ABSTRACT The small & median enterprises that possess elasticity and efficiency always play to very important roles in the economic development of Taiwan. However the small & median enterprises hold technology and R&D ability in start-up stage, which are more fragile and to wait their maturity. Beside their business scales, markets, capital and human relationship networks are less. They face to be high uncertainty and market competition from start-up to firm business all the time. They are very careful under these situations, but still fail after all. Incubators are sponsors help entrepreneurs or start-ups that have originality, technique and potentiality to give some supports in early stage that lacks experiences, capital, resources and reputation. In order to achieve diversification purposes such as job creation, assisting the economic revitalization of an area, creating wealth, fostering new product/enterprise and so on. We expect from development experience of foreign incubators to base on " an advice from others may help one's defects" viewpoint. To conclude a successful business model of incubator through researches of relevant literature and depth interviews of experts. Our discoveries of researches as follow, ¡¯The importance of incubator successful business model take turns¡G 1.Clearing business missions/purposes. 2.Recruiting excellent managers who can run an incubator to regard as a business. 3.Offering services and helps for tenants. 4.Drawing up a feasibility/business plan that can attract investors. 5.The board of directors that can promise missions/purposes and help to elevate competence. 6.Maintaining 3 to 5 years finance. 7.Obtaining helps and supports of stakeholders, further develop to become a networked incubator. Furthermore the supports and participation of school decision makers are very important because the generalities are academic incubators in domestic. ¡¯The best important item of incubator successful business model in individual condition discriminates¡G 1.Clearing business missions/purposes.¡G"commercialize key technology" 2. Drawing up a feasibility/business plan that can attract investors.¡G"strategy" 3. The board of directors that can promise missions/purposes and help to elevate competence.¡G"accumulated resources in past practice experiences" 4.Recruiting excellent managers who can run an incubator to regard as a business.¡G"entrepreneurship" 5.Offering services and helps for tenants.¡G" technology & talent support" 6.Tenants' entrance criteria¡G"demonstrated business capability of principals" 7.Maintaining 3 to 5 years finance.¡G"self-sufficiency in a proper way " 8.Obtaining helps and supports of stakeholders.¡G"industries" 9.Developing key of a networked incubator.¡G" preferential access to potential resources and partners than competitor from network." Suggestions¡G 1.Creating incentives in order to conduct continuously for academic incubators and professors and managers. 2.Local governments should play more aggressive roles for the development of incubators, and integrate a distinguishing feature of universities and local industries. 3.To encourage development and collaboration of private incubators through governments' reward and taxes reduction. 4.The incubation objects should reinforce to foster traditional businesses that have upgrade and transfer pattern wishes except start-ups. 5.Incubators should promote incubation outcomes to internal and external market through internet or trade organizations. 6.The institutions or organizations of abroad successful incubator are invited by Small & Median Enterprises Development Fund to guide or transfer technologies.

Podcasten är i Sverige ett nytt medium. Denna kanal särskiljer sig från andra mer etablerade medier i det avseende att korta relationer vanligtvis uppstår mellan podcasts och sponsorer. Det som är uppseendeväckande med detta är att teorier gällande relationsutbyten förespråkar långsiktiga relationer. Attribut som är av betydelse för relationsutbytets utveckling är: relationens längd, förtroende, ömsesidigt beroende, normer, och anpassning. Intressant blir således att undersöka hur detta kan komma sig. Podcast med en relation till sponsorer har intervjuats, detta för att undersöka den intermistiska relationen och anledningen till samarbetet. Intervjustudien tyder på att relations-attributen är mindre utvecklade, detta beror på att relationernas längd hämmar attributens utveckling. Marknadens stora tillväxt de senaste åren och det faktum att både podcasts och sponsorer ständigt söker nya samarbetspartners har bidragit till att relationerna förblivit interimistiska.

