O colículo inferior (CI) é uma estrutura envolvida primariamente com o processamento da informação acústica, porém participa também na integração dos aspectos sensoriais, autonômicos e comportamentais da reação de defesa frente a situações de ameaça. Além disso, essa estrutura apresenta alta concentração de receptores dopaminérgicos, sendo a dopamina um dos neuromoduladores mais ativos em mecanismos subjacentes a estados de medo e ansiedade. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o papel dos receptores dopaminérgicos (D1 e D2) do CI na expressão de respostas defensivas incondicionadas ou condicionadas. Para tanto, ratos Wistar machos (±270g, n=186) passaram por cirurgia estereotáxica para implante bilateral de cânulas-guia direcionadas ao CI. Esses animais receberam administração intra-CI de quimpirole (agonista D2), sulpirida (antagonista D2), SKF 38393 (agonista D1) ou SCH 23390 (antagonista D1), em diferentes doses, e foram submetidos aos testes do labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE) e ao campo aberto. Uma dose de sulpirida foi avaliada também no teste do sobressalto potencializado pelo medo (SPM). Quanto à avaliação das respostas defensivas no teste do LCE, foi observado que apenas a sulpirida diminuiu as entradas e o tempo despendido nos braços abertos, ou seja, causou um efeito pró-aversivo. As outras drogas não influenciaram essas respostas defensivas. Um comprometimento no desempenho motor foi observado pela administração intra-CI de quimpirole (diminuição nas entradas nos braços fechados) e de SCH 23390 (diminuição da locomoção no campo aberto). Quanto aos efeitos de sulpirida sobre as respostas defensivas no teste do SPM, nenhuma influência sobre a resposta de amplitude do sobressalto e sobre o congelamento foi constatada. Os dados obtidos apontam para o envolvimento da modulação dopaminérgica por meio de receptores da família D2 no CI na expressão de respostas incondicionadas de medo. Dopamina no CI parece, portanto, ser importante para regular a expressão dessas respostas. Por outro lado, não obtivemos evidências de que tal modulação no CI esteja envolvida na expressão de respostas condicionadas de medo. Portanto, a neurotransmissão dopaminérgica no CI sobre a expressão de respostas defensivas parece ocorrer por meio de receptores da família D2, com ação seletiva na modulação de respostas incondicionadas de medo. / The inferior colliculus (IC) is a structure primarily involved in acoustic information processing, but it also participates in the integration of the sensory, autonomic and behavioral aspects of the defensive reaction to threatening situations. Furthermore, this structure has a high concentration of dopamine receptors, and dopamine is one of the most active neuromodulators in the mechanisms underlying states of fear and anxiety. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the role of IC dopamine receptors (D1 and D2) in the expression of unconditioned and conditioned defensive responses. For this purpose, male Wistar rats (±270 g, n=186) were implanted with bilateral guide cannuli directed to the IC. These animals received intraIC quinpirole (D2 agonist), sulpiride (D2 antagonist), SKF 38393 (D1 agonist) or SCH 23390 (D1 antagonist) at different doses, and were tested in the elevated plus maze (EPM) and the open field tests. A single dose of sulpiride was also evaluated in the fear potentiated startle test (FPS). In the EPM test, it was observed that only sulpiride decreased the numbers of entries and time spent in the open arms of the maze, suggesting an ansiogenic-like effect. The other drugs did not influence these defensive responses. Impairment in motor performance was observed with intraIC quimpirole (decrease in closed arm entries) and SCH 23390 (decrease in locomotion in the open field test). In the FPS test, no significant effects in the amplitude of the startle response and freezing behavior were observed. The data point to an involvement of IC dopaminergic D2-like receptors in the expression of unconditioned fear responses. Dopamine in the IC, therefore, seems to be important for regulating the expression of these responses. On the other hand, there was no evidence that this modulation in the IC is involved in the expression of conditioned fear responses. Therefore, the influence of the dopaminergic neurotransmission in the IC on the expression of defensive responses appears to occur via D2-like receptors, which selectively modulate unconditional fear responses.

