Osteocytes have been proposed as the mechanosensory cells during the process of bone adaption. In this thesis, a microfluidics chamber system (MCS) device was designed, fabricated and tested as a means to maximally simulate the in vivo osteocytic ultrastructure and reproduce the in vivo shear stress experienced by osteocyte, providing an ideal platform for in vitro study on osteocyte mechanotransduction. By employing a micropipette aspiration technique, single osteocyte adhesion and osteocytic process formation were achieved on PDMS with MCS structure. In this study, the involvement of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signaling pathway in osteocytes responding to oscillatory fluid flow (OFF) was also examined. Firstly, MLO-Y4 osteocytes like cells were demonstrated to express integrated and functional S1P cascade. By modulating S1P cascade components and testing a series of cellular outcomes, it was indicated that exogenous S1P, endogenous S1P and S1P receptor S1P2 were involved in the regulation of loading induced osteocytic responses.

Osteocytes have been proposed as the mechanosensory cells during the process of bone adaption. In this thesis, a microfluidics chamber system (MCS) device was designed, fabricated and tested as a means to maximally simulate the in vivo osteocytic ultrastructure and reproduce the in vivo shear stress experienced by osteocyte, providing an ideal platform for in vitro study on osteocyte mechanotransduction. By employing a micropipette aspiration technique, single osteocyte adhesion and osteocytic process formation were achieved on PDMS with MCS structure. In this study, the involvement of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signaling pathway in osteocytes responding to oscillatory fluid flow (OFF) was also examined. Firstly, MLO-Y4 osteocytes like cells were demonstrated to express integrated and functional S1P cascade. By modulating S1P cascade components and testing a series of cellular outcomes, it was indicated that exogenous S1P, endogenous S1P and S1P receptor S1P2 were involved in the regulation of loading induced osteocytic responses.

L'angiogenèse, soit la formation de nouveaux vaisseaux sanguins à partir de capillaires préexistants, est un processus essentiel au développement et à la croissance des tumeurs. Bon nombre de protéines ont été étudiées afin d'élucider les voies de signalisation impliquées dans l'angiogenèse, dont la métalloprotéase membranaire de type 1 (MT1-MMP). Cette protéine est reconnue pour jouer un rôle crucial dans la migration cellulaire, détruisant la matrice extracellulaire pour permettre aux cellules de migrer et ce, dans différents types cellulaires. Cependant, les mécanismes impliqués dans le contrôle de son activité demeurent incompris. Dans la présente étude, nous avons observé, en utilisant des procédures d'immunoprécipitation et de microscopie confocale, que la stimulation des cellules endothéliales de veines ombilicales humaines (HUVECs) avec la sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), un lipide qui induit la migration des cellules endothéliales (CEs), provoque le transfert de la MT1-MMP à la périphérie cellulaire et son association avec p130Cas (Crk-associated substrate). p130Cas est une protéine d'arrimage impliquée dans les voies de signalisation de la motilité cellulaire et est également reconnue pour se relocaliser dans des replis membranaires suite à une stimulation à la S1P. Ces résultats suggèrent fortement que l'identification du complexe MT1-MMP/p130Cas au front principal des CEs migrantes pourrait être un mécanisme efficace par lequel la protéolyse péricellulaire est reliée à l'activation des voies de signalisation, permettant la migration coordonnée des CEs au cours de l'angiogenèse. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Angiogenèse, MT1-MMP, p130Cas, Migration, Sphingosine 1-phosphate.

The vascular endothelium continually senses and responds to both biochemical and mechanical stimuli to regulate vascular function in health and disease. The purpose of this dissertation was to understand the molecular mechanisms by which endothelial cells (ECs) respond to sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and fluid wall shear stress (WSS) to initiate angiogenesis. To accomplish this, a novel cell culture system was developed to study the combined effects of S1P and WSS on inducing EC invasion into three-dimensional (3-D) collagen matrices. EC invasion required the presence of S1P, with the effects of S1P being enhanced by WSS to an extent comparable with S1P combined with pro-angiogenic growth factor stimulation. The extent of EC invasion depended on the magnitude of WSS in a biphasic manner, with the greatest induction occurring at 5.3 dyn/cm2 WSS. Several proteins have been implicated in EC invasion, including calpain, Akt, vimentin, p21-activated kinase (PAK), and membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP). Interestingly, activations of calpain and MT1-MMP and phosphorylations of Akt, PAK, and vimentin coincided with, and were required for, S1P- and WSS- induced EC invasion. Further, inhibitors of calpain, MT1-MMP, Akt and PAK all attenuated invasion induced by WSS and S1P. Calpain inhibition reduced Akt phosphorylation, vimentin cleavage, and MT1-MMP membrane translocation, suggesting that calpain regulates MT1-MMP via Akt phosphorylation and vimentin remodeling. Akt inhibition also completely blocked MT1-MMP membrane translocation and decreased phosphorylation of PAK and vimentin. In summary, these results suggest a new molecular pathway by which the combination of S1P and WSS stimulates EC invasion through calpain, Akt, PAK and vimentin to regulate activation and membrane translocation of MT1-MMP in 3-D collagen matrices.