Voluntary environmental initiatives (VEIs) promise to provide firms and facilities additional flexibility and motivation in managing their environmental affairs in part by reducing compliance and enforcement costs and improving their public image. As a result, since 1990, over 13,000 organizations have participated in more than 100 US and international VEIs. In order for these initiatives to be successful, they need to be implemented following good practice guidelines, reliable enforcement mechanisms, appropriate monitoring, reporting, transparency, and public information availability. All of these activities may be contingent on high levels of stakeholder participation. Little is known, however, about how different stakeholders have been involved in the development of these programs and how this participation varies for different types of VEIs. By conducting an Internet based survey to 63 VEI managers, this research examines the diversity and intensity of stakeholder participation in the design and implementation of VEIs relative to sponsorship. This study concluded that VEIs developed by a partnership between different organizations had the largest number of different types of stakeholders involved. Yet, industry and government sponsored initiatives had a number of different types of participants very close to what occurred in the design of partnership VEIs. Third-party initiatives had the lowest diversity of participants involved in the design of their programs. This pattern illustrates that the VEI sponsors traditionally more susceptible to criticism in terms of credibility are the ones more concerned with stakeholder involvement in the development of their initiatives. As for the role of specific stakeholders, it was observed that government sponsored VEIs had a higher degree of involvement from industry associations than from any other stakeholder. Even if the degree of involvement by non-profit organizations was not considerably lower than by industry associations, the existing difference supports the critique that government VEIs are generally developed in a tighter cooperation with the private sector and sometimes without the collaboration of the civil society. As for third-party initiatives, it was observed that the industry sector had a higher degree of involvement than the government. / Master of Urban and Regional Planning

One of the major challenges facing cricket unions today is getting adequate funding; on the other hand, one of the challenges facing businesses are the hundreds of unsolicited sponsorship proposals they receive annually. This study investigated the business decision-making process for selecting sponsorship proposals, specifically to contribute to the cricket unions’ understanding of the formal selection process that the sponsorship proposal goes through. The primary objective of the study was to determine the degree to which businesses follow the decision-making process when selecting a sponsorship opportunity. The research study was based on a descriptive research design. First, a theoretical discussion of sponsorship within the marketing communication mix was conducted to illustrate that a sponsorship is a product that the business must purchase, and therefore they use the decision-making process to choose among different sponsorship opportunities. The business decision-making process was discussed in further detail for selecting sponsorship proposals. Primary data was collected by means of a web-based questionnaire. A convenience sample was used to distribute the questionnaire to sponsors of the sixteen cricket unions in South Africa. The nature of a sponsorship relationship is rather sensitive; therefore a complete list of all the sponsors could not be compiled. A total of 39 respondents participated in the study. The sample was not representative, and therefore the results are only valid for those respondents who participated in the study. The results indicated that respondents were most likely to set product/brand/service objectives and media objectives for their sponsorships. All the sponsorship objectives are equally important to the respondents from the medium and large sponsors, except for guest hospitality objectives which are deemed more important by large sponsors than the respondents from medium sponsors. With regard to decision-making criteria, respondents found positioning/image criteria as very important during a sponsorship decision. The role-players identified by the respondents who most frequently participate in the decision-making process are the marketing manager, public relations manager, CEO or owner. With regard to the degree to which businesses follow the decisionmaking process, it was found that large sponsors are more likely to follow a fairly formal evaluation process than medium sponsors. It is recommended that cricket unions need to focus on the decision-making criteria and objectives that are deemed important by sponsors, and that they should also include these aspects in their sponsorship proposals. With regard to medium and large sponsors, cricket unions should focus on providing large sponsors with more guest hospitality opportunities; they must also prepare their proposals for a formal decision-making process as compared the less formal approach followed by medium sponsors when reviewing sponsorship applications. Recommendations for future research include that a similar study should be conducted with a large sample size, to be able to identify if statistical significant differences do exist for different size sponsors. A probability sample should be used, to be able to obtain data that is representative of the entire population. The limitations of the study, such as financial and time constraints, prevented from achieving all the recommendations for future research set out above. / Thesis (M.Com. (Marketing Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