O aumento do reflexo de sobressalto na presença de um estímulo que tenha sido previamente pareado a choques nas patas é tomado como índice de medo e nomeado sobressalto potencializado pelo medo (SPM). O congelamento, interrupção de todos os movimentos observáveis, exceto aqueles associados com a respiração, também tem sido utilizado como índice de medo em ratos. Um crescente número de evidências sugere o envolvimento de mecanismos dopaminérgicos em diferentes aspectos da memória afetiva, como sua formação, evocação e expressão. No entanto, resultados sobre como e por meio de quais receptores os mecanismos dopaminérgicos influenciam o medo têm sido inconsistentes. O presente estudo examina o envolvimento dos receptores dopaminérgicos na aquisição e na expressão do medo condicionado à luz. Para isso, foram analisados os efeitos do antagonista D1, SCH 23390, do agonista D1, SKF 38393, do antagonista D2, sulpirida, e do agonista D2, quimpirole, no SPM e no congelamento. A atividade motora dos animais também foi avaliada no teste do campo aberto. SCH 23390, SKF 38393, sulpirida e quimpirole, administrados antes do condicionamento, não produziram efeitos no SPM, mas SCH 23390 diminuiu o congelamento. As administrações de SCH 23390, SKF 38393 e sulpirida antes do teste também não produziram efeitos no SPM e no congelamento. Quimpirole, em doses que agem em receptores pré-sinápticos, causou uma redução significativa no SPM e no congelamento, quando administrado antes do teste. A ação das drogas não foi devida a efeitos não-específicos uma vez que elas não produziram efeitos no teste do campo aberto. Os resultados sugerem que mecanismos dopaminérgicos devem estar envolvidos tanto na aquisição, quanto na expressão do medo condicionado à luz. Receptores D1 pós-sinápticos parecem participar da aquisição do congelamento condicionado à luz-CS, mas não do SPM. Por outro lado, receptores D2 pré-sinápticos parecem estar envolvidos na expressão do medo condicionado à luz-CS. / The increase in the startle reflex in the presence of a stimulus that has been previously paired to footshock is taken as an index of fear and named fear potentiated startle (FPS). Freezing behavior, a cessation of all observable movements, except those associated with respiration, has also been used as an index of fear in rats. A growing body of evidence has suggested that dopaminergic mechanisms are implicated in different aspects of affective memory, namely its formation, expression or retrieval. However, the results of studies that have examined how, and through which receptors, dopaminergic mechanisms influence fear have been inconsistent. This work is aimed at examining the involvement of dopaminergic receptors in the acquisition and expression of conditioned fear to ligth-CS. We evaluated the effects of systemic administration of the D1 antagonist, SCH 23390, the D1 agonist, SKF 38393, the D2 antagonist, sulpiride, and the D2 agonist, quinpirole before and after conditioning on FPS and freezing. The motor activity of the animals was also evaluated in an open field test. SCH 23390, SKF 38393, sulpiride and quinpirole, injected before conditioning sessions, did not produce any effect on FPS, but SCH 23390 decreased freezing. Injections of SCH 23390, SKF 38393 and sulpiride before testing session did not produce any effect on FPS or freezing. Quinpirole, injected at doses acting at presynaptic level, caused significant reduction in FPS and freezing, when injected before testing. Drugs’ action was not due to nonspecific effects since they had no effect in the open field test. Our findings indicate that DA mechanisms are involved in the acquisition and expression of conditioned fear using light-CS. Dopaminergic mechanisms mediated by postsynaptic D1 receptors seem to be involved in the acquisition of conditioned freezing to light-CS, but not in FPS. On the other hand, dopaminergic mechanisms mediated by presynaptic D2 receptors seem to be involved in the expression of conditioned fear to light-CS.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Pharmacology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

Ovarian steroid hormones are neuroactive steroids with widespread actions in the brain, and are thus able to influence mood, behavior and cognition. In this thesis the effects of progesterone withdrawal and the direct effects of the progesterone metabolite allopregnanolone are evaluated. Allopregnanolone, through binding to the GABAA receptor complex, enhances inhibitory neurotransmission, thus exerting anxiolytic, sedative and antiepileptic effects. The acoustic startle response (ASR) is a withdrawal reflex evoked by sudden or noxious auditory stimuli, and can be measured in humans as an eye blink. ASR is significantly increased in several anxiety disorders, and notably also during progesterone withdrawal. Sensorimotor gating can be assessed by measuring prepulse inhibition of the startle response (PPI). The CNS circuits regulating PPI are sensitive to hormone fluctuations. GABAergic drugs are involved in cognitive impairment and animal studies have indicated that allopregnanolone may inhibit learning. The main purpose of this research was to evaluate the behavioral effects of progesterone withdrawal on the startle response and sensorimotor gating in PMDD patients and healthy controls, in healthy third trimester pregnant women and healthy postpartum women. A second aim was to evaluate allopregnanolone effects on memory and cognition in healthy women and also on the startle response and PPI. We found that PMDD patients have an increased startle response across the menstrual cycle and a deficiency in sensorimotor gating during the late luteal phase. Ovarian steroids affect sensorimotor gating; pregnant women have lower levels of PPI than late postpartum women. Acutely administered allopregnanolone did not affect the ASR or PPI. Allopregnanolone impairs episodic memory in healthy women. In conclusion, our studies suggest that ovarian steroids, including allopregnanolone, do not influence the startle response. Ovarian steroids affect sensorimotor gating; pregnancy, a condition with high levels of ovarian steroids, suppresses PPI. Theoretically, the variability in PPI across reproductive events is due to effects mediated by the progesterone or estradiol receptors but is not mediated by allopregnanolone. PMDD patients display decreased PPI during the late luteal phase, suggesting underlying pathophysiology in common with other anxiety disorders. The most vulnerable memory system, the episodic memory, is impaired by the allopregnanolone in healthy women.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that may follow exposure to severe emotional trauma and presents with various symptoms of anxiety, hyperarousal and cognitive anomalies. Interestingly, only 10-30% of an exposed population will go on to develop full-blown PTSD. Cholinergic neurotransmission is implicated in anxiety as well as other typical manifestations of PTSD, particularly cognitive changes. The frontal cortex and hippocampus regulate and in turn are affected by stress, and have also been implicated in the underlying neuropathology of PTSD. These areas are densely innervated by cholinergic neurons originating from the basal forebrain. In this study, the time dependent sensitization (TDS) model was used to induce symptoms of PTSD in animals. The study was designed to determine the long-term effects of an intense, prolonged aversive procedure on central muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) characteristics and the correlation if any of those findings to cognitive aspects and general arousal as characteristics associated with PTSD. In order to achieve this goal, male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to the TDS stress paradigm with behavioral/neuro-receptor assessments performed on day 7 post re-stress (duration of each experiment in whole is 14 days). Acoustic startle reflex (ASR) was used to determine emotional state (hyperarousal), while the conditioned taste aversion (CTA) paradigm was implemented in order to assess aversive memory. Muscarinic receptor binding studies were performed in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. Moreover, both the stress-exposed and control animals were pre-tested in the acoustic startle chamber in order to attempt to separate stress sensitive from stress-resilient animals based on predetermined ASR criteria. The ASR niodel was previously validated in our laboratory, while the CTA model was validated in this project before application. In the CTA model, an i.p. injection with lithium chloride (LiCl) (associated with digestive malaise), was used as unconditioned stimulus (US) and was paired with a saccharinlcyclamate drinking solution as conditioned stimulus (CS) to induce aversion to the novel taste (CS) when presented in the absence of the US. Population data of animals tested in the ASR experiment indicated no statistical significant difference between stressed and control animals. However, when each animal was assessed individually, 22.5 % of the exposed population displayed all increase above the predetermined criteria of 35 % in startle response, indicating a state of heightened arousal. In contrast, only 4.2 O h of control animals (no stress) displayed an increase in arousal based on the above mentioned criteria. Muscarinic receptor densities (Bm,) in the total population of animals exposed to stress showed a statistical significant increase in both the hippocampus and frontal cortex when compared to controls, with no changes in & values observed in either one of the areas. In the CTA experiment, TDS stress was implemented as US paired with a saccharinlcyclamate drinking solution as CS. An acute session of prolonged stress (as used in the TDS model) effectively induced aversion to a novel taste and a subsequent reminder of the stress (restress) paired with the CS sustained the acquire adversive memory. Furthermore, LiCl was reintroduced as US in order to assess the effect of prior exposure to two types of stress (acute and TDS) on subsequently acquired CTA memory. Prior exposure to acute stress had no significant effect on subsequently acquired aversive memory when measured either 3- or 7 days post-conditioning (CS-US). Stress-restress (TDS) exposure, however, indicated a significant decrease in aversive memory from 3- to 7 days post-conditioning (CS-US) as well as a significant decrease in aversive memory between the control- and the TDS group 7 days post-conditioning. The mAChR density (B,,) in the frontal cortex; but not in the hippocampus, was elevated at the same point in time (7 days post CS-US pairing) that CTA memory was impaired following TDS stress (stress-restress). Ultimately, these data support an association between altered cholinergic receptors and hyperarousallanxiety in an animal model of PTSD. The data also support the phenomenon of individual susceptibility to stress in animals that parallels that observed in humans exposed to severe trauma. Impaired aversive memory (CTA) is a consequence of prior exposure to TDS stress, but not acute stress, and is likewise mediated by an altered central cholinergic transmission displayed as an increase in mAChRs in the frontal cortex. The lack of studies regarding the influence of the cholinergic system in PTSD related behavior earns ,this project value as inimitable PTSD research. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Pharmacology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

O colículo inferior (CI) é uma estrutura envolvida primariamente com o processamento da informação acústica, porém participa também na integração dos aspectos sensoriais, autonômicos e comportamentais da reação de defesa frente a situações de ameaça. Além disso, essa estrutura apresenta alta concentração de receptores dopaminérgicos, sendo a dopamina um dos neuromoduladores mais ativos em mecanismos subjacentes a estados de medo e ansiedade. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o papel dos receptores dopaminérgicos (D1 e D2) do CI na expressão de respostas defensivas incondicionadas ou condicionadas. Para tanto, ratos Wistar machos (±270g, n=186) passaram por cirurgia estereotáxica para implante bilateral de cânulas-guia direcionadas ao CI. Esses animais receberam administração intra-CI de quimpirole (agonista D2), sulpirida (antagonista D2), SKF 38393 (agonista D1) ou SCH 23390 (antagonista D1), em diferentes doses, e foram submetidos aos testes do labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE) e ao campo aberto. Uma dose de sulpirida foi avaliada também no teste do sobressalto potencializado pelo medo (SPM). Quanto à avaliação das respostas defensivas no teste do LCE, foi observado que apenas a sulpirida diminuiu as entradas e o tempo despendido nos braços abertos, ou seja, causou um efeito pró-aversivo. As outras drogas não influenciaram essas respostas defensivas. Um comprometimento no desempenho motor foi observado pela administração intra-CI de quimpirole (diminuição nas entradas nos braços fechados) e de SCH 23390 (diminuição da locomoção no campo aberto). Quanto aos efeitos de sulpirida sobre as respostas defensivas no teste do SPM, nenhuma influência sobre a resposta de amplitude do sobressalto e sobre o congelamento foi constatada. Os dados obtidos apontam para o envolvimento da modulação dopaminérgica por meio de receptores da família D2 no CI na expressão de respostas incondicionadas de medo. Dopamina no CI parece, portanto, ser importante para regular a expressão dessas respostas. Por outro lado, não obtivemos evidências de que tal modulação no CI esteja envolvida na expressão de respostas condicionadas de medo. Portanto, a neurotransmissão dopaminérgica no CI sobre a expressão de respostas defensivas parece ocorrer por meio de receptores da família D2, com ação seletiva na modulação de respostas incondicionadas de medo. / The inferior colliculus (IC) is a structure primarily involved in acoustic information processing, but it also participates in the integration of the sensory, autonomic and behavioral aspects of the defensive reaction to threatening situations. Furthermore, this structure has a high concentration of dopamine receptors, and dopamine is one of the most active neuromodulators in the mechanisms underlying states of fear and anxiety. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the role of IC dopamine receptors (D1 and D2) in the expression of unconditioned and conditioned defensive responses. For this purpose, male Wistar rats (±270 g, n=186) were implanted with bilateral guide cannuli directed to the IC. These animals received intraIC quinpirole (D2 agonist), sulpiride (D2 antagonist), SKF 38393 (D1 agonist) or SCH 23390 (D1 antagonist) at different doses, and were tested in the elevated plus maze (EPM) and the open field tests. A single dose of sulpiride was also evaluated in the fear potentiated startle test (FPS). In the EPM test, it was observed that only sulpiride decreased the numbers of entries and time spent in the open arms of the maze, suggesting an ansiogenic-like effect. The other drugs did not influence these defensive responses. Impairment in motor performance was observed with intraIC quimpirole (decrease in closed arm entries) and SCH 23390 (decrease in locomotion in the open field test). In the FPS test, no significant effects in the amplitude of the startle response and freezing behavior were observed. The data point to an involvement of IC dopaminergic D2-like receptors in the expression of unconditioned fear responses. Dopamine in the IC, therefore, seems to be important for regulating the expression of these responses. On the other hand, there was no evidence that this modulation in the IC is involved in the expression of conditioned fear responses. Therefore, the influence of the dopaminergic neurotransmission in the IC on the expression of defensive responses appears to occur via D2-like receptors, which selectively modulate unconditional fear responses.

OLIVEIRA, A.R. Envolvimento de receptores dopaminérgicos da área tegmental ventral e do complexo basolateral da amígdala na aquisição e na expressão do medo condicionado. 2010. 93 f. Tese (Doutorado) Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo. O condicionamento Pavloviano é um dos paradigmas mais utilizados para estudar as bases biológicas das emoções, assim como da aprendizagem e memória. A dopamina (DA) é um dos principais neurotransmissores envolvidos na mediação de estados de medo e ansiedade. Um conjunto crescente de evidências dá suporte à hipótese de que a ativação da via mesocorticolímbica, proveniente de neurônios dopaminérgicos da área tegmental ventral (ATV), é particularmente sensível à estimulação aversiva. Entre as regiões inervadas por esta via, o complexo basolateral da amígdala (BLA) é um componente essencial dos circuitos neurais do medo condicionado. Assim, o presente estudo explorou o envolvimento de mecanismos DA da ATV e do BLA, através do uso de agonistas e antagonistas de receptores DA, na aquisição e expressão do medo condicionado à luz. Não houve efeito das drogas DA no sobressalto potencializado pelo medo (SPM), quando injetadas na ATV antes do condicionamento, indicando que os receptores DA da ATV não participam da aquisição do medo condicionado à luz. Ao contrário, quando injetado na ATV antes do teste, quimpirole (agonista D2) reduziu o SPM, enquanto as demais drogas não tiveram efeito. A administração de SCH 23390 (antagonista D1) no BLA não produziu efeitos no SPM, indicando que os receptores D1 do BLA não parecem envolvidos na expressão do SPM. Já a administração de sulpirida (antagonista D2) no BLA inibiu o SPM produzido pela luz. Além disso, a expressão do medo condicionado foi associada a um aumento do congelamento e dos níveis extracelulares de DA no BLA, ambos inibidos com a administração de quimpirole na ATV. A capacidade do quimpirole em diminuir o SPM e o congelamento condicionado parece ser resultado de sua ação em auto-receptores D2 da ATV. A ativação desses receptores diminui os níveis de dopamina em áreas que recebem terminações da via mesocorticolímbica. Os resultados com a sulpirida realçam a importância dos receptores D2 do BLA na expressão do medo condicionado Pavloviano. / OLIVEIRA, A.R. Involvement of dopaminergic receptors of ventral tegmental area and basolateral amygdala in the acquisition and expression of conditioned fear. 2010. 93 p. Thesis (Doctoral) Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo. The Pavlovian fear conditioning is one of the most used paradigms to study the biological basis of emotion, as well as of learning and memory. Dopamine (DA) is one of the most important neurotransmitters involved in mechanisms underlying states of fear and anxiety. A growing body of evidence supports the hypothesis that excitation of the mesocorticolimbic pathway, originating from DA neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), is particularly sensitive to fear-arousing stimuli. Among the forebrain regions innervated by this pathway, the basolateral amygdala (BLA) is an essential component of the neural circuitry of conditioned fear. The present study explored the involvement of VTA and BLA DA receptors, using DA agonists and antagonists, in the acquisition and expression of conditioned fear to a light conditioned stimulus (CS). None of the drugs used produced significant effects on fear-potentiated startle (FPS) when injected in VTA before conditioning, indicating that VTA DA receptors are not involved in the acquisition of conditioned fear to a light-CS. In contrast, when injected before the test session, intra-VTA quinpirole (D2 agonist) significantly reduced FPS, whereas the other drugs had no effect. Intra-BLA SCH 23390 (D1 antagonist) did not produce significant effects on FPS, indicating that BLA D1 receptors do not appear to be involved in the expression of FPS. On the other hand, intra-BLA sulpiride (D2 antagonist) inhibited FPS produced by light-CS previously paired with footshocks. Also, conditioned fear was associated with increased freezing and DA levels in the BLA, both inhibited by intra-VTA quinpirole. Quinpirole\'s ability to decrease FPS and conditioned freezing may be the result of an action on VTA D2 presynaptic autoreceptors. The activation of those receptors decreases dopamine levels in terminal fields of the mesocorticolimbic pathway. Sulpirides results stress the importance of BLA D2 receptors in the fear-activating effects of the Pavlovian conditioning.

