<p>This is a technical report about cement stabilization in general and the stabilization</p><p>process during the construction of a warehouse in Halmstad, Sweden in particular and is</p><p>written at the section for economy and technology at Halmstad University in</p><p>collaboration with NCC Anläggning.</p><p>NCC encountered variations in compression strength in the stabilized material on the first</p><p>warehouse that they constructed for the company Biltema. In our report we used the</p><p>stabilization process of the second warehouse for the same company as a reference to</p><p>determine what could be done to get a more homogeneous result for future projects.</p><p>We also looked in to what testing method is the most suitable to determine the result of</p><p>the stabilization.</p><p>After interviews with people involved in the process and visits on the work site we have</p><p>come to the conclusion that the most probable cause to the variations in compression</p><p>strength is segregation in the ballast material. This segregation can occur in several</p><p>different occasions in the process such as during the production, transportation and</p><p>handling on the work site.</p><p>Other causes for the variation can be improper compaction, overlapping stabilization in</p><p>some places and different duration of hardening of the samples that are tested.</p><p>The best way to do in situ test of the stabilized material is to do seismic investigations as</p><p>those are non-destructive tests in comparison to taking core samples and you can discover</p><p>any cracks or air bubbles in the material.</p>

This is a technical report about cement stabilization in general and the stabilization process during the construction of a warehouse in Halmstad, Sweden in particular and is written at the section for economy and technology at Halmstad University in collaboration with NCC Anläggning. NCC encountered variations in compression strength in the stabilized material on the first warehouse that they constructed for the company Biltema. In our report we used the stabilization process of the second warehouse for the same company as a reference to determine what could be done to get a more homogeneous result for future projects. We also looked in to what testing method is the most suitable to determine the result of the stabilization. After interviews with people involved in the process and visits on the work site we have come to the conclusion that the most probable cause to the variations in compression strength is segregation in the ballast material. This segregation can occur in several different occasions in the process such as during the production, transportation and handling on the work site. Other causes for the variation can be improper compaction, overlapping stabilization in some places and different duration of hardening of the samples that are tested. The best way to do in situ test of the stabilized material is to do seismic investigations as those are non-destructive tests in comparison to taking core samples and you can discover any cracks or air bubbles in the material.

The Swedish production of biogas was 1,5 TWh 2011. About half of the production was used as vehicle fuels. The cost for upgrading biogas depends on the size of the biogas plant and its gas production. If the gas flow is low the cost will be high. However, further development of existing upgrading technologies or development of new ones, have good potential to decrease the upgrading cost for small scale biogas plants. The aim of this master thesis is to investigate a new technology for upgrading biogas to vehicle fuel standards. The investigated technology is based on the carbonation principle, which means that carbon dioxide is fixed by calcium oxide under the formation of calcite. Wood ash, which is rich of calcium oxide, has been used for capturing carbon dioxide in biogas during the lab-scale tests. During the tests the composition of the ingoing biogas was 35 % carbon dioxide and 65 % methane. When the gas passes through the ash bed the carbon dioxide was fixed by the ash and that is the reason why the methane yields is about 95-100 % in the outgoing gas. Three different types of wood ashes have been investigated. They originate from combustion of wood pellets respectively different assortment of wood chips. Ash from combustion of wood pellets shows the best ability to capture carbon dioxide, 0,24 g CO 2/g dry ash. A Proposal on a system design has been developed based on the results from the lab-scale tests. Simplified calculations showed that the upgrading cost for the proposed system was 0,24 kr/kWh. That is about half of the cost compared to the available small-scale upgrading technologies on the market. The calculations were based on a biogas plant with the annual gas production of 1 GWh, which is a typical size for a Swedish farm-scale biogas plant