Les maladies inflammatoires du système nerveux central (SNC) sont caractérisées par l'altération de la barrière hémato-encéphalique induite par les cellules immunitaires et les cellules tumorales. Il est reconnu que les macrophages peuvent induire l'inflammation en infiltrant la BHE. Lors d'un dommage ou d'une infection du SNC, les macrophages dérivés du sang sont activés. Une fois activés, ceux-ci migrent au site infecté ou endommagé et libèrent des cytokines et médiateurs inflammatoires tels que IL1, TNFα, VEGF. Ces cytokines jouent un rôle essentiel dans l'inflammation du SNC puisqu'elles induisent des chimiokines tels que la sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), un sphingolipide fortement exprimé dans les glioblastomes et qui joue un rôle important dans la chimiotaxie et le trafic des cellules immunitaires. Nous avons étudié l'efficacité d'une molécule dérivée de notre diète possédant des propriétés chimiopréventives et anti-inflammatoires, l'épigallocatéchine gallate (EGCG), sur la régulation transcriptionnelle des récepteurs de la S1P à divers stades de différenciation des cellules promyélomonocytaires HL-60. Nous avons d'abord différencié les cellules promyélomonocytaires HL-60 en « macrophages-like » en utilisant un promoteur tumorigène et activateur de la protéine kinase C-Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acétate (PMA). Nous avons démontré que le PMA induit l'adhésion cellulaire et augmente l'expression des transcrits S1P1, S1P2 et S1P5. Nous avons ensuite constaté que les cellules adhérentes semblaient être sensibles à la S1P en induisant la phosphorylation d'ERK, de JNK et de P38 MAPK. Cependant, l'inclusion de l'EGCG avant la différenciation par le PMA inhibe l'induction de ces trois voies MAPK par la S1P. D'autre part, un traitement par l'EGCG au cours de la différenciation, c'est-à-dire simultanément avec le PMA, affecte seulement la voie P38 MAPK. De plus, les cellules différenciées « macrophages-like » devenaient insensibles à l'EGCG. Enfin, nous démontrons que seul le récepteur S1P2, parmi les récepteurs fortement induits par le PMA, diminue lors du prétraitement par l'EGCG. Nos résultats suggèrent que l'EGCG antagonise la réponse à la S1P dans les cellules prédifférenciées via l'inhibition de la signalisation induite par le PMA. Par conséquent, une réponse réduite à la S1P pourrait abroger la migration transendothéliale des monocytes vers le SNC, et prévenir la neuroinflammation, les infections cérébrales secondaires ou certaines pathologies cérébrales conséquentes à l'infiltration de cellules immunitaires. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Neuroinflammation, S1P, EGCG, macrophages, chimiotactisme, chimioprévention

Thesis (M. S.)--Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. / Donald Doyle, Committee Member ; Harish Radhakrishna, Committee Member ; Alfred Merrill, Committee Member ; Marion Sewer, Committee Chair Includes bibliographical references.

