Submitted by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2014-01-22T18:12:37Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_InvestigacaoEfeitoIctiotoxico.pdf: 11184223 bytes, checksum: 68fd5d52e27da07ce25ea581d47609d0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva(arosa@ufpa.br) on 2014-01-24T15:12:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_InvestigacaoEfeitoIctiotoxico.pdf: 11184223 bytes, checksum: 68fd5d52e27da07ce25ea581d47609d0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-01-24T15:12:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_InvestigacaoEfeitoIctiotoxico.pdf: 11184223 bytes, checksum: 68fd5d52e27da07ce25ea581d47609d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Dentre as várias espécies de plantas medicinais, encontra-se a espécie Spilanthes acmella, conhecida popularmente como jambú que se destaca por apresentar inúmeras aplicações na área da medicina popular. A medicina tradicional recomenda suas folhas e flores na elaboração de infusões no tratamento de anemia, dispepsia, malária, afecções da boca (dor de dente) e da garganta, contra escorbuto e também como antibiótico e anestésico. Sendo seus principais efeitos atribuídos ao espilantol, que é um representante importante das substâncias presentes nessas plantas. Alguns estudos já foram realizados utilizando o espilantol, possibilitando algumas informações da ação dessa substância, como seu efeito e imunomodulador devido sua interação funcional com monócitos, granulócitos e células killers. Porém, ainda não existem estudos eletrofisiológicos acerca de sua ação ictiotóxica, utilizando, por exemplo, o eletroencefalograma para demonstrar sua ação ao nível de Sistema Nervoso Central ou eletromiograma para verificar a ocorrência de sua ação a nível muscular no Zebrafish, evocando a necessidade dessa pesquisa a respeito do assunto. Com base nisso, o presente trabalho objetivou investigar a ação ictiotóxica do extrato etanólico da raiz de Spilanthes acmella em Zebrafish através da análise eletrofisiológica e comportamental. Os resultados mostraram que o extrato etanólico de Spilanthes acmella é um potente indutor de excitabilidade central no zebrafish, sendo isso constatado a partir das mudanças de padrões de atividade elétrica vistas no eletroencefalograma do animal submetido à droga e através do aumento da atividade encefálica visto no espectograma. O extrato também causou alterações, em menor escala, nos traçados eletromiográficos do zebrafish submetido à mesma concentração da droga, com aparecimento de contrações musculares esparsas e de mioclonias breves. Eos achados comportamentais, a partir da delimitação de três estágios de comportamentos, os quais se iniciaram com o aumento da excitabilidade do animal e culminam com a convulsão e morte do peixe, serviram para corroborar com os achados eletrofisiológicos de que o extrato etanólico de Spilanthes acmellaatua como potente droga com ação no sistema nervoso do zebrafish, com atividade convulsivante. / Among the various species of medicinal plants, we can find the Spilanthes acmella species, popularly known as Jambu that stands out due to its numerous applications in the folk medicine field. Traditional medicine recommends the use of its leaves and flowers in the preparation of infusions to treat anemia, dyspepsia, malaria, mouth diseases (tooth pain) and throat diseases, against scurvy and also as antibiotic and anesthetic, being its main effects attributed to espilantol, which is an important representative of the substances present in these plants. Some studies have been performed using the espilantol, providing some information of the effect of this substance, as its immunomodulatory effect and because of its functional interaction with monocytes, granulocytes and killer cells. However, there are still no electrophysiological studies about its ictiotoxic action using, for example, the EEG to demonstrate its action at the central nervous system level or electromyogram to verify the occurrence of their effects in the Zebrafish muscles, evoking the need for this research. Based on this, the present study aimed to investigate the ictiotoxic action of the ethanol extract of the Spilanthes acmella root in Zebrafish by electrophysiological and behavioral analysis. The results showed that the ethanol extract of Spilanthes acmella is a potent inducer of central excitability in zebrafish, this being evidenced by changes in electrical activity patterns seen in the EEG of the animals subjected to the extract and by increasing brain activity seen in the spectrogram. The extract also caused changes, in a lesser extent, on the electromyographic tracings of zebrafish subjected to the same concentration of the extract, with the appearance of scattered muscle contractions and brief myoclonus. And the behavioral findings from the delimitation of three stages of behavior, which began with the increased excitability of the animal and resulted in the seizure and death of the fish, served to corroborate the electrophysiological findings that the ethanol extract of Spilanthesacmella acts as a potent substance acting on the nervous system of zebrafish, with convulsant activity.

