectrometer was used to spectrally-distinguish repetitive 8-bit NRZ patterns at 2.5Gbit/s. It was also used to measure the chirp parameter of an X-cut LiNbO3 MZM, revealing a chirp parameter of απ/2 < 0.1 across a modulation band- width of 250-2500MHz. Additionally, the distinctive CW spectrum of a DFB laser diode was measured. Analysis of the measured CW spectrum yielded a linewidth enhancement factor of α≃ 1.8 and also the relative intensity noise of the DFB laser diode.

The objective of this thesis was to develop novel technologies for measuring the physical characteristics of high-speed pulse trains, for use in performance monitoring applications. This thesis describes the development of three separate techniques that perform measurements in either the time domain, frequency domain or the phase space of the optical signal. The first section investigates phase-sensitive pulse measurement techniques. A high- resolution SHG-FROG apparatus was custom-designed to measure 40GHz RZ pulse trains, from which an operational characterisation of a Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) was realised. A numerical model of a nonlinear pulse compressor was developed to compress 40GHz RZ pulses from 8.5ps down to 3.4ps. These pulses were time-division multiplexed to 80GHz, and phase-retrievals of the 80GHz pulse trains were measured. A comparison between the techniques of SHG-FROG and linear spectrogram has been undertaken for 10GHz pulse sources, exposing SHG-FROG's weaknesses at this particular repetition rate. The second section investigates a simple, time-averaged, nonlinear detection technique. Two-photon absorption in a GaAs/InGaAs quantum-well laser diode was used to measure the duty cycle (and by extension, the pulse duration) of a range of pulse sources. This technique was further developed to measure the extinction ratio of NRZ pulse trains. Additionally, the pulse duration of a mode-locked laser source was measured using the nonlinear absorption in a 1-m length of As2Se3 Chalcogenide glass fiber. This demonstrates that the nonlinear properties of this glass may well find application in future instrumentation. The third section investigates the development of an ultra-high resolution swept heterodyne spectrometer. This spectrometer was used to spectrally-distinguish repetitive 8-bit NRZ patterns at 2.5Gbit/s. It was also used to measure the chirp parameter of an X-cut LiNbO3 MZM, revealing a chirp parameter of απ/2 < 0.1 across a modulation band- width of 250-2500MHz. Additionally, the distinctive CW spectrum of a DFB laser diode was measured. Analysis of the measured CW spectrum yielded a linewidth enhancement factor of α≃ 1.8 and also the relative intensity noise of the DFB laser diode.

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία καταπιάνεται με τα προβλήματα Ποιότητας Ισχύος των Συστημά- των Ηλεκτρικής Ενέργειας και ειδικότερα με τη διαταραχή της Αρμονικής Παραμόρφωσης. Συγκεκρι- μένα με τη διείσδυση των Ανανεώσιμων Πηγών Ενέργειας και την τάση για Κατανεμημένη Παραγωγή Ενέργειας αυξήθηκε το ενδιαφέρον για την Ποιότητα Ισχύος των Συστημάτων Ηλεκτρικής Ενέργειας. Οι βασικές εξελίξεις στο πεδίο της ενέργειας και ο εκσυγχρονισμός του εξοπλισμού κυρίαρχα με τη χρήση των ηλεκτρονικών ισχύος αποτέλεσαν αιτία για έγχυση ανώτερων αρμονικών στο ηλεκτρικό δίκτυο. Επιδίωξη της διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι να εισάγει τον αναγνώστη στις βασικές έννοιες των Αρμονικών και της Ποιότητας Ισχύος, καθώς και να παρουσιάσει τη μελέτη έγχυσης αρμονικών μιας κατανεμημένης παραγωγής, συγκεκριμένα ενός φωτοβολταϊκού συστήματος, όταν αυτή συνδέεται με το δίκτυο χαμηλής τάσης. Αναλυτικότερα, αναπτύσσεται η έννοια της Ποιότητας Ισχύος και κατηγοριο- ποιούνται τα προβλήματα Ποιότητας Ισχύος που εμφανίζονται σε ένα ΣΗΕ. Περιγράφεται λεπτομερώς το πρόβλημα της Αρμονικής Παραμόρφωσης της τάσης και του ρεύματος λόγω της μη γραμμικής συ- μπεριφοράς των φορτίων, παρουσιάζεται η θεωρία ισχύος υπό την παρουσία ανώτερων