Introduktion: Det är många som efter en främre korsbandsskada inte klarar av att återgå till sin idrott, trots godkända resultat i olika funktionstester som används. Nya och mer krävande tester med sidostress som utvärderar rörelsekvalité och knästabilitet är eftersökta och behöver utformas, för att vidare undersöka om den skadade har tillräckligt bra knäfunktion för återgång till idrott. Syfte: Undersöka test-återtest reliabilitet av tid till stabilisering (TTS) och knäkinematik under ett nyutvecklat standardiserat sidohopp på ett ben, och jämföra reliabiliteten samt rörelsemönster för knän mellan kvinnliga elitinnebandyspelare och kvinnliga kontroller. Deltagare: En grupp med kvinnliga elitinnebandyspelare (N=10) och en kontrollgrupp (N=7). Metod: Under två testtillfällen utförde deltagarna ett nyutvecklat, standardiserat sidohoppstest på ett ben. Som utfallsmått användes tid till stabilisering (TTS), knäkinematik och antal godkända hopp. Test-återtest reliabilitet analyserades genom ICC (2,k) och jämförelse utav grupper gjordes med oberoende t-test och Mann-Whitney U test. Resultat: Test-återtest reliabiliteten visade sig vara 0.50-0.66 för TTS, 0.47-0.95 för knävinklar och 0.10-0.56 för antal godkända hopp. I jämförelsen mellan atleter och kontrollgrupp sågs en signifikant skillnad i antal godkända hopp under testtillfälle 1 (9.60 vs 8.29, p-värde=0.01). Konklusion: Detta nya sidohopp verkar generellt ha bra till utmärkt test-återtest reliabilitet enligt ICC. Det konstateras också att hoppet ställer höga krav på stabilitet i sidled, vilket ses utifrån höga TTS-värden i M-L riktning och höga abduktionsvinklar. / Introduction: The number of people successfully returning to their pre-injury sport level after rehabilitation of an anterior cruciate ligament injury are low, despite the fact that they pass the different tests of function that are used. New and more demanding tests assessing the quality of movement and knee stability sideways are, to further investigate if the injured person has a good enough knee function to be able to return to sport. Aim: To examine the test-retest reliability of time to stabilization (TTS) and knee kinematics during a standardized single-legged side-jump test, and also to compare movement patterns between a group of female elite floorball players and female controls. Participants: A group of elite, female floorball players (N=10) and a control group (N=7). Method: On two test-occasions a single-legged side-jump test was performed by the participants. The outcomes were time to stabilization (TTS), knee kinematics and the number of successful jumps. The test-retest reliability was analysed by ICC (2,k) and the group comparison were made by independent t-test and Mann-Whitney U test. Results: The test-retest reliability were 0.50-0.66 for TTS, 0.47-0.95 for knee kinematics and 0.10-0.56 for number of successful jumps. The comparison of floorball players and control group showed a significant difference in the outcome number of successful jumps during test occasion 1 (9.60 vs 8.29, p-value=0.01). Conclusion: The new single-legged side-jump seems to have good to excellent reliability in general according to ICC. It is also concluded that this new jump is demanding regarding the stability sideways, which can be seen from large TTS-values in M-L direction and large angles for abduction.

En enkel byggnad utan laster på sig, är en stabil byggnad. Om byggnaden saknarhorisontalstabilisering och en horisontell last läggs på byggnaden blir den omedelbartinstabil och man behöver därför införa horisontalstabilisering. I Sverige är denvanligaste orsaken till horisontella laster vinden, men i andra delar av världen finnsäven jordbävningar som också verkar horisontellt på byggnaden. I det här arbetet hardiagonalstagning, skivverkan och momentstyva förband undersökts förkontorsbyggnader med pelar-balkstomme i trä. Syftet var att undersöka hur mycketsystemen ändrar stabiliteten på de undersökta stabiliseringsmetoderna. För att undersöka detta har en referensbyggnad använts, som är byggd helt i trä ochsom använt sig utav diagonalstagning. Byggnaden modellerades i RFEM där de trevalda stabiliseringssystemen studerades. En testmodell, som var enklare modeller förbyggnaden där resultat togs fram och beräknades, skapades för att lättare undersökade olika systemen. Även några parameterstudier gjordes för att skapa fler resultat ochatt undersöka fler intressanta varianter. Från resultaten beräknades lastfaktorer i x-, y-,och z-led, som beskriver stabilitet på byggnaden, fjäderkonstant, som beskriverstyvheten på bygganden, och mängden använt material. Lastfaktorn i samtliga tre lastriktningar var störst hos den parameterstudie somanvända sig utav stabiliserande innerväggar som tillägg. För testmodellerna med detre stabiliserande grundsystemen presterade skivverkan bäst i två av tre fall avlastfaktor. Diagonalstagning påvisade den högsta fjäderkonstanten av grundsystemenoch parameterstudien med innerväggar hade den högsta fjäderkonstanten. Genom att använda skivverkan istället för de andra två stabiliseringssystemen, kan enenkel modell göra så att en stabilare byggnad uppnås. Mer material kommer dock gååt men det kan accepteras då man får en stabilare byggnad.

This report presents the work on improving the lateral stability of the seed coulters of Väderstad seed drill model Spirit. The work lasted ten weeks and was carried out at Väderstad AB spring 2019. The basic problem was analyzed with a number of different methods, and tests were carried out both in the field and in the test rig. With the results from these, it was found that the suspension of the seed coulters allowed both torsional and lateral movements at low loads.   The work started with a root cause analysis which was then used to produce a requirement specification. This was then used to develop concepts. After evaluation, the best concepts were selected, analyzed, modeled and calculated. When the concepts were deemed to be sufficiently functional, several manufacturing analyses were made to assess the suitability for serial production.   Three concepts were developed. One is a final concept that can be mounted directly on existing machines in the form of injection-molded plastic blocks on the seed coulters. One is a concept for future year models were flanges are mounted on the fall of the seed coulters. This concept is available in two parts, either in the form of a welded steel profile or as part of a sand cast reconstruction of the seed coulters. The third and final concept is a reconstruction of the machine's seed coulters with a spring to control the bill pressure. In addition, a method for evaluating the side stability of the seed coulters has been developed.   The reason for the Nordic model's problems is that the seed coulters tend to track the grooves of the fertilizer carriers. This can be solved by having the seed coulters support each other in the lateral direction.   As a continued work, a more thorough examination of the sand cast flange concept is recommended. This is in line with Väderstad's philosophy of making built to last products.

<p>Chemical stabilization of mine waste from Ljusnarsbergsfältet with sewage sludge and calcium carbonate residues</p><p>Mine waste from Ljusnarsbergsfältet in Kopparberg, Sweden, is considered to constitute a great risk for human health and the surrounding environment. Some of the waste rock consists of sulphide minerals. When sulphide minerals come into contact with dissolved</p><p>oxygen and precipitation, oxidation may occur resulting in acid mine drainage (AMD) and the release of heavy metals. The purpose of this study has been to characterise the waste material and try to chemically stabilize the waste rock with a mixture of sewage sludge and calcium carbonate. The drawback of using organic matter is the risk that dissolved organic matter can act as complexing agents for heavy metals and in this way increase their mobility. An additional study to examine this risk has therefore also been performed.</p><p>The project started with a pilot study in order to identify the material fraction that was suitable for the experiment. When suitable material had been chosen, a column test was carried out for the purpose of studying the slurry’s influence on the mobility of metals along with the production of acidity. To clarify the organic material’s potential for</p><p>complexation a pH-stat batch test was used. Drainage water samples, from the columns,</p><p>were regularly taken during the experiment. These samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity, alkalinity, redox potential, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), sulphate and leaching metals. The effluent from the pH-stat-test was only analyzed on a few occasions and only for metal content and change in DOC concentration.</p><p>The results from the laboratory experiments showed that the waste rock from Ljusnarsberg easily leached large amounts of metals. The stabilization of the waste rock succeeded in maintaining a near neutral pH in the rock waste leachate, compared to a pH 3 leachate from untreated rock waste The average concentration of copper and zinc in the leachate from untreated waste rock exceeded 100 and 1000 mg/l respectively, while these metals were detected at concentrations around 0.1 and 1 mg/l, respectively, in the leachate from the treated wastes. Examined metals had concentrations between 40 to 4000 times lower in the leachate from treated waste rock, which implies that the stabilization with reactive amendments succeeded. The long term effects are, however, not determined. The added sludge contributed to immobilize metals at neutral pH despite a small increase in DOC concentration. The problem with adding sludge is that if pH decreases with time there is a risk of increased metal leaching.</p>

