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Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur extremsportsidrottare framställer och stärker sitt personliga varumärke på sociala medier. Vad är viktigast att tänka på när idrottaren vill att deras följare ska interagera med dem? Studien analyserar i vilken grad välproducerade bilderna spelar roll i hur mycket uppmärksamhet bilderna får, genom till exempel gillamarkeringar och kommentarer. De teorier som denna studie bygger på, handlar om hur en avsändare ska tänka runt sitt varumärke, hur sociala medier fungerar och vad som ökar chansen till att ett material får bra spridning på sociala medier. Vad är viktigt för att stärka sitt varumärke? Vad är viktigt för att mottagaren ska ta till sig ett varumärke? Hur ska ett varumärke använda sig av sociala medier? Hur ska ett varumärke göra för att öka chansen till spridbarhet? De metoder som har använts är en kvalitativ innehållsanalys genom en semiotisk bildanalys, den har givits störst utrymme, för att studiens huvudsyfte är att analysera hur idrottarna använder sig av bilder och bildtexter. Den kvalitativa innehållsanalysen kompletteras med en kvantitativ webbenkät, syftet med enkäterna, är att studien ska få en övergripande bild av hur följarna intrigera med idrottarna på Instagram och vad som är största anledningen till att de gör det. Verktygen som beskrivs i metodkapitlet används för att göra en bildanalys av de bilder som valts ut för studien. Resultatet av bildanalysen beskrivs genom att presentera det vi direkt ser, vilka känslor och associationer bilder utstrålar och vilka tecken och koder som hittas. I resultatkapitlet beskrivs bakgrunden till varje idrottare som ingår i denna studie. I analysen knyts resultatet ihop med de teorier som tas upp i studien. Resultatet analyseras genom att undersöka hur idrottarna använder sig av bilder och bildtexter för att stärka och sprida sitt varumärke utifrån de teorier som beskrivs. Använder de sociala medier på rätt sätt? Det undersöks även hur olika typer av bilder, till exempel välproducerade bilder med en tanke i hur bilden är tagen, till exempel tankar som vart personen är placerad i bilden i förhållande till andra objektiv i bilden och hur ljuset och färgerna används i bilden, och bilder som inte har någon direkt tanke skiljer sig i hur många gillamarkeringar bilden fått. Studien avslutas med att besvara på studiens frågeställningar och slutsatsen visar att det är viktigare för mottagaren är att känna en närhet till avsändaren, idrottaren ska kännas som en vanlig vän som dyker upp i mottagarens Instagramflöde. Det ger mer uppmärksamhet än en välproducerad bild som är tagen av en fotograf och där det finns en tanke bakom bilden. / The purpose of this study is to examine how athletes, that compete in extreme sports, produce and strengthen their personal brand on social media. What are the important things to think about when they want their followers to interact with them? The study analyses to what extent the quality of the pictures matter in how much attention they will get, in form of “likes” and comments. The theories that will be used involve: how personal branding works, how social media works and how to increase spreadability on social media. What are the key factors for strengthening their personal brand? What influences how followers perceive the brand? The method that has been used for the study is a qualitative content analysis through a semiotic analysis, which helps analyse how the athletes is using pictures and captions. The qualitative content analysis is supplemented with a quantitative web survey to examine how the users interact with the athletes on Instagram and what the main reasons are for them to follow the athletes. The tools that are described in the method chapter are used to do a analysis of the pictures that has been selected for this study. The results of the picture analysis are described by presenting what we actually see, what kind of emotions and associations the pictures gives off and what kinds of signs and codes that can be found in them. In the result chapter there is a description of the background of every athlete that is included in the study. In the analysis chapter the result are linked with the theories used in the study. The result will be analyzed by examining how the athletes use pictures and captions to strengthen and spread their brand by the theories that will be described. Are they using social media in the right way? The study will also examine why different kinds of pictures, for example well produced, carefully composed pictures, where the person is placed in the picture in relation to other objects in the picture and how lights and colors are used in the picture, or pictures that are not, differs in how many likes they get. The study ends with answering the research questions. The conclusion shows that the most important thing for the followers is to feel closely connected to the athlete and the athlete should feel like a close friend that shows up in the followers Instagram flow. This gives more likes than a well-produced, carefully composed picture taken by a photographer.

