En France, 5 % des patients hospitalisés contractent une infection nosocomiale. Pour lutter contre ce problème, nous avons développé un nouveau type de films biocompatibles, pouvant être fonctionnalisés, à base de polysaccharides construit par pulvérisation alternée ou simultanée pour les utiliser comme revêtements d’implants biomédicaux. La pulvérisation, issue du dépôt couche-par-couche de polyanions et de polycations, permettent un gain de temps conséquent.D’abord, la complexation du couple chitosane/acide hyaluronique et le dépôt de multicouches sur ces complexes ont été étudiés. Puis, nous avons étudié la construction de films de 3 couples de polysaccharides par pulvérisation alternée et simultanée. La biocompatibilité de ces films a été étudiée pour valider leur utilisation en tant que revêtements de biomatériaux. Enfin, leur fonctionnalisation a été abordée. L’activité de ces revêtements contre différents pathogènes et leur biocompatibilité ont été testées. Cette étude montre qu’il est possible de construire par pulvérisation des films de polysaccharides et de les rendre actifs grâce au greffage de peptides antimicrobiens. / In France, 5 % of the hospitalized patients develop a hospital-acquired infection. To fight this problem, we developed a new kind of biocompatible films based on polysaccharides , which can be functionalized, built by spraying process. Derived from layer-by-layer dipping of polyanions and polycations, spraying let to spare time. First, we focused on the complexation of Chitosane and hyaluronic acid. We investigated the complexation and multilayers coating on this type of complexes. Next, we studied the buildup of polysaccharide films by alternate and simultaneous spray. Biocompatibility of the polysaccharide films was tested to validate their use as biomaterial coatings. Eventually, we investigated their functionalization. Their activityx against different pathogens and their biocompatibility were tested.This study shows that it is possible to build polysaccharide films by spraying methods and to render these films active against different pathogens by grafting antimicrobial peptides.

This diploma thesis deals with increasing the service life of parts intended for soil cultivation. The work evaluates the current possibilities of increasing the utility value of spare parts. Practical tests will provide recommendations for the most appropriate method to increase durability. The work examines uncharted methods of testing soldered joint. The results are evaluated in terms of quality and economic profitability. All results from this work are based on the basis of practical tests of plowing machine in rocky soil.

In dieser Veröffentlichung werden 2 Anwendungsbeispiele für Textilbeton vorgestellt, ein nachträgliches Abdichtungssystem sowie eine bauteilintegrierte Schalung. Teil 1: Da in vielen Regionen Deutschlands steigende Grundwasserspiegel zu verzeichnen sind und bestehende Gebäude, die nicht für den Belastungsfall „drückendes Wasser“ ausgelegt sind, mit einem tragfähigen nachträglichen Abdichtungssystem ertüchtigt werden müssen, wurde ein entsprechendes Abdichtungssystem aus Textilbeton entwickelt. Durch die Verwendung des Textilbetons ist es möglich, ein Abdichtungssystem mit einer geringen Bauteilstärke von 30 mm im Spritzverfahren herzustellen. Teil 2: Die bauteilintegrierte Schalung (BIS) aus Textilbeton nimmt während der Betonage den Frischbetondruck auf. Im Endzustand bildet sie die Bauteiloberfläche und kann Anforderungen hinsichtlich Tragfähigkeit, Sichtbeton- und Oberflächenqualität sowie Oberflächenausbildung (Farbe, Struktur) erfüllen. BISElemente können werksmäßig wirtschaftlich und qualitativ hochwertig hergestellt werden.