Orientadores: Sandra Cristina dos Santos Rocha, Lênio José Guerreiro de Faria / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T07:07:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Costa_CristianeMariaLeal_D.pdf: 4893424 bytes, checksum: fe783f77ea1076a9111fde509073464c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O jambu (Spilanthes oleracea) é uma planta herbácea nativa da região amazônica, da família Compositae, e tem seu cultivo difundido entre os pequenos produtores do nordeste do Estado do Pará. É uma hortaliça rica em elementos nutritivos como ferro, e ainda possui as vitaminas B1, B2, niacina, vitamina C, vitamina A e cálcio. Vale ressaltar que o jambu está atualmente despertando interesse científico e industrial devido as suas potencialidades econômicas. Nas últimas décadas, o desenvolvimento dos processos de recobrimento de partículas tem possibilitado a diversos setores da indústria e da agricultura a obtenção de resultados satisfatórios. As finalidades desses processos vão desde a correção de imperfeições estéticas e aumento de tamanho de partícula até o controle da liberação de substâncias químicas. O processo de recobrimento de sementes consiste em revestir totalmente a superfície da partícula com substâncias aderentes, que podem apresentar-se puras ou em mistura com materiais ativos e/ou inertes, melhorando a aparência, aumentando o tamanho e peso, facilitando a distribuição e o manuseio das sementes, especialmente aquelas muito pequenas e/ou irregulares. O objetivo deste trabalho foi efetuar a caracterização física e contribuir com o desenvolvimento do processo de recobrimento de sementes de jambu em leito fluidizado. Planejamento experimental e análise estatística dos resultados foram empregados para quantificar a influência da vazão da suspensão de recobrimento (Ws) e da vazão do ar de entrada (War), sobre a eficiência de recobrimento (?), crescimento relativo das partículas (?), perdas por elutriação (PE) e germinação (G). A estimativa do ponto ótimo de operação foi determinada em função das variáveis de entrada aplicando o conceito de desejabilidade global. Observou-se que as variáveis Ws e War, dentro da faixa estuda, influenciaram nas respostas consideradas. Dentre as condições estabelecidas neste trabalho, o valor ótimo da Função Desejabilidade é quando Ws é deslocada para o nível médio (6,4 mL/min) e War para o mínimo (0,89 kg/s), obtendo assim 45,1% para ?; 26,7% para ?; 82,4% para G e 46,5% para PE. Foram também determinadas as propriedades físicas e termodinâmicas das sementes de jambu in natura, submetidas ao processo de adsorção e dessorção de umidade nas temperaturas de 20, 30 e 40oC. Os dados experimentais foram avaliados usando seis diferentes modelos matemáticos. O calor isostérico e a entropia diferencial foram estimados através das relações de Clausius-Clapeyron e Gibbs-Helmholtz, respectivamente. O modelo GAB modificado apresentou melhor ajuste aos dados experimentais. Constatando-se um decréscimo gradual do calor molar de sorção com o aumento da umidade até valores próximos ao calor latente de vaporização da água pura, tornando-se assintótico quando o conteúdo de umidade de equilíbrio de 10%bs é alcançado. A teoria da compensação entalpiaentropia foi aplicada com sucesso às isotermas e indica que o mecanismo de sorção de umidade das sementes de jambu in natura pode ser considerado como controlado pela entalpia. Além disso, a análise do comportamento higroscópico das sementes recobertas mostrou claramente a proteção do recobrimento sobre as sementes de jambu, indicando que as sementes recobertas apresentam maior estabilidade higroscópica que as sementes nuas, e que o recobrimento atua como uma barreira à transferência de vapor d'água entre as sementes e o ambiente externo, controlando desta forma o processo de adsorção de umidade e favorecendo o manuseio e a armazenagem segura / Abstract: Jambu (Spilanthes oleracea) is an Amazon native herbaceous plant, from the Compositae family, and its crops are spread among small producers of the northeast of the State of Pará. It is a vegetable with many nutrients such as iron, vitamins B1, B2, C, A, niacine, and calcium. It is noteworthy that the jambu seeds present great scientific and industrial interest due o their economic potential. In the last decades, the development of particle coating and granulation processes has allowed several sectors of the industry and agriculture to reach satisfactory results. The objectives of these processes are correction of esthetic imperfections, the increase of particle size and the control of the release of chemicals. The coating process consists of a total overlay of the particle surface with adherent substances, which may be pure or mixed with active and/or inert materials. This process improves the appearance, handling and transport of the seeds, and it also increases size and weight of the particles, especially the tiny and/or irregular ones. The objectives of this work were to perform the physical characterization and to contribute to the development of the coating of jambu seeds in fluidized bed. The experimental design technique and the statistical analysis of the results were realized and the effects of independent variables coating suspension flow rate (Ws) and fluidization air flow rate (War) on the responses coating efficiency (?), particle relative growth (?), losses by elutriation (PE) and germination (G) were evaluated. The optimal operational point was determined as function of the entrance variables applying the concept of global desirability. Results showed that Ws and War, within the range studied, had significant influence on the responses considered. Among the conditions established in this work, the optimal value of the Desirability Function is obtained when Ws is displaced to the average level (6,4 mL/min) and War to the minimum (0.89 kg/s), resulting in: 45.1% for ?, 26.7% for ?, 82.4% for G and 46.5% for PE. Experimental data on the sorption isotherms of jambu seeds were used to determine thermodynamic functions at 20, 30 and 40oC. Six mathematical models were applied to analyze the experimental data. The modified GAB model showed the best fitting to the experimental data. The desorption and adsorption isosteric heat and differential entropy were determined by applying Clausius-Clapeyron and Gibbs-Helmholtz equation, respectively. The moisture vaporization heat in jambu seeds decreased with increase in moisture content and approached the latent heat of pure water and became asymptotic as moisture content of 10% (b.d) was approached. The enthalpy-entropy compensation theory was applied to the isotherms, indicating that they are enthalpy-controlled. In addition, analysis of the hygroscopic behavior of the coated seeds showed a clear protective coating on the seeds of jambu, and indicated that the coated seeds adsorbed less moisture than jambu seeds in natura, showing that the coating layer acts as a barrier to the transfer of water vapor between the seeds and the external environment, thus controlling the process of moisture adsorption and promoting the safe handling and storage / Doutorado / Engenharia de Processos / Doutor em Engenharia Química

Orientadores: Frederico Guare Cruz, Martin Aznar, Silvio Alexandre Beisl Vieria de Melo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T08:04:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cavalcanti_VanessaMendesSantos_D.pdf: 1641184 bytes, checksum: 8d3204ee76b0600654a4f08f8683441b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Spilanthes acmella var oleraceae, populannente conhecida como jambu, é uma erva típica da região norte do Brasil, onde faz parte de pratos da culinária local. Na medicina popular é utilizada no tratamento de afecções da boca e garganta e como analgésico para dores de dentes. Na indústria, extratos deste gênero têm sido utilizados em produtos de higiene oral e em composições alimentícias como agente refrescante e aromatizante. Recentemente vem sendo utilizado em composições cosméticas como agente anti-sinais de envelhecimento, entre outros. Estas propriedades são atribuídas à presença de uma alcamida alifática denominada espilantol. Os processos convencionais para extrair o espilantol de espécies vegetais nonnalmente utilizam solventes orgânicos. Estes processos são inadequados em vários aspectos como, por exemplo, utilização de temperaturas elevadas no processamento, necessidade de etapas adicionais de purificação; baixa seletividade, entre outros. Nesse contexto, a tecnologia de extração com fluido supercrítico aparece como uma alternativa extremamente promissora para a obtenção do extrato de jambu. O objetivo dessa tese foi avaliar a viabilidade técnica e fmanceira da extração de espilantol da planta Spilanthes acmella var oleraceae utilizando como solvente o dióxido de carbono supercrítico a temperaturas entre 40 e 60 De e pressões entre 76 e 352 bar. Dados experimentais inéditos da cinética do processo de extração supercrítica foram gerados numa unidade de bancada em laboratório. Um bom equilíbrio entre recuperação de espilantol (em tomo de 70 a 80%.), teor de espilantol nos extratos (de 13 a 30%) e o aspecto do extrato (coloração variando de amarelo pálido a amarelo) foi obtido para densidades intennediárias do solvente supercrítico (400 a 700 kg/m3). Análises cromatográficas e por RMN indicaram a predominância de espilantol e material graxo de alto peso molecular nos extratos. O estudo preliminar de viabilidade financeira realizado através do cálculo do custo de manufatura do extrato e de indicadores econômicos, tais como a taxa interna de retomo, o tempo de retomo e o valor presente líquido, indicou que o preço de mercado do extrato de jambu pode absorver os custos da extração com fluido supercrítico com rentabilidade, segurança e liquidez. Palavras-chave: jambu, espilantol, fluido supercrítico, extração, Spilanthes oleraceae, Spilanthes acmella, isobutilamida, alcamida, análise financeira / Abstract: Spilanthes acmella var oleraceae, known as "jambu", is a typical herb from north of Brazil, where it is used in the local cuisine. In the folk medicine, it is employed as an analgesic for toothache and for throat and mouth complaints. In industry, the extract from jambu has been utilized in oral care and food compositions as a flavor and refresher. In cosmetics compositions it has been recendy used as anti-ageing active ingredient, among others applications. These properties are attributed to the presence of an aliphatic alkamide called spilanthol. The traditional process for extraction of spilanthol from plant material usually uses organic solvents. This process has disadvantages in several ways, for example, high operation temperature, need of additional purification process, low selectivity, among others. In this context, the supercritical fluid technology emerges as an extremely hopeful alternative to this processo The aim of this work is the assessment of the technical and economical feasibility of extraction of spilanthol from Spilanthes acmella var oleraceae using supercritical carbon dioxide as solvent in the temperature range of 40-60°C and pressure range of 76-352 bar. There is no information in literature about supercritical extraction kinetic behavior for this system and new experimental data on this behavior was measured in a bench scale extraction unit. Good results for spilanthol recover (around 70 to 80%), spilanthol concentration in the extracts (13 to 30%) and organoleptic characteristics, 'as color extract (pale yellow to yellow), that is more convenient for industrial application, were obtained for supercritical solvent densities in the range of 400 to 700 kg/m3. Chromatographic and Nuclear Magnetic Ressonance (NMR) analysis indicated the predominance of spilanthol and heavy hydrocarbons in the extracts. The preliminary economical feasibility study, carried out through the manufacture cost of extract and economical indexes (internal rate of retum, payback period, net present value), indicated that supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of spilanthol from Spilanthes acmella var oleraceae is feasible / Doutorado / Engenharia de Processos / Doutor em Engenharia Química

The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize antifungal compounds from the most active medicinal plant species that could be used to address secondary infection problems in immunocompromised patients. An ethnobotanical study was conducted and 45 medicinal plant species used traditionally to treat candidiasis and related infections in HIV/AIDS patients were identified and documented. The most popular plant species used included Acacia caffra, Clerodendrum glabrum, Croton gratissimus, Elaeodendron transvaalense, Faurea saligna, Hippocratea longipetiolata, Osyris lanceolata, Richardia brasiliensis, Schkuhria pinnata, Schotia brachypetala, Spilanthes acmella, Strychnos potatorum, Vangueria infausta subsp. infausta and Withania somnifera. The plant parts used in the therapeutic preparations were roots (26.7%), bark (22.2%), and a combination of roots and bark (17.7%). Decoctions (44.4%), infusions (20%) and macerations (17.7%) were used. Most of the herbal remedies were administered orally. Chemical profiles of the plant species were established by using thin layer chromatography. Leaf extracts of these plant species were tested for antimicrobial activity against two common pathogenic fungal species in humans (Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans) and four nosocomial bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) using a two-fold serial microdilution method and bioautography. All plant species investigated had some degree of antimicrobial activity against the test microorganisms. The hexane and the acetone extracts of Clerodendrum glabrum, Hippocratea longipetiolata, Schkuhria pinnata and Withania somnifera were the most active with MIC values ranging from 0.06 to 0.08 mg/ml. The most susceptible pathogen to the test samples was C. neoformans while C. albicans was resistant to most of the plant extracts. The water extracts of Withania somnifera and Hippocratea longipetiolata (14%) had MIC < 1 mg/ml against C. albicans. C. neoformans was susceptible to nine water plant extracts (64%) with MIC < 1 