Orientador: Carlos Roque Duarte Correia / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T11:57:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Azevedo_LuizFabriciodaSilva_M.pdf: 1610950 bytes, checksum: 7d31330e73f1ffeb923f119448edcc2f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Esfingolipídios são compostos naturais que apresentam uma miríade de atividades biológicas conhecidas. A esfingosina é o exemplo mais representativo desta classe de compostos. Este trabalho está relacionado com a síntese de um análogo cíclico da esfingosina. A primeira parte esteve relacionada com a preparação do hidroxilactol F. Inicialmente o enecarbamato B foi preparado a partir da 2-pirrolidinona A através de 2 metodologias; a mais eficiente realizada em "one-pot" com rendimento global de 60%. A funcionalização da dupla endociclica do enecarbamato B foi efetuada com sucesso a partir da reação de cicloadição do tipo [2+2] com dicloroceteno. Esta reação levou a formação da a, a-diclorobutanona C em excelente rendimento (90%). A remoção dos cloros de C com um liga de Zn/Cu em uma solução metanóica de NH4Cl, levou a obtenção da ciclobutanona D em moderado rendimento (50%). A irradiação ultravioleta na presença de ácido acético, seguida pela substituição do grupamento acetil, com BF3-OEt2, pelo grupamento tiofenol, e finalmente a eliminação em meio básico sob refluxo, forneceu o diidrofurano E em bom rendimento global (4 etapas em 53 %). A reação de diidroxilação do diidrofurano E com OsO4 realizada em bom rendimento (87%) completou a sintese do hidroxilactol F. A segunda parte deste trabalho esteve realizada com os estudos visandose à síntese de um análogo cíclico da esfingosina. A melhor rota encontrada foi a reação do hidroxilactol F com [Ph3PCH3]+Br- que levou a obtenção da olefina desejada em baixo rendimento. A reação de metátese com 1-octadeceno, realizada em bom rendimento (80%) e a desproteção de G com Et3SiH e CF3CO2H alcançada em bom rendimento (89%), completaram a síntese do composto. A síntese convergente do análogo cíclico da esfingosina, partindo-se da 2- pirrolidinona A foi alcançada em 14 etapas e com rendimento global de 14% / Abstract: Sphingosine are natural compounds that bear multiple known biological activities. The sphingosine molecule is representative of this class of biological compounds. The present study is related to the synthesis of a new cyclic analogue of sphingosine. The first part of this dissertation was focused on the synthesis of the hydroxy lactol F. The synthesis began with distinct methodologies: The most efficient one was realized by a ¿one-pot¿ procedure to provide the enecarbamate B in 60% overall yield. The endocyclic double bond funcionalization of B was performed with sucess employing a [2+2] cycloaddition reaction with dichloroketene. This reaction yielded the corresponding a,a-dichlorocyclobutanone C in excellent yields (90%). The removal of the chlorine atoms of C was carried out using a Zn/Cu alloy in a methanol solution of NH4Cl, to give the cyclobutanone D in moderate yieelds (50%). Ultraviolet irradiation of D in the presence of acetic acid, followed by replacement of the acethyl group by thiophenol, promoted by BF3-OEt2, and elimination in basic medium under reflux, provided the dihydrofuran intermediate E in good overall yields (53% over 4 steps). Finally, stereoselective dihydroxylation of E with OsO4 furnished the hydroxylactol F in 87% yield. In the second part of this dissertation we focused on the synthesis of the cyclic analogue of sphingosine. The best route examined involved the olefination of the intermediate hydrolactol F wiht [Ph3PCH3]+Br- to provide the desired trans olefin in low yields. Olefin metathesis of this olefin with 1-octadecene gave intermediate G in a good yield of 80%. Next, the Boc protected olefin G was deprotected with Et3SiH and CF3CO2H to provide the desired cyclic analogue of sphingosine in 89% yield. The stereocontrolled total synthesis of this new cyclic analogue of sphingosine was accomplished from 2-pyrrolidinone A in 11 steps with an overall yield of 14% / Mestrado / Quimica Organica / Mestre em Química

