The industrial development of metal cutting processes in gear manufacturing aims at continuously increasing productivity, including increased tool reliability. Basically, the parameters that have an influence on the cutting processes should be known and possible to control. Gear manufacturing is highly important for the automotive industry. The prevalent manufacturing method is gear hobbing with hobs consisting of solid Powder Metallurgical High Speed Steel (PM HSS) with Physical Vapor Deposited (PVD) coatings. The hob teeth have to be reconditioned before wear reaches such levels that the gear quality becomes impaired. Such wear often results in a total breakdown of the tool. One crucial reason for this is that hobbing processes for the present often lack reliability; which makes it difficult for the gear manufacturers to predict the tool wear on the hob teeth and decide when the tool should be replaced in order to avoid severe damages. A consequence of catastrophic tool wear is that it leads to an instantaneously changed geometry of the cutting edge, which in turn implies that the machined gears do not comply with the stipulated properties on the machined gear products. A single tooth milling test (STMT) with tools of PM-HSS in a conventional milling machine has been developed in this research project, aiming at characterizing the effect of tool preparation on the type of wear mechanism. The experience and conclusions from these tests may probably be transferred to real PM-HSS hob tooling (HT). The advantages of such a test, compared to a real gear hob test, are primarily the cost reductions and time saving aspects with respect to both the design and the manufacturing of the cutting teeth The research presented in this thesis is based on experimental investigations and theoretical studies of significant parameters, i.e. the surface roughness and edge rounding, contributing to the robust and reliable design of a PM-HSS cutting tool. The research work has in addition to, the development of the milling test method, also comprised development of measuring methods and a simulation model based on the Finite Element Model (FEM). / <p>QC 20121105</p>

<p>Very often defects are present in rolled products. For wire rods, defects are very deleterious since the wire rods are generally used directly in various applications. For this reason, the market nowadays requires wire rods to be completely defect-free. Any wire with defects must be rejected as scrap which is very costly for the production mill. Thus, it is very important to study the formation and evolution of defects during wire rod rolling in order to better understand and minimize the problem, at the same time improving quality of the wire rods and reducing production costs.</p><p>The present work is focused on the evolution of artificial defects during rolling. Longitudinal surface defects are studied during shape rolling of an AISI M2 high speed steel and a longitudinal central inner defect is studied in an AISI 304L austenitic stainless steel during ultra-high-speed wire rod rolling. Experimental studies are carried out by rolling short rods prepared with arteficial defects. The evolution of the defects is characterised and compared to numerical analyses. The comparison shows that surface defects generally reduce quicker in the experiments than predicted by the simulations whereas a good agreement is generally obtained for the central defect.</p>

As ligas de ferro fundido branco multicomponente são aços rápidos resistentes ao desgaste em temperaturas elevadas. Estes aços apresentam carbonetos eutéticos do tipo MC e M2C quando no estado bruto de fundição. Neste trabalho foi caracterizada a microestrutura dos produtos de decomposição após tratamentos térmicos do carboneto eutético metaestável M2C de uma liga de ferro fundido multicomponente com composição (em % peso): 2 wt% de C e 5 wt% de cada um dos elementos V, Cr, Mo e W, o restante é Fe. A liga de ferro fundido multicomponente foi tratada isotermicamente a 950°C e a 1.050°C por tempos crescentes em forno poço com sal fundido e em forno mufla inseridas em ampolas de sílica sob vácuo. Os tempos de tratamento foram: 10s, 100s, 600s, 1.800s, 1 hora, 2 horas e 15 horas. As técnicas de caracterização envolvidas foram: difração de raios X de carbonetos extraídos, metalografia através de ataques seletivos, microscopia eletrônicas de varredura (SEM), microscopia eletrônica de transmissão e varredura (STEM), espectrometria por energia dispersiva de raios X (EDS) e difração de elétrons por área selecionada (SAED). Os resultados sugerem que além dos carbonetos MC, M2C irregular e regularcomplexo e M7C3 descritos na literatura, observa-se a presença de um novo tipo de carboneto M2C metaestável rico em cromo na liga no estado bruto de fundição. Os carbonetos metaestáveis M2C se decompõem em carbonetos M6C, em carbonetos M7C3 e finalmente MC globular com o aumento da temperatura e/ou com tempos crescentes de tratamento térmico. O carboneto M7C3 após tratamento térmico de longa duração passa por um processo de esferoidização e depois engrossamento. / Multicomponent White Cast Iron are high temperature wear resistant ferrous alloys, presenting eutectic MC and M2C carbides in their as cast structure. In the present work the decomposition microstructures of the metastable M2C carbide after heat treatments was characterized in a model multicomponent white cast iron with composition (in weight): 2 wt% C and 5 wt% of each of the carbide forming alloying elements V, Cr, Mo and W, and with the balance Fe. The model multicomponent alloy was isothermally treated at 950°C and 1.050°C for increasing time periods using a salt bath pit furnace and a muffle furnace using samples encapsulated in silica glass ampoules under vacuum. Treatment times were: 10s, 100s, 600s, 1.800s, 1 hour, 2 hours and 15 hours. Characterization techniques used were: X Ray diffraction of extracted carbides, optical microscopy metallography with selective etching techniques, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), transmission and scanning electron microscopy (STEM) and selected area electrons diffraction (SAED). Besides the MC, irregular and regular-complex M2C and M7C3 described in the literature, it was found in the as cast alloy also a hitherto unknown chromium rich M2C carbide. The metastable M2C carbides decompose into M6C carbides, then M7C3 and finally globular MC with increasing temperatures and/or increasing times at heat treatment temperatures. After long times heat treatments the M7C3 carbides, spheroidize and coarsen.