αρμονικών, καθώς επίσης παρατίθεται η ανάλυση Fourier ως βοηθητικό και χρήσιμο εργαλείο για την ανάλυση του φασματικού περιεχομένου ενός σήματος τάσης/ρεύματος. Στη συνέχεια αναλύεται ο όρος της Κατανε- μημένης Παραγωγής και παρουσιάζονται οι βασικές ανανεώσιμες και μη-συμβατικές πηγές ενέργειας που χρησιμοποιούνται σε συστήματα Κατανεμημένης Παραγωγής Ενέργειας, υπό το πρίσμα στατιστι- κών στοιχείων για την παγκόσμια ενεργειακή κατάσταση. Για την εξυπηρέτηση των στόχων της διπλωματικής εργασίας επιλέχθηκε η προσομοίωση μιας Κα- τανεμημένης Παραγωγής, εκείνης ενός φωτοβολταϊκού συστήματος 5.5kW συνδεδεμένου στο δίκτυο χαμηλής τάσης, μέσω ενός μετατροπέα υποβιβασμού τάσης και ενός τριφασικού αντιστροφέα. Η μο- ντελοποίηση και προσομοίωση του συστήματος έγινε με τη χρήση του πλέον διαδεδομένου προγραμ- ματιστικού περιβάλλοντος MATLAB/Simulink. Τελικά, παρουσιάζεται μια σειρά αποτελεσμάτων που αφορούσαν στην απόκριση του συστήματος σε απότομες διαταραχές, στη μελέτη σωστής λειτουργίας του Maximum Power Point Tracking ελεγκτή και στη μελέτη έγχυσης αρμονικών του φωτοβολταϊκού συ- στήματος στο δίκτυο με χρήση φίλτρου και χωρίς χρήση φίλτρου. Το εργαλείο του φασματογραφήματος αποδείχτηκε χρήσιμο για την κατανόηση των βασικών χαρακτηριστικών των σημάτων της τάσης και του ρεύματος και του αρμονικού τους περιεχομένου στην έξοδο του αντιστροφέα. Στο Κεφάλαιο 1 δίνεται ο ορισμός της Ποιότητας Ισχύος, καταγράφονται τα Διεθνή Πρότυπα για την Ποιότητα Ισχύος, καθώς επίσης κατηγοριοποιούνται τα διάφορα προβλήματα Ποιότητας Ισχύος βάσει του χαρακτηριστικού της τάσης που επηρεάζουν. Στο Κεφάλαιο 2 ερμηνεύεται το φαινόμενο της παρουσίας αρμονικών τάσεων και ρευμάτων στο δίκτυο. Παρατίθενται παράλληλα βασικές έννοιες της ανάλυσης Fourier, η οποία αποτελεί εργαλείο ανάλυσης σημάτων και συστημάτων στο πεδίο της συχνότητας. Καταγράφονται επίσης οι πηγές που παράγουν αρμονικά ρεύματα και τάσεις, ενώ παράλληλα αναπτύσσεται η θεωρία ισχύος υπό μη ημιτο- νοειδείς συνθήκες. Το κεφάλαιο κλείνει με την παράθεση των βασικών δεικτών που περιγράφουν την Αρμονική Παραμόρφωση. Στο Κεφάλαιο 3 παρουσιάζεται στατιστική μελέτη που αφορά στην παγκόσμια ενεργειακή κατά- σταση, πιο ειδικά στην παγκόσμια παραγωγή και κατανάλωση ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας και το μερίδιο των Ανανεώσιμων Πηγών Ενέργειας επί αυτών. Εισάγεται η έννοια της Κατανεμημένης Παραγωγής και αναπτύσσονται οι επιπτώσεις της διείσδυσής της στο δίκτυο. Επιπλέον, αναφέρονται οι βασικές τεχνολογίες Κατανεμημένης Παραγωγής. Στο Κεφάλαιο 4 αναπτύσσεται η προσομοίωση ενός Φωτοβολταϊκού Συστήματος συνδεδεμένου στο δίκτυο χαμηλής τάσης με τη χρήση του λογισμικού MATLAB/Simulink. Αναλύονται διεξοδικά τα επιμέρους υποσυστήματα, δηλαδή η φωτοβολταϊκή γεννήτρια, ο DC-DC μετατροπέας, ο ανιχνευτής σημείου μέγιστη ισχύος-MPPT, αντιστροφέας, το φίλτρο αποκοπής ανώτερων αρμονικών, το δίκτυο χαμηλής τάσης και παρουσιάζονται τα μοντέλα τους και οι παράμετροί τους. Τέλος, στο Κεφάλαιο 5 μετά από μια παρουσίαση του ολικού μοντέλου προσομοίωσης, παρουσιάζο- νται οι διάφορες μελέτες προσομοίωσης, ήτοι μελέτη απόκρισης της φωτοβολταϊκής γεννήτριας, μελέτη προσομοίωσης του συστήματος και ανάλυση αρμονικών για σταθερή και μεταβαλλόμενη ένταση της ακτινοβολίας, μελέτη μεταβολής φορτίου και μελέτη διακοπής. / This Diploma Thesis addresses the problem of Power Quality in Power Systems and particularly the disturbing effect of harmonic distortion. The field of power quality analysis gained further attention due to the extended spread of renewable power sources and distributed generation. The technological breakthroughs in the field of power electronics enabled the efficient utilization of distributed power systems but at the same time increased the undesired infusion of higher harmonics to the power network. The main goal of this thesis is to provide a concrete introduction to the concepts and methodological tools of harmonics and power quality analysis as well as to present a simulation-based study of harmonic