Local anaesthetic drugs are usually administered as symptom relieving drug formulations for the treatment of pain in superficial skin extremities. The anaesthesia is delivered into skin tissues at the site of pain because of nociceptive receptors. Concerns that exist regarding local anaesthetic drug formulations are low drug encapsulation efficiency, polydispersity of colloidal formulations, chemical interactions of released local anaesthetic drug with skin proteins and bulk viscoelastic properties. Complimenting drug formulation characteristics are the desirable rates of controlled release of drug molecules from chosen formulations pertaining to favourable in vitro skin permeation kinetics are imperative pharmaceutics based research areas because skin percutaneous delivery has distinct barrier property restrictions for passive diffusion (PD) of active molecules. Lidocaine is currently the active anaesthetic molecule of choice in local anaesthesia by clinicians because of minimum toxicity and good potency. It is a low molecular weight drug comprising of electron donating and electron withdrawing functional groups with the capacity to interact by hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions with several drug formulation vehicles. In this work, a naturally occurring bi-polymeric formulation was achieved with lidocaine NaCMC:gelatine hydrogel. Lidocaine NaCMC:gelatine ratio of 1:2.3 was the most favourable formulation because of faster skin permeation kinetics. Lidocaine NaCMC:gelatine 1:2.7 provided the highest drug encapsulation efficiency. This resulted in high, sustained permeation rates after adaptation of the microneedle (MN) poke and patch technique, past the stratum corneum layer of skin for quick target delivery in attaining a maximum permeation flux of near 6.0 μg/cm2/h in the hypodermis layer. Mass balance of in vitro studies using an indirect approach to quantify lidocaine permeation showed significant lidocaine permeation in skin. Subsequent vertical and horizontal (depth averaged) in vitro studies using similar MN techniques resulted in crossing minimum therapeutic level across a 10 mm radius from the epicentre of the skin sample at major reduced lag times of minutes for vertical permeation and within 0.5 hours for horizontal permeation. Furthermore, the spreadability of lidocaine NaCMC:gelatine hydrogel shows favourability in the control of droplet spreading on MN treated skin.

Additive  manufacturing  technologies  are  widely  used  in  aerospace,  space,  and  turbine industries. Parts can be manufactured directly by selectively adding materials layer-by-layer. A key aspect that is critical to the quality of the final component being manufactured is the powder characteristics. The prevailing powder characterisation techniques help in predicting the flowability of powders but do not relate to the spreading nature of the powder. To create high-quality thin layers of metal powder, it is essential to understand powder spreadability in powder bed-based additive manufacturing processes. The objective of this study was to create spreadability metrics using image analysis, mass analysis, and density analysis. A lab-scale experimental setup was constructed to replicate the powder bed-based additive manufacturing process. The impact of spreading speed and layer thickness on five different steel powders were studied using the suggested metrics. The metrics obtained powder rheometry and revolution powder analysis. The flowability parameters were compared to the spreadability analysis. Image analysis was shown to be efficient to predict the spreading nature of the powder when the processing parameters are varied. One metric, the convex hull ratio, was found to be high for  free-flowing  powders.  The  spread  area  of  free-flowing  powders  was  higher  than  the powders with poor flow properties. A mass-based analysis procedure shows that the ratio of mass deposited to the theoretical mass fluctuated in a systematic manner as a function of testing parameters  and  for  different  powders,  suggesting  that  the  mass  analysis  might  be  another potential   metric   to   assess   spreadability.   The   density-based   analysis   was   effective   in differentiating the layer density of different powders under various experimental conditions. It   is   expected   that   the   proposed   metrics   will   be   a   beginning   for  developing   further characterisation techniques. For example, the layer thickness could be studied by creating a homogenous  layer.  