Utilizou-se o conceito de ?aço matriz + NbC? para produzir ligas com a matriz do aço rápido M2 ( 0,5%C ? 2%W ? 3%Mo ? 4,6%Cr ? 1%V) e variadas frações volumétricas de carbonetos de nióbio. Adicionou-se 2,5 e 5% de nióbio e carbono estequiométrico para a obtenção de carbonetos NbC e titânio (0,1%) para modificação da morfologia dos carbonetos NbC. Os carbonetos NbC apresentaram-se como carbonetos eutéticos com morfologia de escrita chinesa, como carbonetos primários com a morfologia de cruz de malta e como carbonetos eutéticos e primários com morfologia poligonal, estes últimos modificados com a adição de titânio. Após tratamento térmico de têmpera e revenimento para obtenção da máxima dureza, as ligas foram submetidas a ensaios de fadiga térmica (100 ciclos, 650ºC), de abrasão (roda de borracha ? 130N, 200rpm, 30min, hematita como abrasivo) e de deslizamento alternado (disco contra esfera ? 70,6N, amplitude: 6mm, freqüência, 6 Hz, 2h) para estudar o efeito da fração volumétrica e da morfologia dos carbonetos frente a estas solicitações. As ligas com carbonetos com morfologia poligonal e menor fração volumétrica de carbonetos (comparando-se morfologias iguais) apresentaram o melhor desempenho sob fadiga térmica devido ao baixo valor do parâmetro C/Dm da microestrutura (continuidade de carbonetos/distância livre média entre carbonetos). Os corpos-de-prova foram caracterizados por meio de microscopia ótica e eletrônica de varredura para determinar os sítios de nucleação e caminhos de propagação das trincas. Nos ensaios em roda de borracha as ligas com carbonetos eutéticos divorciados com morfologia poligonal apresentaram maior resistência ao desgaste do que os aços contendo carbonetos eutéticos cooperativos. O aumento da fração volumétrica de carbonetos NbC teve um máximo na resistência a abrasão e depois uma queda devido a presença de carbonetos primários grosseiros que fraturaram na superfície ensaiada e foram arrancados aumentanto a perda de massa. Nos ensaios de deslizamento alternado não foi possível hierarquizar o comportamento das ligas. Os corpos-de-prova de abrasão e de deslizamento foram caracterizados por microscopia ótica e eletrônica de varredura para determinar os mecanismos de desgaste atuantes. Um aço rápido para cilindros de laminação a quente (2%C ? 5%Cr ? 5%Mo ? 5%V) foi ensaiado sob condições idênticas às aplicadas às ligas estudadas, objetivando comparar desempenhos. O aço rápido apresentou desempenho superior nos ensaios de abrasão e de deslizamento alternado (devido a alta fração volumétrica de carbonetos eutéticos) e inferior no ensaio de fadiga térmica (devido ao alto parâmetro C/Dm da microestrutura oriundo da alta fração volumétrica de carbonetos eutéticos). / The concept of ?matrix steel + NbC? was used to cast alloys with the M2 steel matrix (0,5%C ? 2%W ? 3%Mo ? 4,6%Cr ? 1%V) and different volume fractions of niobium carbides. Niobium (2,5 e 5%) and stoichiometric carbon were added to produce NbC carbides and titanium (0,1%) to modify de NbC carbides morphology. NbC presented three basic morphologies: Chinese script (coupled eutectic); primary carbides with cross morphology and polygonal primary and eutectic carbides (divorced eutectics). After heat treatment of quench and temper in order to obtain the maximum hardness, the alloys were submitted to thermal fatigue test (100 cycles, 650ºC), dry rubber wheel abrasive wear test (130N, 200rpm, 30min, hematite as abrasive) and reciprocating sliding wear test (70,6N, amplitude: 6mm, frequency: 6Hz, 2h). The alloys with polygonal NbC carbides and lower volume fractions of carbides (for the same morphology) showed the best behaviour due to their low ?carbide continuity/carbide free path? ratio of the microstructure. The alloys were characterized by optical microscopy and SEM to investigate de cracks nucleation and propagation. In the dry rubber wheel tests, polygonal NbC eutectic carbides (divorced eutectics) showed better behaviour than Chinese script NbC eutectic carbides. High volume fractions of NbC carbides improved the abrasion resistance until a maximum and after that, the presence of big primary NbC carbides, lowered the abrasion resistance due to cracks in those big carbides. The results of the reciprocating sliding tests have not allowed to rank the performance of the alloys. Abrasion and sliding specimens were submitted to optical microscopy and SEM in order to evaluate the prevalent wear mechanisms. One high speed steel for hot rolling mill rolls (2%C ? 5%Cr ? 5%Mo ? 5%V) was tested under the same conditions that the alloys studied were tested in order to compare their performances. The high speed steel showed better performance in abrasion and reciprocating sliding wear due to the high volume fraction of coupled eutectic carbides and lower performance in thermal fatigue due to the high ?carbide continuity/carbide free path? ratio of the microstructure than the alloys studied.