infusion of a distributed generation example. In particular, the case of a Photovoltaic array connected to the low voltage grid is considered. Initially, the concept of power quality is presented and the power quality problems that arise in power systems are categorized. The effect of harmonic distortion is described in detail and the analytical methods of power system analysis subject to the disturbing effects of higher harmonics are presented. The basic theory as well as the tools of frequency domain Fourier-based analysis of the voltage and current harmonics are described in detail, followed by an overview of the concept of distributed power generation and the dominal renewable and unconventional power sources found in such systems as concluded from statistical analysis of worldwide power generation. To enable numerical analysis, a simulation model that captured the behaviour and dynamics of a 5.5kW Photovoltaic array connected to the low voltage power grid through a buck converter cascaded with a 3-phase inverter, was developed. The MATLAB/Simulink(R) environment was chosen to perform the simulation studies due to its extended spread within the engineering community. Based on this model, several results were derived that present the functionality of the photovoltaic array itself, the role of the Maximum Power Point Tracking controller and the response of the overall system to input and external disturbances. Extended studies of the harmonic context of the voltage/current signals both in the case of using an LC filter a well as without were conducted employing frequency-domain signal processing tools. Apart from the well established method of Fast Fourier Transform calculations, the intuitive method of spectrograms was also developed and utilized for the analysis. This thesis is structured as follows: In Chapter 1, the definition of Power Quality is given, followed by a literature review of the international standards and regulations regarding power quality analysis. Moreover, categorization of the several power quality problems according to the voltage properties is provided. Chapter 2 deals with the presence of higher harmonics in the voltage and current signals of the power grid. An overview of the Fourier Analysis is provided and the specific tools used to aid in frequency-domain power systems analysis are further elaborated. The sources of voltage and current higher harmonics are listed and the theory of power systems in non perfect sinusoidal conditions is derived. This chapter ends with a brief overview of metrics describing the level of harmonic distortion. In Chapter 3, statistical analysis on the worldwide power systems status is presented with a special focus on the role and share of renewable power sources. The concept of distributed power generation is introduced followed by its undesired effects on the public power grid. The dominant technologies for distributed generation are also detailed. Within Chapter 4, the development of a MATLAB/Simulink simulator of a Photovoltaic Array connected to the low voltage power grid is presented. The simulator is based on modules that provide the functionality of the corresponding physical systems including the photovoltaic array itself, the DC-DC converter, the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controller, the inverter, the filter responsible for cutting-off higher harmonics and the low voltage network. Each module, its simulator model and parameters as well as the interconnections that form the overall simulator are described in detail. Finally, in Chapter 5 the simulation based studies are presented. Particularly, the conducted studies include analysis of the photovoltaic array response, study of the efficiency of the MPPT controller and analysis of the 3-phase voltage and current signals with a special focus on examining their harmonic context. The conducted simulations contain cases under constant as well as varying irradiance, load variation and short-circuit faults.