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Charity advertising has become diversified for more than twenty years. Previous research focused on charity advertising in non-profit organization (NPO) contexts. However not only NPOs but also corporations sponsor charity ads. As one of popular emotional appeals, guilt appeals are used to promote charitable giving. This study compares three types of advertising sponsor including NPO, corporation, and mixed type with sponsor-charity fit on the effects of guilt appeal in charity advertising. The present study employs an experimental design to investigate the effects of the guilt appeals (guilt appeals vs. non-guilt appeals), type of advertising sponsor (NPO vs. corporation vs. mixed) and sponsor-charity fit (high fit vs. low fit) in charity advertising effectiveness. Mixed type is defined as brand-cause alliance or cause-related marketing. A 2x3x2 factorial design is conducted. Twelve different scenarios are established and the ad effects are measured by attitudes toward the ad, purchase intentions, and attitudes toward the ad sponsor. Does guilt work with all types of sponsors? Results of the experiment indicate an interaction between type of advertising sponsor and guilt appeals. The guilt appeals are more effective when the NPO is the advertising sponsor or when the company frames the charity ad as CRM. However, the non-guilt appeals are more effective than the guilt appeals when a corporation is the ad sponsor. Guilt appeals are found to backfire under the two following circumstances: (1) when a corporation is the ad sponsor with a high fit between sponsor and charity, or (2) when mixed type with low sponsor-charity fit is framed in the ad. According to these findings, this study suggests that marketers should choose appropriate advertising appeals while considering their role as advertising sponsor and the sponsor-charity fit.

Lots of literature discusses IS/IT adoption or diffusion. However, few studies focus on the initiation stage of organizational innovation process. The entrance of organizational innovations issues into agenda represents legitimation and it influences further organizational action. Therefore, this study empirically testified the factors affecting organizational discussion frequency of knowledge management project issues, controlling for the size of knowledge management scope definition. The results showed that the characateristics of knowledge management project issues and the existence of sponsors had significant impact on the issue discussion frequency about knowledge management. However, the institutional pressures did not demonstrate significant impact on the issue discussion frequency or show great influence on the issue characteristics. Neither did the organizational strategy demonstrate its impact on knowledge management project issues. Theoretically, this study is built based on perspectives of agenda building and institutional perspective, and provides more complete model to explain the discussion of organizational innovation issues. For practical knowledge management proponents who attempt to initiate knowledge management in organizations, they need to understand how knowledge management issue is placed into agenda for organizational legitimating.

Since 1989 the culture activities and the audiences have been gradually growing in Taiwan. The government expenditures in art activities increase with stable path during this period of time. Besides, the government subsidies from Council for Cultural Affairs and from National Culture and Art Foundation are considerable. Furthermore, Wen-Hsin Award, which encourages the corporate to support the art activities, has raised 3.6 billion NTD. Recently, companies are reported like a movie star via the media for sponsoring the art groups. For example, the Lin-Yuan Group and Chinatimes Corp. have supported Cloud Gate Dance Theatre for fourteen outdoor shows within 5 years and TSMC contributes 15 million NTD to Cloud Gate Dance Theatre to promote the dance performing art. The examples above show the art and culture be emphasized in public and private sectors. However, there are still many art groups applying for more money to improve the art activities and development. The main purpose in this study is to discuss the sponsorship of companies to art activities and provide the art groups and the sponsors with the acknowledgement of support relationship and with the way of support. To achieve the goal, researcher goes through literature review and case interview. By choosing five companies that won the Wen-hsin Award and examining their motivation, effects, and decision process, we discuss the influences and the interaction of the support. There are three characteristics of self-interest motivation support: 1. The companies with products that are banned for advertisement have more interest to sponsor and with diversified forms if they supported before. The requirement is that the proposal should point out how the contribution can increase the sale. Generally, the proposal should be filed within the expiry date. However, there could be no time limitation in some special cases . 2. The companies sponsor the art activities because of high-level managers¡¦ preferences. They support the activities only if the CEO, for example, regards the activities are meaningful and valuable. 3. In the decision process of corporate sponsorship, the consistency of sponsor purpose, the accumulation of sponsor knowledge, and the level of systemization are different. It causes that decision process belongs to different decision models. As far as we know, the most sponsors are still in the chaos stage. It reveals that corporate sponsorship of art or culture activities is still in the initial stage. Any successful sponsorship could be the model case in this area.