Two-phase spray cooling has been an emerging thermal management technique offering high heat transfer coefficients and critical heat flux levels, near-uniform surface temperatures, and efficient coolant usage that enables to design of compact and lightweight systems. Due to these capabilities, spray cooling is a promising approach for high heat flux applications in computing, power electronics, and optics. Two-phase spray cooling inherently depends on saturation temperature-pressure relationships of the working fluid to take advantage of high heat transfer rates associated with liquid-vapor phase change. When a certain application requires strict temperature and/or pressure conditions, thermo-physical properties of the working fluid play a critical role in attaining proper efficiency, reliability, or packaging structure. However, some of the commonly used single-component working fluids have relatively poor properties and heat transfer performance. For example, water is the best coolant in terms of properties, yet in certain applications where the system operates at low temperature ambient, it cannot be implemented due to freezing risk. The common solution for this problem is to use the antifreeze mixtures (binary mixtures of water and alcohol) to reduce the freezing point. In such cases, utilizing binary mixtures to tune working fluid properties becomes an alternative approach. This study has two main objectives; (1) to experimentally investigate the two-phase spray cooling performance of water/2-propanol binary mixture, and (2) to numerically investigate the performance of an advanced heat spreader featuring high and directional thermal conductivity materials for high heat flux focal sources. The first part of the study involves experimental characterization of heat transfer performance. Tests are conducted on a small-scale, closed loop spray cooling system featuring a pressure atomized spray nozzle. The test section, made of copper, measures 10 mm x 10 mm x 2 mm with a plain, smooth surface. A cylindrical copper block, with a matching size square protrusion attached onto the back side of the test section, generates heat using cartridge heaters and simulates high heat flux source. Embedded thermocouples are used to determine the spray surface temperature. The working fluid, water/alcohol mixture, has various concentration levels of 2-propanol by mass fraction 0.0 (pure water), 0.25, 0.50, 0.879 (azeotrope) and 1.0 (pure alcohol)), representing both non-azeotropic and azeotropic cases. Spray cooling tests are performed with a constant flow rate of 5.6 ml/cm².s at subcooled temperatures (~20oC) and atmospheric pressure. Experimental procedure involves controlling the heat flux in increasing steps, and recording the corresponding steady-state temperatures to obtain cooling curves in the form of surface superheat vs. heat flux. The second part of the study investigates an advanced heat spreader design for thermal management of a high heat flux focal source. The heat spreader comprises of three layers: a copper layer that interfaces with the heat source, a high and directional thermal conductivity material (such as CVD diamond and Pyrolytic graphite) layer, and another copper layer that is exposed to two-phase spray cooling. The analysis applies various heat fluxes on the heat source side and the experimentally obtained heat transfer coefficients on the spray side of the spreader design to determine the temperature and heat flux distributions, and examine the potential capabilities of this configuration.

The current technology for sprayed concrete cannot do without various types of concrete admixtures allowing that more demanding requirements for quality and overall characteristics of Sprayed Concrete can be met. These are mainly concrete plastificators and set acceleration admixtures. In practice these technologies are employed especially in construction of underground structures where the working conditions are often very restricted. In these days Sprayed Concrete is usually applied by wet spraying where the fresh concrete is made in a batching plant and then transported to the construction site. That is why it is also important to pay attention to rheology characteristics of sprayed concrete. The concrete is then placed by a special spraying plant while it is ensured that all requirements and technical specifications for sprayed concrete are complied with. The characteristics are most affected by the admixtures - both plastificators and accelerators and their compatibility with cement. In order to acquire new evidence in the field of sprayed concrete technology and use of admixtures and their effect in relation with various types of cement a number of combinations of admixtures and cements were tested. Gradually results were obtained and recorded for rheology of cement mortars and concrete, for characteristics of young sprayed concrete mixes and for the comparison between the laboratory tests and findings from daily practice.