We  anticipate  these  metrics  to  be  used  to  develop  standardisation techniques for defining and quantifying powder spreadability, and thereby improve quality ofadditive manufacturing processes. / Additiv  tillverkning  är  teknologier  som  har  stor  uträckning  inom  flyg-,  rymd  och  turbin industrier. Delar kan bli tillverkade direkt genom att lagervis addera material på varandra. En nyckelaspekt som är kritisk till kvalitén av den slutgiltiga komponenten är egenskaperna hos pulvret. De allmänna teknikerna för pulverkarakterisering hjälper till att förutspå flytförmågan hos pulver men relaterar ej till dess spridningsförmåga. För att kunna skapa högkvalitativa skikt av  metallpulver  är  det  nödvändigt  att  förstå  pulvrets  spridningsförmåga  inom  pulverbädds baserade additiva tillverkningsprocesser. Målet  med denna studie var  att skapa ett mått för spridningsförmågan  genom  bild-  och  massanalys.  Ett  experimentellt  upplägg  i  labbskala konstruerades för att efterlikna en pulverbädds baserad additiv tillverkningsprocess. Effekten av bladets hastighet och lagrets tjocklek på fem olika pulver studerades genom användandet av de  föreslagna  mätetalen.  De  framtagna  mätetalen  jämfördes  sedan  med  existerande  pulver karakteriseringsmetoder  såsom  FT-4  Rheometer  och  pulver  analys  med  hjälp  av  roterande trumma. Slutligen så jämförs flytbarhets parametrarna med spridbarhets mätetalen. Det visar sig att bildanalysen är tillräckligt bra på att förutspå spridningsförmågan hos pulvret när  processparametrarna  låtes  vara  varierande.  Mer  specifikt  så  var  förhållandet  mellan pulvrets yta och det konvexa höljet stort för pulver som visar bra spridning. De framtagna procent  värden  från  massanalysdiagrammen  fluktuerar  vid  olika  processparametrar  hos  de olika  pulvren,  vilket  kan  betyda  att  massanalys  kan  vara  ett  potentiellt  sätt  för  att  mätta spridningsförmågan hos pulver. Det är förväntat att dessa föreslagna mätetal kommer vara början för utveckling av ytterligare karakteriseringstekniker. Till exempel, för att studera densiteten och tjockleken hos ett lager skulle man kunna skapa homogena lager. Vi förutser att dessa mätetal kommer att bli använda för att skapa standardiseringstekniker för att definiera och kvantifiera spridningsförmågan hos ett pulver och genom detta förbättra kvaliteten av den additiva tillverkningsprocessen.

This master's thesis deals with issue of lead-free soldering in protective atmosphere with focus on wetting test. Theorethical part is focused on the types of lead-free solders, wettability tests performed on solder joints, different types of soldering or comparison of influence of the base material in regards to the wetting of the solder. The goal of practical part is testing and comparison of spreadability of selected lead-free solder on two conductive surfaces with different concentration of oxygen in protective nitrogen atmosphere. Testing has been performed on ceramic substrate which differs this method from others, performed on organic substrate. For an over-melted solder, the crystal-growth on surface in regards to protective atmosphere concentration is shown.

Social media content, as well as how it is being used and the impact it has on the society, have underwent significant transformations and nowadays they are quite different from what they were when social media just came around. Analysing the transformations is important for understanding both the current state and further development of the technology that stands behind social media. One of the most noticeable aspects of today’s social media is the phenomenon of “internet memes”. An internet meme can be roughly defined as “a piece of culture, typically a joke, which gains influence through online transmission” (Davison, 2012). While memes play a substantial role in the use of social media and there has been growing interest in exploiting their potential for marketing and, more generally, conveying various types of messages, there has been a lack of HCI (Human Computer Interaction) research on memes. The understanding of how memes are perceived by social media users and how memes spread on social media is currently rather limited. The study reported in this thesis addresses the limitation of existing HCI research by presenting empirical evidence for the definition of memes, as well as memes' spreadability. Three online surveys (the total number of respondents:3161), targeting the users of the social media platforms Reddit and Facebook, were developed within the study. The social media platform Reddit was selected because it is a platform where memes are often created and also where they are moved to other platforms, like YouTube and Instagram. The study adopted a mixed method approach, combining the analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data. It is shown that memes are shared because they are found funny and that they are shared within the community or with friends. But if a meme spreads and becomes popular outside this original community, the meme loses its value to the original users. Some contents, like character memes, are much easier to spread, but just as soon as they become popular, they disappear.

The European legislation prohibits the use of lead containing solders in Europe. However, lead free solders have a higher melting point (typical 20%) and their mechanical characteristics are worse. Additional problems are aging and adhesion of the solder on the electronic circuits. Thus, research activities must focus on the optimization of the properties of Sn-Ag-Cu based lead free solders chosen by the industry. Two main objectives are treated in this work. In the center of the first one is the study of curious hysteresis effects of metallic cadmium-antimony alloys after thermal cycles by measuring electronic transport phenomena (thermoelectric power and electrical resistivity). The second objective, within the framework of “cotutelle” between the universities of Metz and of Chemnitz and supported by COST531, is to study more specifically lead free solders. A welding must well conduct electricity and well conduct and dissipate heat. In Metz, we determined the electrical conductivity, the thermoelectric power and the thermal conductivity of various lead free solders (Sn-Ag-Cu, Sn-Cu, Sn-Ag, Sn-Sb) as well in the liquid as well in the solid state. The results have been compared to classical lead-tin (Pb-Sn) solders. In Chemnitz we measured the surface tension, the interfacial tension and the density of lead free solders. We also measured the viscosity of these solders without and with additives, in particular nickel. These properties were related to the industrial problems of wettability and spreadability. Lastly, we solidified alloys under various conditions. We observed undercooling. We developed a technique of mixture of nanocristalline powder with lead free solders "to sow" the liquid bath in order to obtain "different" solids which were examined using optical and electron microscopy. / Die europäische Gesetzgebung verbietet die Benutzung von Lötmitteln, die Blei enthalten. Bleilose Lote haben aber einen höheren Schmelzpunkt (typisch 20%) und ihre mechanischen Eigenschaften sind schlechter. Zusätzliche Probleme sind das Alterungsverhalten und das Haftvermögen des Lots an den Leiterbahnen. Daher müssen sich Forschungsaktivitäten auf die Optimierung der Eigenschaften von bleifreien Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) Loten konzentrieren, die von der Industrie gewählt wurden. Zwei Hauptgebiete werden in dieser Arbeit bearbeitet. Im Zentrum des Ersten stehen seltsame Hysterese-Effekte von metallischen Kadmium- Antimon Legierungen bei thermischen Zyklen, wobei Transporteigenschaften wie die thermoelektrische Kraft und der elektrische Widerstand untersucht werden. Die zweite Aktivität, die in einer Kooperation der Universitäten Metz und Chemnitz (cotutelle) bearbeitet und die durch COST531 unterstützt wird, besteht in der detaillierten Erforschung des Lötprozesses ohne Blei. Eine Lötverbindung muß den Strom gut führen und die Wärme gut ableiten. In Metz haben wir die elektrische Leitfähigkeit, die thermoelektrische Kraft und das Wärmeleitvermögen bestimmt für verschiedene bleilose Lote (Sn-Ag-Cu, Sn-Cu, Sn-Ag, Sn-Sb), sowohl im flüssigen als auch festen Zustand. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit dem klassischen bleihaltigen Lötzinn (Sn-Pb) verglichen. In Chemnitz haben wir die Oberflächen- und Grenzflächenspannung und die Dichte bleifreier Lote gemessen. Ebenfalls wurde die Viskosität dieser Lote ohne und mit Zusätzen (insbesondere Nickel) gemessen. Diese Eigenschaften wurden in Beziehung gesetzt zu den industriellen Problemen der Benetzbarkeit und des Fließverhaltens. Schließlich haben wir Legierungen unter verschiedenen Bedingungen verfestigt. Wir haben Unterkühlung beobachtet. Wir haben eine Technik entwickelt, basierend auf einer Mischung von Lot mit Pulver. Durch "Einsäen" von Nanokristallen in das flüssige Bad erhielten wir "verschiedene" Festkörper, die mit optischer und Elektronenmikroskopie untersucht wurden.