One of the major challenges facing cricket unions today is getting adequate funding; on the other hand, one of the challenges facing businesses are the hundreds of unsolicited sponsorship proposals they receive annually. This study investigated the business decision-making process for selecting sponsorship proposals, specifically to contribute to the cricket unions’ understanding of the formal selection process that the sponsorship proposal goes through. The primary objective of the study was to determine the degree to which businesses follow the decision-making process when selecting a sponsorship opportunity. The research study was based on a descriptive research design. First, a theoretical discussion of sponsorship within the marketing communication mix was conducted to illustrate that a sponsorship is a product that the business must purchase, and therefore they use the decision-making process to choose among different sponsorship opportunities. The business decision-making process was discussed in further detail for selecting sponsorship proposals. Primary data was collected by means of a web-based questionnaire. A convenience sample was used to distribute the questionnaire to sponsors of the sixteen cricket unions in South Africa. The nature of a sponsorship relationship is rather sensitive; therefore a complete list of all the sponsors could not be compiled. A total of 39 respondents participated in the study. The sample was not representative, and therefore the results are only valid for those respondents who participated in the study. The results indicated that respondents were most likely to set product/brand/service objectives and media objectives for their sponsorships. All the sponsorship objectives are equally important to the respondents from the medium and large sponsors, except for guest hospitality objectives which are deemed more important by large sponsors than the respondents from medium sponsors. With regard to decision-making criteria, respondents found positioning/image criteria as very important during a sponsorship decision. The role-players identified by the respondents who most frequently participate in the decision-making process are the marketing manager, public relations manager, CEO or owner. With regard to the degree to which businesses follow the decisionmaking process, it was found that large sponsors are more likely to follow a fairly formal evaluation process than medium sponsors. It is recommended that cricket unions need to focus on the decision-making criteria and objectives that are deemed important by sponsors, and that they should also include these aspects in their sponsorship proposals. With regard to medium and large sponsors, cricket unions should focus on providing large sponsors with more guest hospitality opportunities; they must also prepare their proposals for a formal decision-making process as compared the less formal approach followed by medium sponsors when reviewing sponsorship applications. Recommendations for future research include that a similar study should be conducted with a large sample size, to be able to identify if statistical significant differences do exist for different size sponsors. A probability sample should be used, to be able to obtain data that is representative of the entire population. The limitations of the study, such as financial and time constraints, prevented from achieving all the recommendations for future research set out above. / Thesis (M.Com. (Marketing Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

Background: This research focused on sport sponsorship related to six sponsors from different industries that are affiliated with a South African football club, namely Kaizer Chiefs; and has drawn from the perceptions and experience of Kaizer Chiefs supporters at in their ability to identify and assess the six sponsors. Results: This research has provided a framework to investigate the interrelationships between sport sponsorship, sponsor awareness, corporate image and intention to purchase sponsors' products. The main findings of the research were that category sport sponsorship awareness has a positive effect on sponsor awareness; and that corporate image has a positive effect on intention to purchase sponsors' products. No significant positive relationship was found between sponsor awareness and corporate image. Furthermore, no conclusive evidence was found to support the hypothesis that sponsor awareness has a positive effect on intention to purchase sponsors' products. Conclusion: The framework proposed within this research has highlighted the supporting role that sponsor awareness plays in achieving media coverage objectives, as well as the role that corporate image plays in achieving sales objectives. The results have further emphasised that corporate image is the more dominant indicator of sponsorship effectiveness as it ultimately leads to increased sales. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted