Studies have shown that ecotourism is one of the fastest-growing sectors in the tourism market. To date, there has been very little systematic research focused on the general topic of ecotourism development on Indian reservations. This study researches possible ecotourism alternatives on the Standing Rock Sioux Indian Reservation (SRSIR) in North Dakota. Choice experiments were employed to analyze the preferences of reservation residents and those of cultural tourists. Reservation tourism personnel and local investors will benefit from the information this study provides. Data for this research were collected through a series of field surveying campaigns. Surveying was conducted on the SRSIR as well as off reservation sites in the surrounding area. All respondents were adults and included a random sample of reservation residents and tourists who demonstrated an interest in cultural and/or nature-based tourism experiences. Results of this study demonstrate an overwhelmingly positive attitude by all populations toward ecotourism development. Local residents and powwow tourists proved to be insensitive to price, contradicting economic theory. Non-powwow tourists proved to be sensitive to price.

Prekariatet får allt mer uppmärksamhet, särskilt efter Guy Standings popularisering avfenomenet. Det råder emellertid delade uppfattningar om dess relevans i sociologisk forskning. Tyngdpunkten i tidigare studier har legat på teori. Uppsatsen försöker urskilja ett prekariat och därmed besvara frågor som rör dess karaktär, omfattning, riskfaktorer och variation i Danmark, Storbritannien och Sverige. Syftet är att skapa en empiriskt användbar definition av begreppet. Med latent klassanalys (LCA) som metodologiskt verktyg möjliggörs en analys som beskriverdess betydelse vad gäller skiktning på arbetsmarknaden. Resultaten visar att det finns två grupper med tydliga prekära anställningsförhållanden och skiljer sig även markant mellan länderna vad gäller storlek. Med låg klasstilhörighet (ESeC) och låg ålder ökar generellt sett risken att tillhöra prekariatet. De slutsatser som går att dra är att prekariatet är internt skiktat, med en uppdelning av ett övre och ett undre skikt, att LCA på ett effektivt sätt beskriver social stratifiering kopplad till arbetsmaknaden samt uppsatsen största bidrag, nämligen att faktisktskapa en definition av begreppet som är möjlig att applicera på empiriska studier.

The investigation proposes a comparative study to determine whether or not there is a relationship between the running broad jump and the standing broad jump based upon the results of the performances of two hundred and seventy girls enrolled in Jefferson Junior High School, Abilene, Texas, and to determine whether or not one of the three allowed performances consistently results in the greatest distance.

A vedação ou diferimento de pastos constitui em importante estratégia de manejo para contornar a escassez de forragem na época seca. A manipulação da altura e do tempo de vedação tem impacto nas características produtivas e fisiológicas dos pastos e em sua recuperação na primavera. Por outro lado, a redução da altura média do pasto no inverno pode resultar, na primavera subsequente, em pastos com estruturas favoráveis ao pastejo. Assim, o objetivo da pesquisa foi encontrar a melhor associação de altura e de tempo de vedação de pastos de capim-marandu, e a interferência desses manejos na massa de forragem, no perfilhamento e no armazenamento de carboidratos solúveis nas raízes e base do colmo, bem como avaliar o impacto desses manejos no armazenamento de carboidratos solúveis, na rebrotação do capim-marandu e no valor nutritivo da forragem na primavera. Na primeira fase, os tratamentos avaliados foram quatro alturas iniciais de vedação 5, 15, 25 e 35 cm (parcela) e quatro tempos de vedação 35, 70, 105 e 140 dias (subparcela), com quatro repetições, num delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado (DIC). Foram avaliados a massa de forragem, a composição morfológica e o pool de carboidratos solúveis das raizes e base do colmo. Na segunda fase, apenas a altura de vedação foi mantida como tratamento num delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. A altura de vedação altera a massa de forragem e sua composição morfológica, recomendando-se 35 cm e 70 dias ou 15-25 cm e 105 dias. O perfilhamento basal e aéreo é estimulado até 70 dias do início da vedação, enquanto que os perfilhos reprodutivos aumentaram com a altura e tempo de vedação. A base dos colmos é o local de maior acumulo de CSE. Alturas de vedação interferem apenas no início da rebrotação na primavera. A partir da 2ª rebrotação na primavera a composição bromatológica melhora em termos de proteína bruta (PB) e parece celular. Altura e tempo de vedação não alteram as características morfogênicas. / The Seal or deferment of pastures constitutes an important management strategy to overcome the scarcity of forage in the dry season. The manipulation of the height and the time of sealing has impact on the productive and physiological characteristics of the pastures and their recovery in the spring. On the other hand, the reduction of the average height of the grass in the winter can result, in the following spring, in pastures with structures favorable to grazing. The objective of the research was to find the best association between height and time of sealing of marandu grass, and the interference of these maneuvers in forage mass, tillering and storage of soluble carbohydrates in roots and stem base, as well as to evaluate the impact of these treatments on the storage of soluble carbohydrates, regrowth of marandu grass and nutritive value of forage in the spring. In the first phase, the treatments evaluated were four initial sealing heights 5, 15, 25 and 35 cm (plot) and four sealing times 35, 70, 105 and 140 days (subplot), with four replications, in a completely randomized experimental design (DIC). The forage mass, the morphological composition and the soluble carbohydrate pool of the roots and stem base were evaluated. In the second stage, only the sealing height was maintained as treatment in a completely randomized design. The height of the fence changes the forage mass and its morphological composition, recommending 35 cm and 70 days or 15-25 cm and 105 days. The basal and aerial tillering is stimulated up to 70 days from the beginning of the sealing, while the reproductive tillers have increased with the height and time of sealing. The base of the stems is the site of greater accumulation of CSE. Sealing height interferes only at the beginning of regrowth in spring. From the 2nd regrowth in the spring the bromatological composition improves in terms of CP and seems cellular. Height and time of sealing do not alter the morphogenic characteristics.

Orientador: Abílio Garcia dos Santos Filho / Banca: João Candido Fernandes / Banca: Paulo Kawauchi / Resumo: Considerando a importância da saúde da coluna vertebral do trabalhador e sua direta relação com a postura corporal dentro do ambiente laborativo industrial, este estudo teve como objetivo principal identificar as ocorrências de queixas de dores nos segmentos na coluna vertebral, relacionadas com a postura de trabalho em pé, adotada pelos funcionários do setor de produção Colorido em uma Indústria de Alimentos. Para tantos, utilizou-se, como procedimento metodológico, um questionário para obter informações sobre dados pessoais e dados profissionais, postura adotada em pé, posturas mais incômodas dentro do ambiente de trabalho (assinaladas pelo formulário de Ranney, 2000) e dores (apontadas por meio do Diagrama de Corllet e Manenica, 1980). Utilizou-se também o questionário Nórdico (Kuorinka et al., 1986), validado na cultura brasileira por Barros e Alexandre (2003) e adaptado para o estudo, a observação direta dentro da produção de trabalho e a análise postural através do Método Owas, aplicado pelo software Win-Owas. Foi feita uma pesquisa descritiva de um estudo de caso em um setor industrial, com uma amostra de 30 funcionários. Os principais resultados apontam que a postura "em pé" é adotada durante o trabalho, e 73,3% dos entrevistados relataram cansaço em consequência dessa postura, principalmente quando associados à torção de tronco, inclinação de tronco e elevação do braço acima da cabeça. Quanto as maiores reclamações de dores e desconfortos no corpo, o diagrama de Corllet e Manenica (1980), apontou a região lombar, seguida da região dorsal e pernas; e da região do pescoço, ombros e coxa direita. O Questionário Nórdico adaptado também revelou a região lombar, com 10 entrevistados (33,3%) como a área mais atingida pela sintomalogia musculoesquelética, acompanhada da região dorsal, com cinco entrevistados (16,7%) e um dos entrevistados... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Considering the importance of the worker's spine healthy, and its direct relation with the corporal posture of the industrial labor atmosphere. This study had as main objective to identify the occurrences of complains about pain in the spine segments, that are related to work adopted by the collaborators that have to remain standing in the production section of a food industry. For so, it was used as methodological procedure, a questionnaire to obtain information on professional and personal data, posture to remain standing, the most uncomfortable postures in the work environment (signed by the form of Ranney, 2000) and pain (pointed out by Corllet and Manenica Diagram, 1980). It was also used the Nordic questionnaire (Kuorioka et al., 1986), validated in the Brazilian culture by Barros e Alexandre (2003) and adapted for the study, the direct evaluation and, a direct observation was made in the work production, a postural analysis using the Owas Method, applied using the Win-Owas software. A descriptive research was made studying a case in the industrial sector, using 30 employees as a sample. It was noticed that the posture of remain stand up is adopted during work, and 73.3% of the people that was interviewed said that they felt tired in consequence of this posture, especially when associated with trunk twists, trunk inclination and elevate their arms above their heads. Most complains regarding pain through their bodies, by Corllet e Manenica (1980) pointed to the lumbar region, followed in the dorsal area and legs and in the neck area, shoulders and right thigh. The adapted Nordic questionnaire reveled the lumbar area, 10 interviewed people (33,3%) as the area most affected by musculoskeletal symptoms, next in the dorsal area, with five people interviewed (16.7%) and one of them (3.3%) felt pain in the cervical area, none reported pain in the hips area... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

A vedação ou diferimento de pastos constitui em importante estratégia de manejo para contornar a escassez de forragem na época seca. A manipulação da altura e do tempo de vedação tem impacto nas características produtivas e fisiológicas dos pastos e em sua recuperação na primavera. Por outro lado, a redução da altura média do pasto no inverno pode resultar, na primavera subsequente, em pastos com estruturas favoráveis ao pastejo. Assim, o objetivo da pesquisa foi encontrar a melhor associação de altura e de tempo de vedação de pastos de capim-marandu, e a interferência desses manejos na massa de forragem, no perfilhamento e no armazenamento de carboidratos solúveis nas raízes e base do colmo, bem como avaliar o impacto desses manejos no armazenamento de carboidratos solúveis, na rebrotação do capim-marandu e no valor nutritivo da forragem na primavera. Na primeira fase, os tratamentos avaliados foram quatro alturas iniciais de vedação 5, 15, 25 e 35 cm (parcela) e quatro tempos de vedação 35, 70, 105 e 140 dias (subparcela), com quatro repetições, num delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado (DIC). Foram avaliados a massa de forragem, a composição morfológica e o pool de carboidratos solúveis das raizes e base do colmo. Na segunda fase, apenas a altura de vedação foi mantida como tratamento num delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. A altura de vedação altera a massa de forragem e sua composição morfológica, recomendando-se 35 cm e 70 dias ou 15-25 cm e 105 dias. O perfilhamento basal e aéreo é estimulado até 70 dias do início da vedação, enquanto que os perfilhos reprodutivos aumentaram com a altura e tempo de vedação. A base dos colmos é o local de maior acumulo de CSE. Alturas de vedação interferem apenas no início da rebrotação na primavera. A partir da 2ª rebrotação na primavera a composição bromatológica melhora em termos de proteína bruta (PB) e parece celular. Altura e tempo de vedação não alteram as características morfogênicas. / The Seal or deferment of pastures constitutes an important management strategy to overcome the scarcity of forage in the dry season. The manipulation of the height and the time of sealing has impact on the productive and physiological characteristics of the pastures and their recovery in the spring. On the other hand, the reduction of the average height of the grass in the winter can result, in the following spring, in pastures with structures favorable to grazing. The objective of the research was to find the best association between height and time of sealing of marandu grass, and the interference of these maneuvers in forage mass, tillering and storage of soluble carbohydrates in roots and stem base, as well as to evaluate the impact of these treatments on the storage of soluble carbohydrates, regrowth of marandu grass and nutritive value of forage in the spring. In the first phase, the treatments evaluated were four initial sealing heights 5, 15, 25 and 35 cm (plot) and four sealing times 35, 70, 105 and 140 days (subplot), with four replications, in a completely randomized experimental design (DIC). The forage mass, the morphological composition and the soluble carbohydrate pool of the roots and stem base were evaluated. In the second stage, only the sealing height was maintained as treatment in a completely randomized design. The height of the fence changes the forage mass and its morphological composition, recommending 35 cm and 70 days or 15-25 cm and 105 days. The basal and aerial tillering is stimulated up to 70 days from the beginning of the sealing, while the reproductive tillers have increased with the height and time of sealing. The base of the stems is the site of greater accumulation of CSE. Sealing height interferes only at the beginning of regrowth in spring. From the 2nd regrowth in the spring the bromatological composition improves in terms of CP and seems cellular. Height and time of sealing do not alter the morphogenic characteristics.

This thesis investigates the behavior of free-standing gabion walls in areas of mild seismicity. To investigate this behavior, three walls of varying internal cable patterns were constructed at a quarter-scale. These walls were tested with a mass shaker, and mode shapes, tone extractions, and damping ratios were calculated. A modal analysis was conducted using design spectra created from a suite of seven earthquakes from countries bordering Kenya. The corresponding lateral forces to these spectral displacements were found, and the restoring eccentricities from the soil restoring force were backed out through a summation of moments. All analysis was experimentally done due to the complexity of properly modeling the wall system for a secondary analytical comparison. This process was done under the assumption of linear behavior. Similarly, the criteria for failure involved the eccentricity of the restoring soil force exceeding the kern distance (assuming elastic behavior)—criteria that all three of the wall specimens met. However, further research into the nonlinear behavior of this wall type is suggested for future conclusions on free-standing gabion wall behavior.

This dissertation analyses the origin, purposes, nature, operation and achievements of the Commonwealth's Parliamentary Standing Committee on Public Works (Public Works Committee - PWC), and assesses its utility to parliament. The PWC originated in 1913 as a permanent committee of parliamentarians established to examine government proposals for public works, and report on them to parliament. Its purpose is to provide detailed data on works proposals in order to allow informed voting. In the process parliament also achieves a degree of control over government - ministers and public servants. Unlike most parliamentary audit of government expenditure, the PWC scrutinises proposals before works are built. It is a joint, statutory, scrutiny committee. The proper role for parliamentary committees in general is the checking of government, through influence, criticism, scrutiny, and publicity. The PWC is assessed against this role through an analysis of its legislation and operation, and interviews with involved parliamentarians and bureaucrats. Criteria used include adequacy of evidence obtained, precision and clarity of reports, and degree of influence on government and acceptance of recommendations. In these terms the PWC has little effect in controlling policy making by the executive government - cabinet and ministers. Moreover, specific amendment of its act together with the consequential effects of nominally unrelated legislation, have reduced the scope of Committee activities to an estimated less than half of all Commonwealth public works. This trend is continuing under current policies of corporatising departmental activities and excluding the resulting statutory corporations from PWC examination. These moves prevent parliament playing its proper role in the governance of the country. However, within the ambit of its powers, the PWC generally rates highly against the above criteria, and exerts a significant degree of parliamentary control over government administration - the public service - in the implementation of public works.

Mobility of the horse to initiate motion from the standing position is examined in this thesis. In particular, the thesis focuses on the study of the mobility of a horse with fixed hooves to the ground, and on how its musculoskeletal system is used to free the legs from restraints. Possible leg patterns to initiate motions are investigated. The breaking forces generated at front and hind hooves during static-pulling and dynamic jerking are evaluated. Design of the restraint system that uses ropes to immobilize certain joints in order to prevent the horse from generating these forces is the main objective of this thesis. Such a system could be applied as an alternative to rather massive mechanical devices, the main purpose of which is to block the breaking forces (which are quite large when fully developed).<p> Analysis of the mobility of the horse is based on the mechanics of a skeletal linkage system driven by muscle forces. Only major muscles involved in fighting the restraints are included in the analysis. The force generation capability of a muscle is determined by physiological cross sectional area (PCSA) of the muscle. Possible leg patterns are predicted with the kinematics analysis considering range of motion at each joint in the legs. Corresponding breaking forces generated in each pattern is evaluated with the kinetics analysis. Relationship between the characteristic parameter of the pattern and the breaking force at hoof are established. <p>The horse's computer model is used to justify the analytical result. Fighting mechanisms of the horse are simulated in the dynamic simulation software package. Patterns and the breaking forces developed by the horse model simulation agree well with the analytical results. To the authors best knowledge, this is the first time a computer model is used in analyzing the method of restraining an animal. <p>The mobility of the animal with hoof restraints and methods to remove mobility were further confirmed with a preliminary animal restraint test conducted on a sheep. The sheep was chosen because the leg patterns to initiate motion on a horse are similar to that of sheep, but the sheep is more convenient to handle. The experiment showed that the mobility of the sheep could be removed completely by restraining its hooves, lower legs, and head with easily attached ropes.

This thesis explores the often overlooked nature of public law duty and its relationship with the doctrine of standing in English law. Drawing on English and North American legal tradition and thought, it posits that public law obligations should be reconceived of as fiduciary in nature, vesting correlative enforcement rights in citizens to constrain unlawful exercises of public power. This should correspond to the abolition of standing requirements and recognition of the rights of citizens and interest groups to bring administrative and human rights challenges before the courts. This thesis also aims to achieve some synthesis between liberal normativism and communitarianism by recognizing both the individual and the collective interests at stake in public interest litigation.