Chemical stabilization of mine waste from Ljusnarsbergsfältet with sewage sludge and calcium carbonate residues Mine waste from Ljusnarsbergsfältet in Kopparberg, Sweden, is considered to constitute a great risk for human health and the surrounding environment. Some of the waste rock consists of sulphide minerals. When sulphide minerals come into contact with dissolved oxygen and precipitation, oxidation may occur resulting in acid mine drainage (AMD) and the release of heavy metals. The purpose of this study has been to characterise the waste material and try to chemically stabilize the waste rock with a mixture of sewage sludge and calcium carbonate. The drawback of using organic matter is the risk that dissolved organic matter can act as complexing agents for heavy metals and in this way increase their mobility. An additional study to examine this risk has therefore also been performed. The project started with a pilot study in order to identify the material fraction that was suitable for the experiment. When suitable material had been chosen, a column test was carried out for the purpose of studying the slurry’s influence on the mobility of metals along with the production of acidity. To clarify the organic material’s potential for complexation a pH-stat batch test was used. Drainage water samples, from the columns, were regularly taken during the experiment. These samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity, alkalinity, redox potential, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), sulphate and leaching metals. The effluent from the pH-stat-test was only analyzed on a few occasions and only for metal content and change in DOC concentration. The results from the laboratory experiments showed that the waste rock from Ljusnarsberg easily leached large amounts of metals. The stabilization of the waste rock succeeded in maintaining a near neutral pH in the rock waste leachate, compared to a pH 3 leachate from untreated rock waste The average concentration of copper and zinc in the leachate from untreated waste rock exceeded 100 and 1000 mg/l respectively, while these metals were detected at concentrations around 0.1 and 1 mg/l, respectively, in the leachate from the treated wastes. Examined metals had concentrations between 40 to 4000 times lower in the leachate from treated waste rock, which implies that the stabilization with reactive amendments succeeded. The long term effects are, however, not determined. The added sludge contributed to immobilize metals at neutral pH despite a small increase in DOC concentration. The problem with adding sludge is that if pH decreases with time there is a risk of increased metal leaching.

Muddringsprojekt är en global företeelse och görs av flera olika anledningar, till exempel för miljömässiga aspekter och för breddning av farleder. För att få en hållbar utveckling är det viktigt att finna bra lösningar på frågan hur förorenade sediment skall hanteras . I Mälaren kommer olika muddringsprojekt att genomföras för att bredda farleden från slussen i Södertälje till hamnarna i Köping och Västerås. Muddringsprojekten skall genomföras av Sjöfartsverket, Köpings kommun och Västerås stad. En metod för att omhänderta muddermassorna är att stabilisera/solidifiera dem genom att blanda i ett bindemedel bestående av en blandning av cement, masugnsslagg och aktivt kol och låta dem härda. Detta görs för att förbättra materialets geotekniska egenskaper samt för att immobilisera föroreningar. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att undersöka om det går att använda krossade stabiliserade/solidifierade muddermassor ovan vattenytan till exempel i vägkonstruktioner alternativt som fyllnadsmaterial. Möjligheten för användandet av de stabiliserade/solidifierade materialet utvärderades genom att materialets geotekniska och miljömässiga egenskaper undersöktes. Den miljöpåverkan som de stabiliserade/solidifierade materialet skulle kunna ha på den omgivning där de används har undersökts genom analyser av totala föroreningshalter samtkoncentrationer vid lakning. Detta gjordes dels genom egna skakförsök och dels genom utvärdering av resultat från undersökningar som Statens geotekniska instituts (SGI)miljölaboratorium gjort. När det gäller materialets geotekniska egenskaper utvärderades resultat från undersökningar genomförda av SGIs geotekniska laboratorium. Stabiliseringen/solidifiering gjorde att de undersökta metallerna som förekommer som katjoner immobiliserades, vilket ledde till att lakningen minskade. Däremot fungerade imobiliseringen inte för anjoner; om det skulle ha förekommit höga halter av toxiska anjoner som till exemple arsenik, vanadin och molybden skulle dessa ha lakats ut. Ur ett miljömässigt perspektiv skulle det gå bra att använda det undersökta materialet då koncentrationen i lakvätskan låg under de båda gränsvärden som används; gränsvärden för inert avfall och gränsvärden för mindre än ringa risk vid användning av avfall för anläggningsändamål. När det gäller hållfasthet uppfyllde materialet efter 28 dagars härdning inte kraven som ställs för användning i vägkonstruktion. Däremot hade materialets geotekniska egenskaper förbättrats jämfört med de obehandlade sedimenten. / Dredging is a global phenomenon carried out for several different reasons, e.g. environmental remediation and expansion of shipping lanes. A sustainable solution to the problem of how contaminated sediment should be handled is thus important to achieve a more sustainable development. Several dredging projects will be implemented in the lake Mälaren to widen the shipping lane from the lock in Södertälje to the ports of Köping and Västerås. The dredging will be carried out as a joint effort by the Swedish Maritime Administration, the City of Västerås and Köping municipality. One method used for treating dredged sediments is stabilization/solidification. This is carried out to improve the geotechnical properties of the material and to immobilize contaminants. The method works as follows: Sediments are dragged form the lake, mixed with a binding agent consisting of cement, granulated blastfurnace slag and active carbon and then left to harden. The objective of this master thesis was to investigate the feasibility of using the stabilized/solidified material on land above the water surface. Examples of applications for the crushed material are in road construction or as fillers for vegetation surfaces. The stabilized/solidified material was evaluated with respect to environmental factors and geotechnical properties to determine if it was appropriate to use for these applications. To investigate the potential impact of the stabilized/solidified material on the surrounding environment, analysis of total contamination content and leaching tests were evaluated. In this thesis, batch-leaching tests for metals were performed as well as evaluation of lab results from surveys conducted in the environmental laboratory at the Swedish Geotechnical Institute. The geotechnical properties of the material were evaluated based on results from experimentsconducted by the geotechnical laboratory at the Swedish Geotechnical Institute. The results from the treatment with stabilization/solidification showed that most of the studied metals were immobilized, and the leaching of these metals decreased. From an environmental perspective it would be feasible to use the material, as the results of the leaching test were below the limit values used in the assessment; limits for inert waste and limits for less than small risk (‘mindre än ringa risk’) in use of waste for construction purposes. In terms of the geotechnical features, after 28 days of hardening the material did not meet the requirements for use in road construction. However, the material's geotechnical properties such as strength had improved compared to the untreated sediments.