mg/ml and the promising activity was observed in Hippocratea longipetiolata and Faurea saligna extracts with MIC values of 0.16 and 0.31 mg/ml respectively. The hexane extract of C. glabrum was the most active against C. albicans with an MIC value of 0.06 mg/ml and total activity of 550 ml/g. In the bioautography, most plant extracts tested had few active compounds, others had no active components at all and this may be attributed to the disruption of synergism by the thin layer chromatography. C. glabrum had eight active antifungal compounds on bioautograms and most of these components were observed in the EMW solvent system. Based on this and its wide distribution in rural areas, C. glabrum was chosen for further study. The antioxidant activity and possible immune boosting potential of the species were determined using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), 2, 2’ azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. In the DPPH qualitative assay, the aqueous plant extracts had several prominent antioxidant components than the organic plant extracts. The aqueous plant extracts which had the most prominent antioxidant activity were F. saligna with 8 compounds, followed by E. transvaalense, H. longipetiolata O. lanceolata, R. brasiliensis and S.brachypetala, with five compounds each and their Rf values ranged from 0;06 to 0.94. This appears to validate the ethnomedicinal use of the plant species to some extent because decoction is the most common method used in the preparation of the remedy by the traditional healers. With regard to the organic plant extracts, only one plant extract, F. saligna had two prominent antioxidant components at Rf values 0.81 and 0.88. A third of the plant species had a high level of free radical scavenging activities in the DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays. However, all plant extracts had lower antioxidant activity than the positive control (Trolox) used. The selected plant species were also evaluated for their in vitro toxicity against the Vero monkey kidney cell line using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The acetone plant extracts of O. lanceolata, S. acmella, S. pinnata and S. brachypetala had high cytotoxic activity against Vero cells with IC50 values of 13.7±0, 19.9±0.001, 21.6±0.001 and 28.34±0.001 μg/ml respectively. However, their IC50 values were higher than that of the positive control, doxorubicin (IC50 = 9.9±0 μg/ml). The rest of the acetone plant extracts (64%) had moderate cytotoxic activity (30 < IC50<100 μg/ml). The aqueous plant extracts were relatively non-toxic to the Vero cells with IC50 values ranging from 137 to > 500 µg/ml. This supports the use of aqueous extracts in the traditional medicine. However, their low selectivity index values ranging from 0.26 to 1.68 suggest that the plant extracts are probably suitable for external use only. Fractionation of the hexane extract of the leaves of C. glabrum by chromatographic techniques yielded six fractions of which fractions C and D had significant antifungal activity (average MIC value = 0.1 mg/ml) against C. albicans and C. neoformans. From these fractions, one new triterpenoid, 3-(1-oxobutyl)-11α-hydroxytaraxast-20(30)-ene-24,28-dioic acid (clerodendrumic acid) (1) was isolated along with known heptadecanoic acid (2). C. albicans was relatively insensitive to clerodendrumic acid (1) (MIC value = 125 µg/mL) and was resistant to heptadecanoic acid (2) (MIC value = 188 µg/ml). Compounds 1 and 2 were non-toxic against monkey kidney Vero cells in vitro with IC50 values of 202.6 and 108.4 µg/ml respectively. Due to its low antifungal activity, the novel compound clerodendrumic acid (1) is not a viable candidate for drug development which could be used to combat candidiasis and related fungal infections. However, due to its relative safety, it may possibly be used as a lead compound to produce new chemically modified active derivatives or could be used together with known antibiotics to mitigate their undesirable side effects. To the best of our knowledge, the isolation of a novel, clerodendrumic acid (1) and a known heptadecanoic acid (2) compounds from leaf extracts of C. glabrum is reported herein for the first time. The results obtained from this study generally substantiate the rationale behind the use of the selected plant species in the traditional medicine to treat candidiasis and related infections to some extent. This study showed the potential of studying traditional medicine in the search for effective plant extracts or new lead compounds that could be developed into drugs for combating microbial infections among the rural poor people. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2013 / Paraclinical Sciences / Unrestricted