Master‘s thesis deals with sawing of the thin-walled parts with high speed steel slitting saw. At first the most used conventional and unconventional possibilities of materiál cutting are described by a form of search. The next chapter describes forces arising from splitting saw machining, including their dependence on a specific cutting force, a chip cross section and a engagement angle. The second part of the thesis deals with the technological improvement of the cutting process, where three possible solutions are considered – geometry of the cutting tool, PVD coating deposition of the cutting tool and process fluid change. In the experimental part non coated slitting saw with burrs, non coated deburred slitting saw and coated slitting saws are compared. Used coatings were Ti(C,N), Cr-Al-Si-N, Al-Cr-B-N, and TripleCoating Cr, which is consisting of three layers TiN + (Al,Ti)N + Cr-Al-Si-N. The experiment has shown that the cutting forces inceases as the edge radius and wear level of the cutting tool increases. Coated cuttung tools has shown lower differences between the first and the last cut. Slitting saws have been also used in real cutting process to verify experimental results.

Very often defects are present in rolled products. For wire rods, defects are very deleterious since the wire rods are generally used directly in various applications. For this reason, the market nowadays requires wire rods to be completely defect-free. Any wire with defects must be rejected as scrap which is very costly for the production mill. Thus, it is very important to study the formation and evolution of defects during wire rod rolling in order to better understand and minimize the problem, at the same time improving quality of the wire rods and reducing production costs. The present work is focused on the evolution of artificial defects during rolling. Longitudinal surface defects are studied during shape rolling of an AISI M2 high speed steel and a longitudinal central inner defect is studied in an AISI 304L austenitic stainless steel during ultra-high-speed wire rod rolling. Experimental studies are carried out by rolling short rods prepared with arteficial defects. The evolution of the defects is characterised and compared to numerical analyses. The comparison shows that surface defects generally reduce quicker in the experiments than predicted by the simulations whereas a good agreement is generally obtained for the central defect.

The aim of this work is comparison of special form tools for manufacture of grooves in rotor turbine. For this purpose tools are chosen from „A“ and „B“ company. Form milling cutters are confronted both in terms of their characteristic features, manufacturing methods, and time and economy intensity. Furthermore, there is described a possible future way of grooves‘ production through the use of the „C“ ‘s programme. Apart from that, this thesis also involves simple programme for comparing the chosen parameters.