This Thesis is about the aging of FECRAL surface coatings. In this thesis various substrates have been investigated such as 16 Mo3, 304, 347, Sanicro 31, 800HT, Nikrothal 80 and Kanthal APMT. These substrates have been coated with different FeCrAl alloys, using two different coating methods spraying with (High Velocity Air Force) and welding with (Metal Inert Gas). The purpose of coating is to achieve specific properties of the layer without affecting the original properties of the substrate. Therefore, it is important to investigate the boundary layer between these two different materials to observe how the interdiffusion of different substances such as Cr, Al, Fe and C is affected, which is the purpose of this project. The method used to investigate this purpose was to expose these combinations in different temperatures and in different environments for different time intervals. Then, using LOM, SEM and EDS analysis, the change that the boundary layers have undergone is examined. Some calculations in DICTRA have also been performed to see if it was possible to find any connection between experimental data and simulation results. The result showed carburization of FeCrAl-coatings on 16Mo3 substrates which can lead to deterioration of mechanical properties in the substrates but also decreased corrosion resistance for the coated layers. The result has also shown that it is difficult to perform spraying for small cylindrical products. The reason for this may be the high powder dispersion and the expansion of certain products when spraying, which causes the layer to loosen due to the shrinkage followed by cooling. APMT sprayed with Nikrothal 80 has shown high porosity in the substrates and high interdiffusion of Fe and Ni. High Ni diffusion in low Al alloys such as K 198 may be a reason why the coated layer cannot optimally form the protective oxide. / Detta projekt handlar om åldring av FECRAL ytbeläggningar. I den här avhandlingen så har olika substrat blivit undersökta såsom 16Mo3, 304, 347, Sanicro 31, 800HT, Nikrothal 80 och Kanthal APMT. Dessa substrat har blivit belagda med olika FeCrAl legeringar, med hjälp av två olika beläggningsmetoder, påsprutning (High Velocity Air Force) och påsvetsning (Metal Inert Gas). Syftet med att materialet beläggs är att uppnå specifika egenskaper utan att påverka substratens ursprungliga egenskaper. Det är därför viktigt att undersöka gränsskiktet mellan dessa två olika material för att se hur interdiffusionen av olika element såsom Cr, Al, Fe och C påverkas av värmebehandling. Metoden som användes för att undersöka detta var att exponera dessa kombinationer i olika temperaturer och i olika miljöer för olika tidsintervall. Därefter med hjälp av LOM, SEM och EDS analys undersöktes förändringen som gränsskikten har genomgått. Några beräkningar i DICTRA har även utförts för att se om det var möjligt att hitta någon koppling mellan experimentella data och simuleringsresultatet. Resultaten visade att 16Mo3 kombinationer fått en tydlig hög uppkolning i skiktet vilket kan påverka mekaniska egenskaperna och korrosionbeständigheten under användning vid höga temperaturer. Resultatet har även visat att det är svårt att utföra påsprutning för små cylindriska produkter. Anledningen till detta kan vara hög pulverspridningen samt den termiska expansionen av vissa produkter vid påsprutning som leder till att skiktet kan lossna på grund av krympningen vid svalning. APMT påsprutad med Nikrothal 80 har visat hög porositet i substraten och hög interdiffusion av Fe, Al och Ni under exponering vid 1200°C. Hög uppblandning och diffusion av nickel för det FECRAL belagda skiktet med relativt låg halt av aluminium K 198 kan vara en anledning till att belagda skiktet inte kan forma en skyddande oxid på ett optimalt sätt.

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The objective of this research was to investigate the performance of two-phase spray cooling with HFC-134a and HFO-1234yf refrigerants using practical enhanced heat transfer surfaces. Results of the study were expected to provide a quantitative spray cooling performance comparison with working fluids representing the current and next-generation mobile air conditioning refrigerants, and demonstrate the feasibility of this approach as an alternative active cooling technology for the thermal management of high heat flux power electronics (i.e., IGBTs) in electric-drive vehicles. Potential benefits of two-phase spray cooling include achieving more efficient and reliable operation, as well as compact and lightweight system design that would lead to cost reduction. The experimental work involved testing of four different enhanced boiling surfaces in comparison to a plain reference surface, using a commercial pressure-atomizing spray nozzle at a range of liquid flow rates for each refrigerant to determine the spray cooling performance with respect to heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and critical heat flux (CHF). The heater surfaces were prepared using dual-stage electroplating, brush coating, sanding, and particle blasting, all featuring "practical" room temperature processes that do not require specialized equipment. Based on the obtained results, HFC-134a provided a better heat transfer performance through higher HTC and CHF values compared to HFO-1234yf at all tested surfaces and flow rates. While majority of the tested surfaces provided comparable HTC and modestly higher CHF values compared to the reference surface, one of the enhanced surfaces offered significant heat transfer enhancement.