The European legislation prohibits the use of lead containing solders in Europe. However, lead free solders have a higher melting point (typical 20%) and their mechanical characteristics are worse. Additional problems are aging and adhesion of the solder on the electronic circuits. Thus, research activities must focus on the optimization of the properties of Sn-Ag-Cu based lead free solders chosen by the industry. Two main objectives are treated in this work. In the center of the first one is the study of curious hysteresis effects of metallic cadmium-antimony alloys after thermal cycles by measuring electronic transport phenomena (thermoelectric power and electrical resistivity). The second objective, within the framework of “cotutelle” between the universities of Metz and of Chemnitz and supported by COST531, is to study more specifically lead free solders. A welding must well conduct electricity and well conduct and dissipate heat. In Metz, we determined the electrical conductivity, the thermoelectric power and the thermal conductivity of various lead free solders (Sn-Ag-Cu, Sn-Cu, Sn-Ag, Sn-Sb) as well in the liquid as well in the solid state. The results have been compared to classical lead-tin (Pb-Sn) solders. In Chemnitz we measured the surface tension, the interfacial tension and the density of lead free solders. We also measured the viscosity of these solders without and with additives, in particular nickel. These properties were related to the industrial problems of wettability and spreadability. Lastly, we solidified alloys under various conditions. We observed undercooling. We developed a technique of mixture of nanocristalline powder with lead free solders "to sow" the liquid bath in order to obtain "different" solids which were examined using optical and electron microscopy. / Die europäische Gesetzgebung verbietet die Benutzung von Lötmitteln, die Blei enthalten. Bleilose Lote haben aber einen höheren Schmelzpunkt (typisch 20%) und ihre mechanischen Eigenschaften sind schlechter. Zusätzliche Probleme sind das Alterungsverhalten und das Haftvermögen des Lots an den Leiterbahnen. Daher müssen sich Forschungsaktivitäten auf die Optimierung der Eigenschaften von bleifreien Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) Loten konzentrieren, die von der Industrie gewählt wurden. Zwei Hauptgebiete werden in dieser Arbeit bearbeitet. Im Zentrum des Ersten stehen seltsame Hysterese-Effekte von metallischen Kadmium- Antimon Legierungen bei thermischen Zyklen, wobei Transporteigenschaften wie die thermoelektrische Kraft und der elektrische Widerstand untersucht werden. Die zweite Aktivität, die in einer Kooperation der Universitäten Metz und Chemnitz (cotutelle) bearbeitet und die durch COST531 unterstützt wird, besteht in der detaillierten Erforschung des Lötprozesses ohne Blei. Eine Lötverbindung muß den Strom gut führen und die Wärme gut ableiten. In Metz haben wir die elektrische Leitfähigkeit, die thermoelektrische Kraft und das Wärmeleitvermögen bestimmt für verschiedene bleilose Lote (Sn-Ag-Cu, Sn-Cu, Sn-Ag, Sn-Sb), sowohl im flüssigen als auch festen Zustand. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit dem klassischen bleihaltigen Lötzinn (Sn-Pb) verglichen. In Chemnitz haben wir die Oberflächen- und Grenzflächenspannung und die Dichte bleifreier Lote gemessen. Ebenfalls wurde die Viskosität dieser Lote ohne und mit Zusätzen (insbesondere Nickel) gemessen. Diese Eigenschaften wurden in Beziehung gesetzt zu den industriellen Problemen der Benetzbarkeit und des Fließverhaltens. Schließlich haben wir Legierungen unter verschiedenen Bedingungen verfestigt. Wir haben Unterkühlung beobachtet. Wir haben eine Technik entwickelt, basierend auf einer Mischung von Lot mit Pulver. Durch "Einsäen" von Nanokristallen in das flüssige Bad erhielten wir "verschiedene" Festkörper, die mit optischer und Elektronenmikroskopie untersucht wurden.