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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Refining the fatigue assessment procedure of existing steel bridges

Leander, John January 2013 (has links)
This thesis treats the fatigue assessment process of steel bridges. The purpose is to identify areas with potential of enhancement with an overall aim of attaining a longer service life. The aging bridge stock in Sweden and in many other developed countries is an impending economical burden. Many bridges have reached their expected service life and increased axle loads, speeds, and traffic intensity further accelerate the deterioration. An immediate replacement of all our bridges approaching their expected service life will not be possible. For economical and environmental reasons, effort should be put on extending the theoretically safe service life as far as possible.  Fatigue is one of the major reasons limiting the service life of steel bridges .A specific example is the Söderström Bridge in Stockholm, Sweden. Fatigue cracks have been found in the webs of the main beams and theoretical assessments have shown an exhausted service life. As a mean to reduce the uncertainties in the theoretical assessments a monitoring campaign was started in 2008 and continued in periods until 2011. The first continuous period of 43 days of measurements in 2008 forms the experimental foundation for this thesis. A fatigue life prediction involves (i) an estimation of the load effect, (ii) an estimation of the resistance, and (iii) the selection of a prediction model. This thesis treats in some sense all three of them. Considering part (i), the load effect, a theoretical study on the influence of dynamics has been performed. The quasi static approach suggested in the standards does not necessarily reflect the true dynamic behavior of the structure. Performing a dynamic moving load analysis gives for all cases studied a more favorable fatigue life. A further enhancement of the assessment is to perform in situ measurements. The uncertainties related to dynamics, loads, and structural behavior are thereby captured in the response. Routines for processing the measured response and performing life predictions are treated, moreover the quality of the measured response. The resistance, part (ii), in form of the fatigue endurance has a funda- mental influence on the fatigue life. As an attempt to reach a more adequate fatigue endurance a refined assessment of a typical joint is performed using linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM). A descriptive detail category is suggested which renders a somewhat more favorable resistance. Part (iii), the prediction model, is treated considering the safety format. A reliability-based model is suggested which enables a consideration of the uncertainties in each stochastic variable. Thereby, all aforementioned parts and uncertainties can be combined within the same prediction. The reliability-based model is used for a code calibration of partial safety factors to be used in semi-probabilistic assessments according to the standards. The implementation of the suggested procedures is shown with a numerical example. The outcome should not be generalized but the example clearly shows an increase in fatigue life with the proposed enhancements of the assessment procedure. / <p>QC 20130917</p>
2

Reliability-based fatigue assessment of existing steel bridges

Wang, Ruoqi January 2020 (has links)
Fatigue is among the most critical forms of deterioration damage that occurs tosteel bridges. It causes a decline of the safety level of bridges over time. Therefore,the performance of steel bridges, which may be seriously affected by fatigue, shouldbe assessed and predicted. There are several levels of uncertainty involved in thecrack initiation and propagation process; therefore the probabilistic methods canprovide a better estimation of fatigue lives than deterministic methods. Whenthere are recurring similar details which may have correlation with each other andbe regarded as a system, there are distinct advantages to analyze them from asystem reliability perspective. It allows the engineer to identify the importance ofan individual detail or the interaction between details with respect to the overallperformance of the system. The main aim of this licentiate thesis is to evaluate probabilistic methods for reliabilityassessment of steel bridges, from both a single detail level and a systemlevel. For single details, an efficient simulation technique is desired. The widelyapplied Monte Carlo simulation method provides accurate estimation, however, isvery time-consuming. The Subset simulation method is investigated as an alternativeand it shows great feasibility in dealing with a multi-dimensional limit statefunction and nonlinear crack propagation. For larger systems, the spatial correlationis considered between details. An equicorrelation-based modelling approachhas been proposed as supplement to common simulation techniques to estimate thesystem reliability analytically and significantly reduce the simulation time. Withcorrelation considered, the information of one accessible detail could be used topredict the status of the system. While reliability analysis aims for a specific safety level, risk analysis aims to findthe most optimal solution. With consequences considered, a risk-based decisionsupport framework is formulated for the selected system, which is presented asa decision tree. It reveals that the decisions based on reliability assessment canbe different from those based on risk analysis, since they have different objectivecriteria. / Utmattning är en av de mest allvarliga nedbrytningsmekanismer som stålbroarutsätts för. Den orsakar en försämrad säkerhet för broar över tid. Därav måstestålbroars tillförlitlighet, som kan påverkas allvarligt på grund av utmattning, bedömasoch förutsägas. Flera olika nivåer av osäkerheter är involverade i initieringoch propagering av utmattningssprickor, varför sannolikhetsbaserade metoder kange en bättre uppskattning av utmattningslivslängden än deterministiska metoder.När liknande detaljer återkommer i en konstruktion och med korrelation mellanvarandra kan dessa betraktas som ett system, för vilket tillförlitlighetsmetoder påsystemnivå kan utnyttjas. Det gör det möjligt för ingenjören att identifiera betydelsenav en individuell detalj eller interaktionen mellan detaljer med avseende påsystemets totala tillförlitlighet. Det huvudsakliga syftet med denna licentiatuppsats är att utvärdera sannolikhetsbaserademetoder för uppskattning av stålbroars tillförlitlighet, både med avseendepå enskilda detaljer och på systemnivå. För enskilda detaljer eftersträvas en tidseffektivsimuleringsteknik. Den allmänt tillämpade Monte Carlo-simuleringsmetodenger en robust uppskattning, men är mycket tidskrävande. Subset-simuleringsmetodenundersöks som ett alternativ och den visar stor potential när det gäller att hanteraen flerdimensionell gränsfunktion och en olinjär sprickpropageringsmodell. På systemnivåbeaktas den rumsliga korrelationen mellan detaljer. En modelleringsmetodbaserad på konstant korrelation mellan detaljer har föreslagits som komplement tillvanliga simuleringstekniker för att uppskatta tillförlitligheten analytiskt och avsevärtminska simuleringstiden. Genom att utnyttja korrelationen kan informationom en tillgänglig detalj användas för att förutsäga systemets status. Medan en tillförlitlighetsanalys bedöms mot en specifik säkerhetsnivå används riskanalysenför att hitta den mest optimala åtgärden. Genom att beakta konsekvenserhar ett riskbaserat verktyg för beslutsstöd föreslagits och presenterats i form av ettbeslutsträd. Resultaten visar att besluten baserade på tillförlitlighet kan skilja sigfrån de som baseras på en uppskattad risk, eftersom metoderna har olika målfunktioner. / <p>QC 20201007</p>
3

Spricktillväxt i stålkonstruktioner på grund av utmattning / Crack propagation in steel constructions due to fatigue

Abdelwahab, Kemal, Farah Mohamed, Abdirizag January 2019 (has links)
Stålbroars approximativa livslängd bestäms av stålets utmattningshållfasthet, då utmattning är en av de främsta anledningarna till att livslängden begränsas. I Sverige existerar ett antal broar som närmar sig slutet av sin livslängd, samtidigt som behovet för kapacitet och kraven på broarna ökar. Flertalet av dessa broar är i behov av upprustning. Däremot är det inte möjligt ur vare sig ett ekonomiskt- eller miljöperspektiv att byta ut alla broar, och därför behöver de broar som är mest kritiska prioriteras. Vid utmattningsdimensionering av stålbroar beaktas hela spänningsvidden, oavsett om spänningarna är i drag eller tryck. En spricka propagerar endast vid dragspänningar, vilket innebär att tryck- spänningar egentligen inte bör vägas in i samband med dimensionering. Detta innebär att en del stålbroar skulle kunna ha en längre livslängd än vad den traditionella dimensioneringen ger. Spänningsintensitetsfaktorn 𝐾 används inom brottmekaniken för att förutspå spänningsintensiteten i närheten av sprickspetsen, och appliceras till linjärelastiska material. Det finita elementprogrammet Abaqus användes när brodetaljen modellerades och analyserades. Brodetaljen representerar en balk med en påsvetsad anslutningsplåt, som utsätts för trafiklasten på en bro och en temperaturlast för att simulera egenspänningar. Detaljen representerar problematiken med utmattning i stålkonstruktionsdelar. Motivet för denna studie är att inga sprickor har hittats under inspektioner av liknande detaljer, det till trots att en del stålbroar teoretiskt sett förbrukat sin livslängd. Studien genomfördes med en mer avancerad modell än vad som vanligtvis skapas för bedömning av utmattning, med syftet att modellera verkligheten mer korrekt. Resultaten visar hur egenspänningarna bidrar till dragspänningar, vilket leder till sprickpropagering i modellen. Vid spricklängden 9,5 mm övergår spänningarna från drag till tryck, och då upphör spricktillväxten. Resultaten visar även att utmattningssprickor kan växa i stålkonstruktionsdelar som i huvudsak utsätts för nominella tryckspänningar, ifall höga egenspänningar uppstår vid anslutningsplåten. / Steel bridges estimated service life is determined by the fatigue strength of the steel, since fatigue is one of the main reasons for limiting the service life. In Sweden there is a number of bridges that approach the end of their service life, while the need of increasing the capacity and demands on bridges grows. The majority of these bridges is in need of reparation. On the other hand, it is not possible either from a financial- or environmental perspective to replace all bridges, and therefore the bridges that are most critical needs priority. In the case of fatigue design calculation of steel bridges, the entire stress range is taken into account, regardless of whether the stresses are in tension or pressure. A crack propagates only at tensile stresses, which means that pressure should not really be considered in the design calculations. This means that some steel bridges could have a longer life span than the traditional design calculation gives. The stress intensity factor K is used within the fracture mechanism to predict the stress intensity near crack tip, and is applied to linear elastic materials. The finite element program Abaqus was used when the bridge detail was modeled and analyzed. The bridge detail represents a beam with a welded connection plate, which is exposed to traffic load at the bridge and a temperature load to simulate residual stresses. The detail represents the problem of fatigue in steel structural parts. The motive for this study is that no cracks have been found during inspections of similar details, despite the fact that some steel bridges theoretically have consumed their longevity. The study is conducted with a more advanced model than usually created for assessment of fatigue, with the purpose of modeling the reality more correctly. The results show how the residual stresses cause tensile stresses, which leads to crack propagation in the model. At a crack length of 9,5 mm, the stresses change from tension to compression, and then the crack growth ceases. The results also indicate that fatigue cracking can grow in steel structural parts that are mainly exposed to compressive nominal stresses, if tensile residual stresses appear at the connection plate.

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