A big hurdle for many companies to start using machine learning is that trending techniques need a huge amount of structured data. One potential way to reduce the need for data is taking advantage of previous knowledge from a related task. This is so called transfer learning. A basic description of it would be when you take a model trained on existing data and reuse that for another problem. The purpose of this master thesis is to investigate if transfer learning can reduce the need for data when faced with a new machine learning task which is, in particular, to use transfer learning on ultrasound spectrograms of weld joints for predictive maintenance. The base for transfer learning is VGGish, a convolutional neural network model trained on audio samples collected from YouTube videos. The pre-trained weights are kept, and the prediction layer is replaced with a new prediction layer consisting of two neurons. The whole model is re-trained on the ultrasound spectrograms. The dataset is restricted to a minimum of ten and a maximum of 100 training samples. The results are evaluated and compared to a regular convolutional neural network trained on the same data. The results show that transfer learning improves the test accuracy compared to the regular convolutional neural network when the dataset is small. This thesis project concludes that transfer learning can reduce the need for data when faced with a new machine learning task. The results indicate that transfer learning could be useful in the industry.

Drilling tool wear can significantly affect the performance of the drilling operation and add extra cost to it. Accurate detection of drilling tool condition is very important for enabling proactive maintenance, minimizing downtime, and optimizing drilling processes.  This study investigates the possibility of detecting drilling tool condition of a Raisboring machine using drilling signals with deep learning methods. Given the current situation where the operators of the machine are responsible for detecting drilling abnormalities, which introduces bias and inconsistency to the process, it is crucial to develop an automated machine health monitoring system.  The objectives of this study were to explore the effectiveness of deep learning approaches in detecting drilling tool faults based on sensor data collected during drilling operations; as well as to find out which drilling signal is most effective for this problem.  The working dataset consists of labeled samples representing two drilling tool conditions (new and worn) and includes four channels: RPM, torque, feed force, and ground acceleration signals. To implement this, both time-domain features and frequency-domain features were extracted from the drilling signals and used as input to fully connected neural networks (FCNNs) and convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score were used to assess the models’ performance. The results indicate that deep learning has great potential in detecting drilling tool condition. More specifically, the vibration signal, which yielded the highest results with the different algorithms.  The study highlights the potential of deep learning techniques for real-time, automated monitoring of drilling tool condition, enabling timely maintenance interventions and enhanced operationalefficiency.

No description available.

Speech is a non-stationary signal and contains modulations in both spectral and temporal domains. Based on the type of modulations studied, most speech processing algorithms can be classified into short-time analysis algorithms, narrow-band analysis algorithms, or joint spectro-temporal analysis algorithms. While traditional methods of speech analysis study the modulation along either time (Short-time analysis algorithms) or frequency (Narrowband analysis) at a time. A new class of algorithms that work simultaneously along both temporal as well as spectral dimensions, called the spectro-temporal analysis algorithms, have become prominent over the past decade. Joint spectro-temporal analysis (also referred to as 2-D speech analysis) has shown promise in applications such as formant estimation, pitch estimation, speech recognition, etc. Over the past decade, 2-D speech analysis has been independently motivated from several directions. Broadly these motivations for 2-D speech models can be grouped into speech-production motivated, source-separation/machine- learning motivated and neurophysiology motivated. In this thesis, we develop 2-D speech model based on the speech production motivation. The overall organization of the thesis is as follows: We first develop the context of 2-D speech processing in Chapter one, we then proceed to develop a 2-D multicomponent AM-FM model for narrowband spectrogram patch of voiced speech and experiment with the perceptual significance of number of components needed to represent a spectrogram patch in Chapter two. In Chapter three we develop a demodulation algorithm called the inphase and the quadrature phase demodulation (IQ), compared to the state-of-the art sinusoidal demodulation, the AM obtained using this method is more robust to carrier estimation errors. The demodulation algorithm was verified on call voiced sentences taken from the TIMIT database. In chapter four we develop a demodulation algorithm based on Riesz transform, a natural extension of the Hilbert transform to higher dimensions, unlike the sinusoidal and the IQ demodulation techniques, Riesz-transform-based demodulation does not require explicit carrier estimation and is also robust to pitch discontinuous in patches. The algorithm was validated on all voiced sentences from the TIMIT database. Both IQ and Riesz-transform-based methods were found to give more accurate estimates of the 2-D AM (relates to vocal tract) and 2-D carrier (relates to source) compared with the sinusoidal modulation. In Chapter five we show application of the demodulated AM and carrier to pitch estimation and for creation of hybrid sounds. The hybrid sounds created were found to have better perceptual quality compared with their counterparts created using the linear prediction analysis. In Chapter six we summarize the work and present with possible directions of future research.