Dissertation thesis is focused on development, design and production of the new milling cutter which is used for roughing operations. High-speed steels, coating technology and milling technology are described in first chapters of dissertation thesis. The main part of this thesis is the design of the new milling cutter that has been designed on the basis of the machining simulation. The milling cutter is designed as a three-flute cylindrical end mill made of high speed steel. The each flute is composed of two special compensation edges. The compensation edges are used for reducing (at best suppression) tensile stress in the heel of the tooth. The milling cutter was made by lost wax technology, followed by grinding and thermal treatment. New designed tools were deposited by PVD coatings (e.g. (Al,Ti)N). Standard catalog milling cutters (producer ZPS - milling tools, Zlín, Czech Republic) were used for comparison the designed milling cutter. Carbon steel CSN 41 2050 (DIN 1.1191) was used for milling, which was carried out with using process liquid. The monitored parameters were force loading, flank wear and tensile stress during milling. The dynamometer Kistler was used for measuring force loading and data obtained during machining was used for stress analysis.

Very often defects are present in rolled products. For wire rods, defects are very deleterious since the wire rods are generally used directly in various applications. For this reason, the market nowadays requires wire rods to be completely defect-free. Any wire with defects must be rejected as scrap which is very costly for the production mill. Thus, it is very important to study the formation and evolution of defects during wire rod rolling in order to better understand and minimize the problem, at the same time improving quality of the wire rods and reducing production costs. The present work is focused on the evolution of artificial defects during rolling. Longitudinal surface defects are studied during shape rolling of an AISI M2 high speed steel and a longitudinal central inner defect is studied in an AISI 304L austenitic stainless steel during ultra-high-speed wire rod rolling. Experimental studies are carried out by rolling short rods prepared with arteficial defects. The evolution of the defects is characterised and compared to numerical analyses. The comparison shows that surface defects generally reduce quicker in the experiments than predicted by the simulations whereas a good agreement is generally obtained for the central defect. / QC 20101105

Aircraft are often designed with numbers determined by testing in a lab, rather than by repeatedly building prototypes. These lab tests conform to testing specifications so that the numbers can be compared between manufacturers, suppliers, and lab technicians. One such specification is ASTM specification E238 – 84(08), and it is used to determine important properties of a bearing pin joint like hinges, bolt holes, and rivet joints. The properties determined from this fastener-through-plate method are bearing strength, bearing yield strength, and bearing stiffness. Adhering to the methods outlined in ASTM E238, a study was performed, looking at the effects that plate material, fastener used, fastener lubrication, and plate hole preparation method (whether drilled and reamed or just drilled) have on the three bearing joint properties. The plate materials used were Al 7050 – T7451, Ti – 6Al – 4V (mill annealed), and PH13 – 8Mo – H1000. The fasteners were Ti – 6Al – 4V screws, coated A286 screws, and high speed steel (HSS) pins used as a control. Lubrication was tested using a corrosion inhibitor, PR – 1776M B – 2 from PRC – DeSoto, on the fastener or leaving the fastener uncoated. The HSS pins were always tested in the uncoated condition. 54 runs were performed, as outlined by a D-optimal design of experiment. It was discovered from the statistical analysis of the results via ANOVA that both the plate material used and the pin material, whether a screw or a pin, had a significant effect on the bearing strength, bearing yield strength, and bearing stiffness. The interaction between the two factors was also significant on all responses but the bearing stiffness. PH13 – 8Mo – H1000 plates seemed to perform best on average, followed by Ti – 6Al – 4V plates, then Al 7050 – T7451 plates. PH13 – 8Mo – H1000 and Ti – 6Al – 4V plates had similar bearing strength and bearing yield strength averages with the HSS control pins being used, which had the highest mean values for a given plate and fastener. The Ti – 6Al – 4V and A286 screws behaved and performed statistically similar in most cases, except when hole preparation method was take into account. The Ti – 6Al – 4V screws performed better when the hole was drilled and reamed, while the coated A286 screws performed better when the hole was drilled only. All screws had lower resulting bearing properties than the HSS control pins. It was also found that ASTM specification E238 – 84(08) is a precise test method, since the method could be performed repeatably and reliably with no missing data points. Therefore, this ASTM testing method is reasonable for determining bearing properties, which can then be used to design aircraft.