Le paludisme, qui est la maladie à transmission vectorielle la plus répandue, provoque depuis quelques années de plus en plus d’épidémies liées à des anomalies climatiques. Dans de nombreux pays endémiques comme l’Ouganda, les changements climatiques représentent une préoccupation importante pour la santé publique. Des débats existent toutefois quant à l’évolution future du paludisme car la majorité des études de prédictions ne considèrent pas les effets de certains facteurs anthropiques qui influencent la transmission (ex. les interventions de contrôle antivectorielles). Ainsi, les objectifs de cette thèse étaient donc 1) d’estimer les associations entre le risque du paludisme, des variables de l’environnement (comme les précipitations, la température, l’humidité et la végétation) et les interventions antivectorielles (moustiquaires imprégnées d’insecticide longue durée, MILD, et pulvérisation intra-domiciliaire, PID) pour 2) prédire la distribution du paludisme selon des scénarios de climat futur. À cette fin, les associations ont été étudiées à partir (i) des données d’une cohorte d’enfants de trois sous régions d’Ouganda à partir de modèles mixtes linéaires généralisés basés sur une distribution log-binomiale; (ii) des données de surveillance passive du paludisme dans la population générale de six sous régions, à partir de modèles mixtes linéaires généralisés basés sur une distribution binomiale négative. Les associations étudiées au sein de la population générale ont ensuite été utilisées pour projeter le risque futur selon 14 simulations climatiques et deux scénarios d’émission de gaz à effet de serre (RCP4.5 et RCP8.5). Pour le premier objectif, les résultats de l’analyse des données de la cohorte infantile ont mis en évidence une variabilité sous régionale dans la forme (linéaire et non linéaire), la direction et l'ampleur des associations entre les variables de l’environnement et le risque de paludisme. L'ajustement du modèle de régression pour la PID a modifié l'ampleur et/ou la direction des associations environnement-paludisme, suggérant un effet d'interaction. À partir des données de la population générale, l’analyse groupée des six sous régions a montré que les interventions réduisaient le risque de paludisme d'environ 35 % avec les MILD et de 63 % avec la PID; des interactions significatives ont été observées entre certaines variables environnementales et les interventions de lutte antivectorielle. À l’échelle sous régionale, une variabilité de la forme des relations environnement-paludisme (linéarité, non linéarité, direction) et de l'influence des interventions a aussi été observée. Les prédictions du risque de paludisme avec les changements climatiques suggèrent des tendances à la hausse des cas de paludisme en absence d’interventions à l’horizon 2050, bien qu’une grande variabilité dans les prédictions existent selon le modèle de climat considéré (médianes et min-max de la période historique vs RCP 4.5 : 16 785, 9 902 - 74 382 vs 21 289, 11 796 - 70 606). En considérant l’effet des interventions, une réduction du nombre de cas annuels médian de 35%, 63% et à 76% est prédite avec les MILD seules, la PID seule et la combinaison de MILD et PID, respectivement. Cette thèse a donc permis de clarifier l’influence des MILD et de la PID sur les relations entre variables de l’environnement et le paludisme et de démontrer l’importance de considérer les mesures de contrôle antivectorielle dans les analyses du risque épidémiologique de paludisme et dans les prédictions du risque avec les changements climatiques. / Malaria, which is the most widespread vector-borne disease, has in recent years caused more and more epidemics linked to climatic anomalies. In several malaria endemic countries such as Uganda, climate change is a major public health concern. Debates exist, however, about the future evolution of malaria in relation to climate as the majority of prediction studies do not consider the effects of certain anthropogenic factors that influence transmission (e.g. vector control interventions). Therefore, the objectives of this thesis were 1) to estimate the associations between malaria risk, environmental variables (such as precipitation, temperature, humidity which are