Les adénocarcinomes rénaux à cellules claires (ccRCC), qui représentent 70% des tumeurs rénales, sont fortement mais irrégulièrement vascularisés, ce qui les rend hypoxiques et donc résistants aux chimiothérapies. L'hypoxie favorise l'agressivité tumorale via l'activation des facteurs de transcription HIF-1alpha et HIF-2alpha (Hypoxia-Inducible Factors). Pour cette raison, le ciblage de l'hypoxie intratumorale et des facteurs HIF dans les ccRCC constitue une stratégie thérapeutique pertinente. Dans ce projet, nous montrons pour la première fois que la voie sphingosine kinase 1/sphingosine 1-phosphate (SphK1/S1P) régule HIF-2alpha in vitro et in vivo. Nos résultats indiquent que la SphK1 régule le taux intracellulaire et l'activité transcriptionnelle de HIF-2alpha dans des lignées de ccRCC représentatives de certains sous-groupes retrouvés en clinique humaine ; et impliquent la S1P extracellulaire, via le récepteur S1P1, dans la régulation de HIF-1alpha et HIF-2alpha. D'autre part, nous avons évalué l'impact de l'inhibition des récepteurs à S1P et de la SphK1 par le FTY720 dans un modèle de ccRCC in vivo. Nos résultats indiquent que le FTY720 entraine une diminution transitoire du taux intratumoral de HIF-1alpha et HIF-2alpha ainsi qu'un remodelage du réseau vasculaire tumoral. En effet, le FTY720 induit une normalisation vasculaire qui aboutit à une oxygénation tumorale transitoire. Enfin, nous montrons que ce traitement permet de sensibiliser un modèle murin de ccRCC à la chimiothérapie. Ces résultats valident le rôle de la voie SphK1/S1P comme régulateur de l'adaptation à l'hypoxie dans les ccRCC. Ils constituent une étape indispensable à la transposition en clinique humaine du concept selon lequel la voie SphK1/S1P peut être ciblée afin de diminuer l'hypoxie intratumorale et de chimiosensibiliser certains cancers, le FTY720 étant déjà sur le marché. / Clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCC) represent 70% of renal tumors. Because of their dense and irregular vascular network, ccRCC become hypoxic and therefore resistant to chemotherapies. Hypoxia promotes tumor aggressiveness via the activation of HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha (Hypoxia-Inducible Factors). For this reason, the control of intratumoral hypoxia and HIF in ccRCC could be a relevant therapeutic strategy to improve the efficacy of current treatments. In this study, we show for the first time that the sphingosine kinase 1/sphingosine 1-phosphate (SphK1/S1P) pathway regulates HIF-2alpha in vitro and in vivo. Our results indicate that SphK1 regulates HIF-2alpha intracellular level and transcriptional activity in ccRCC cell lines that are representative of some clinical ccRCC subgroups. Our data also involve extracellular S1P, via its receptor S1P1, in the regulation of HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha. In addition, in a ccRCC mouse model, we show that FTY720 - an inhibitor of the SphK1/S1P pathway- transiently decreases HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha intratumoral level. This is associated with a transient remodeling of the tumor vascular network indicating that FTY720 induces a vascular normalization that leads to transient tumor oxygenation. Finally, we show that this treatment sensitizes a ccRCC mouse model to chemotherapy. Overall, these results validate the key role of the SphK1/S1P pathway in the adaptation to hypoxia in ccRCC cell and animal models. Our results provide a mechanistic basis to target the SphK1/S1P pathway with FTY720 by increasing the efficacy of chemotherapy in ccRCC. They are a prerequisite for clinical transposition as FTY720 is a drug approved used in human clinic.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第21993号 / 医博第4507号 / 新制||医||1037(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 長船 健二, 教授 竹内 理, 教授 横出 正之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting large- and medium-sized arteries and is considered the major cause behind cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol are considered major risk factors for the CVD. HDL mediates a variety of atheroprotective actions, many of them involving the interaction with the scavenger receptor class B, type 1 (SR-B1). Despite the efforts placed in raising HDL-cholesterol, no improvement has been achieved in reducing CVD risk, suggesting that other components of the HDL particles may be responsible for HDL-mediated atheroprotection. One of these may be sphingosine-1-phospate (S1P). In this thesis, the role of S1P receptors (S1PRs) in atherosclerosis is explored, with emphasis in macrophage apoptosis. In particular, the importance of the macrophage S1PR1 and its role in apoptosis and atherosclerosis was evaluated. We demonstrated that diabetes exacerbates atherosclerosis development and myocardial infarction in SR-B1 KO/apoE-hypomorphic mice and that treatment with FTY720, a S1PR agonist, protects against diabetes pro-atherogenic effects. We also show that S1PR1 agonists protected macrophages against apoptosis through phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT, and that HDL failed to protect S1PR1 deficient macrophages against apoptosis. In vivo, macrophage S1PR1 deficiency translated into increased atherosclerosis, necrotic core formation and numbers of apoptotic cells in the atherosclerotic plaque. BIM deficiency in BM cells was protective against atherosclerosis development and HDL treatment reduced BIM protein levels in cells exposed to ER stressors, suggesting that the pro-apoptotic protein may be an important target for HDL in macrophages. We conclude that signaling through the S1PRs, in particular S1PR1 is important in controlling macrophage apoptosis and atherosclerosis development. Our data suggests that S1PR1 signaling axis and the pro-apoptotic protein BIM play an important role in mediating HDL anti-apoptotic signaling, however further studies are required to clarify the interaction between all of these factors. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)