Det byggs allt mer höga byggnader med stomme i limträ i Sverige. Detta medför anledning att effektivisera konstruktionsarbetet med färdiga konstruktionslösningar. Examensarbetet syftar till att utforma och dimensionera färdiga konstruktionslösningar i form av en uppsättning smiden med förband som fäster samman vindkryss i stål med pelare och tryckbom i limträ. Till dessa skall ritningsbibliotek i Autocad upprättas innehållande instruktioner för val av smiden och förband samt underlag för tillverkningsritningar. Dessutom skall färdiga komponenter i Tekla Structures upprättas för att effektivisera konstruktionsarbetet ytterligare. Förbanden utformas med träskruv samt dymlingar. Viktigt för arbetet är att förbanden utformas väl sett till användning av yta och lätthet att montera. Förbandens och smidets bärförmågor skall beräknas enligt tillämplig Eurokod. Resultatet blev en uppsättning smiden med förband som medger full nyttjandegrad av dragstag i hållfasthetsklass 8.8 i dimensionerna M16, M20, M24 och M30 vid en vinkel på dragstagen mellan 28° och 56°, vid lastvaraktighet S och limträ gl28c. Ritningsbibliotek i Autocad har upprättats och är bifogad som bilaga. Komponenter i Tekla Structures har upprättats. Som slutsats kan sägas att arbetet har uppnått sina mål med undantag av ett par avvikelser från kravspecifikationen, och att smidena med förband verkar kunna användas vid projektering och därmed uppfylla sitt syfte. / More and more tall buildings are made from glulam in Sweden. This brings an incentive to make the construction design work more efficient by the use of pre-designed solutions. This examination work aims to design and dimension pre-designed solutions in the form of a set of joints to bind together tie-rods of steel with columns and braces of glulam. These shall have a drawing library with instructions for selection of joints and basis for construction drawings established in Autocad. Furthermore, they shall have components ready in Tekla Structures to further facilitate the construction design work. The joints are designed using screws and dowels. Of importance for this work is that the joints are well designed regarding use of space and ease of montage. The load capacities of the joints shall be calculated in accordance with applicable Eurocode. The result was a set of joints allowing full use of load capacity for tie-rods in strength class 8.8 in the dimensions M16, M20, M24 and M30 at an angle of the tie-rods between 28° och 56°. Instructions and basis for construction drawings have been established in Autocad and are attached as an annex. Components in Tekla Structures have been created. In conclusion, the work has achieved its goal with the exception of a few deviations from the requirement specifications, and the joints seem to be fit for use in construction design and thereby fill their purpose.