related to climate and vegetation) and vector interventions (long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets - LLINs, and indoor residential spraying - IRS), and to 2) predict malaria distribution under future climate scenarios. The associations were studied with (i) data from a cohort of children from three sub-regions of Uganda using generalized linear mixed models based on a log-binomial distribution; (ii) data from passive surveillance of malaria in the general population of six sub-regions, using generalized linear mixed models based on a negative binomial distribution. The associations studied in the general population were then used to predict future risk under 14 climate simulations and two greenhouse gas emission scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). For the first objective, the results of the analysis of the infant cohort data highlighted a sub-regional variability in the form (linear and nonlinear), the direction and the magnitude of the associations between the environmental variables. and the risk of malaria. Adjusting the regression model for IRS changed the magnitude and/or direction of environment-malaria associations, suggesting an interaction effect. Using data from the general population, the pooled analysis of the six sub-regions showed that the interventions reduced malaria risk by approximately 35% with LLINs and by 63% with IRS; significant interactions were observed between some environmental variables and vector control interventions. At the sub-regional scale, variability in the form of environment-malaria relationships (linearity, non-linearity, direction) and in the influence of interventions was also observed. Predictions of malaria risk with climate change suggest upward trends in malaria cases in the absence of interventions by 2050, although great variability in the predictions exists depending on the climate model considered (medians and min-max of the historical period vs RCP 4.5: 16,785, 9,902 - 74,382 vs 21,289, 11,796 - 70,606). Considering the effect of interventions, a reduction in the median number of annual cases of 35%, 63% and 76% is predicted for LLINs alone, IRS alone and the combination of LLINs and IRS, respectively. This thesis examined the influence of LLINs and IRS on the relationships between environmental variables and malaria and demonstrates the importance of considering vector control measures in analyzes of the epidemiological risk of malaria and in its prediction with climate change.

Neste trabalho, visando-se melhorar o desempenho ao desgaste e/ou à corrosão de revestimentos de ligas auto-fluxantes, amostras de aço SAE 1020 foram revestidas pelo processo de aspersão térmica, sendo que uma delas foi revestida apenas com uma liga auto-fluxante a base de níquel (\'NI\"CR\"B\"SI\"C\') e outras duas, às quais aplicou-se essa liga com adições de carboneto de boro ou carboneto de silício. As camadas foram caracterizadas por meio de ensaios micrográficos ópticos e eletrônicos, microdurezas, corrosão e de microdesgaste. A camada adicionada com carboneto de boro apresentou o maior nível de dureza e melhor desempenho ao desgaste, seguida pela camada com carboneto de silício e a liga auto-fluxante pura. As amostras adicionadas de carboneto de boro e silício apresentaram comportamentos similares à corrosão, com potenciais de corrosão superiores ao da amostra sem adição. / In this work, aiming to improve the wear and/or corrosion performance of self-fluxing alloys coatings, samples SAE 1020 steel were coated by thermal spray process, one of then was coated only with a self-fluxing nickel-based (\'NI\"CR\"B\"SI\"C\') alloy and two others, in which was applied this alloy with additions of boron carbide or silicon carbide. The coatings were characterized by means of optical and electronic micrography, microhardness, corrosion and microwear tests. The coating added with boron carbide showed the highest level of hardness and the better wear performance, followed by the coating with silicon carbide and the pure self-fluxing alloy. The samples added with boron or silicon carbide showed similar corrosion performance, with higher corrosion potential in comparison to that presented by the sample without addition.