This dissertation thesis deals with a new method for digital modulation recognition. The history and present state of the topic is summarized in the introduction. Present methods together with their characteristic properties are described. The recognition by means of artificial neural is presented in more detail. After setting the objective of the dissertation thesis, the digital modulations that were chosen for recognition are described theoretically. The modulations FSK, MSK, BPSK, QPSK, and QAM-16 are concerned. These modulations are mostly used in modern communication systems. The method designed is based on the analysis of module and phase spectrograms of the modulated signals. Their histograms are used for the examination of the spectrogram properties. They provide information on the count of carrier frequencies in the signal, which is used for the FSK and MSK recognition, and on the count of phase states on which the BPSK, QPSK, and QAM-16 are classified. The spectrograms in that the characteristic attributes of the modulations are visible are obtained with the segment length equal to the symbol length. It was found that it is possible to correctly recognize the modulation with the known symbol length at the signal-to-noise ratio at least 0 dB. That is why it is necessary to detect the symbol length prior to the spectrogram calculation. Four methods were designed for this purpose: autocorrelation function, cepstrum analysis, wavelet transform, and LPC coefficients. These methods were algorithmized and analyzed with signals disturbed by the white Gaussian noise, phase noise and with signals passed through a multipass fading channel. The method of detection by means of cepstrum analysis proved the most suitable and reliable. Finally the new method for digital modulation recognition was verified with signals passed through a channel with properties close to the real one.

O estudo da penetração da radiação solar no meio aquático foi desenvolvido em quatro partes. Na primeira delas, voltada para a atenuação da radiação solar na coluna d’água, foram discutidos fatores de interferência e suas inter-relações. Neste sentido, foi feita uma comparação da penetração da radiação solar em ecossistemas continentais naturais e artificiais, analisando as diferenças e similaridades. O estudo comparativo da atenuação da radiação solar subaquática em toda extensão de reservatórios constituiu a segunda parte deste trabalho. A comparação foi feita entre reservatórios que apresentam proximidades de localização, mas com diferenças marcantes nos usos e ocupações nas regiões em que os mesmos estão inseridos. Na terceira parte foram apresentados dois recursos de grande utilização na obtenção das respostas imediatas do ambiente aquático, do ponto de vista óptico, diante dos impactos sofridos. O primeiro recurso foi a determinação do espectrograma da radiação solar, indicando a atenuação da radiação solar subaquática na faixa fotossinteticamente ativa (400 nm - 700 nm). O outro recurso foi a obtenção do espectro de absorção da água superficial, que permitiu o estabelecimento do “Índice de Absorção Espectral da Água", I.A.E.A., que facilmente possibilita a detecção de fontes pontuais de poluição e contaminação. Como quarta e última parte foi proposto o desenvolvimento de um aparelho a partir da reconstrução do hidrofotômetro (Modelo Nº 268 WA 310 GM MFG & Instrument Corp. Bronx. N.Y. 10 451), onde foi introduzido e adaptado o detector fotocondutivo (PIN - 250DP) em substituição às fotocélulas anteriormente danificadas. Durante o trabalho de campo, este aparelho foi testado e foi feita a comparação com os obtidos do Quanta-meter LI-COR (LI - 185A) também utilizado neste trabalho. / The study of solar radiation penetration in aquatic environment was developed in four parts. The first one, directed to solar radiation attenuation in the water column, interference factors and their inter-relations were discussed. In this sense, a penetration comparison of the solar radiation in natural and artificial continental ecosystems was carried out, analyzing differences and similarities. The second part of this work consisted of a comparative study of underwater solar radiation in the entire reservoir. The comparison was done between reservoirs that are near to one another, but with marked differences in use and occupation within the regions where they are located. In the third part, two resources of great utilization in obtaining immediate response from the aquatic environment, from an optical point of view of the impacts experienced, were presented. The first resort was the spectrogram determination of solar radiation, which indicated the underwater solar radiation attenuation in the active photosynthetic range (400 nm - 700 nm). The other resort was the superficial water absorption spectrum, which allowed establishing the “Water Spectral Absorption Index", I.A.E.A. that easily makes possible detection of accurate sources of pollution and contamination. The fourth and last part proposed to develop an apparatus from the construction of an underwater hydrophotometer (Model 268 WA 310 GM MFG & Instrument Corp. Bronx N.Y. 10451), where the photoconductor detector was adapted and introduced (PIN - 250DP) substituting the previously damaged photocells. During field work, this apparatus was tested and comparison was performed with data obtained from Quanta-meter LI-COR (LI - 185A), also used in this work.