Possible connection between latent toxoplasmosis and schizophrenia is a very interesting and medically important topic. In this thesis I tried to map current state of knowledge in the interdisciplinary research of schizophrenia and Toxoplasma gondii and their possible connections as well as to show differences in responses between Toxoplasma-positive and Toxoplasma-negative subjects using simple computer-administered tests of prepulse inhibition of startle reaction (PPI). Such differences would suggest another similarity between schizophrenia patients and subjects with latent toxoplasmosis as the sensorimotor gating responsible for PPI was found to be disrupted in schizophrenia patients. Side goal of the study was to test newly developed PC software for testing PPI and to determine its applicability in further research. Subjects for the tests were recruited among adepts of professional military service; 409 subjects completed the test of acoustic PPI and 276 subjects completed the test of visual PPI. All the subjects were tested on presence of specific anti-Toxoplasma IgG in their blood serum. Both tests revealed significant (p<0.001) differences between responses on prepulse-preceded stimuli and plain stimuli without prepulse, no significant results were, however, gained for the effects of latent...

Effects of Toxoplasmosis on Reaction Times and Prepulse Inhibition of Startle Reaction in Humans vi Abstract Toxoplasma gondii, a single-cell coccidia from almost exclusively parasitic phylum Apicomplexa, does not typically cause acute health issues in humans with most exceptions among immunodeficient individuals and pregnant mothers or, more precisely, their offspring. In the latent phase, the bradyzoites in tissue cysts placed most often in neural and muscle tissues can evolve pressure on the host's body both as a collateral effect of the presence of the parasitic organism in host's tissues and as a consequence of adaptive evolution leading to increase in probability of trophic transmission to the final host, a felid. In humans, this can result in slight changes in personality profiles, deterioration of psychomotor and cognitive functions, and development of serious mental disorders. The thesis focuses predominantly on one of the aspects of the changes, namely the effect of latent toxoplasmosis on the processing of startle signals themselves and when modified by a preceding low-intensity signal; this processing may be connected with the development of schizophrenia in predisposed individuals. Studies conducted within the project framework found changes int the speed of signal processing in...

La musique a la capacité d’induire et moduler les émotions, décomposées en deux dimensions : le niveau d’activation (relaxant-stimulant) et la valence émotionnelle (déplaisant-plaisant). Une façon de mesurer objectivement la valence musicale est par le réflexe acoustique de sursaut, une réaction de défense qui consiste en un clignement de l’oeil provoqué par un bruit fort et inattendu. Le réflexe est renforcé par la musique déplaisante et inhibée par la musique plaisante. Cependant, l’effet du niveau d’activation émotionnelle lors de l’écoute musicale demeure inconnu. Cette étude a donc pour objectif d’examiner la modulation du réflexe acoustique de sursaut par la musique stimulante et relaxante jugée plaisante. Basée sur les résultats d’études antérieures avec des images, notre hypothèse était que le réflexe serait plus faible dans la condition stimulante que dans la condition relaxante. Dans un devis intrasujet, 47 participants ont écouté de la musique relaxante et stimulante. Des bruits blancs courts et forts ont été rajoutés par-dessus les extraits afin de provoquer le réflexe de sursaut, dont son amplitude et sa latence ont été mesurées par électromyographie. Les résultats ont ensuite été comparés à ceux d’une condition non-musicale, constituée de sons environnementaux plaisants, afin d’explorer si la musique est plus efficace pour inhiber le réflexe. Finalement, des caractéristiques acoustiques, telles que la clarté de la pulsation, la densité acoustique, la dissonance et l’énergie, ont été extraites puis comparées entre les trois conditions pour explorer leur relation avec les paramètres du réflexe. Les résultats rapportent une modulation de la latence du réflexe de sursaut, dans laquelle celle-ci est plus longue dans la condition stimulante comparée à la condition relaxante. Cependant, aucune différence au niveau de l’amplitude n’a été observée. Seule la latence serait donc sensible au niveau d’activation des émotions musicales lorsque la musique est plaisante. Ensuite, la latence dans la condition non-musicale était aussi longue que celle dans la condition stimulante, suggérant que la musique n’est pas plus efficace que les sons non-musicaux pour inhiber le réflexe de sursaut. Finalement, comme l’amplitude et la latence n’ont pas le même patron de réponses, cette étude suggère que le réflexe de sursaut est aussi modulé par le traitement des caractéristiques acoustiques et que ceux-ci ont un effet différent sur ces deux paramètres. En conclusion, la latence du réflexe acoustique de sursaut est une bonne méthode pour mesurer le niveau d’activation des émotions musicales. De futures recherches pourront utiliser le paradigme de la modulation affective du réflexe de sursaut pour mesurer les effets des émotions musicales selon des facteurs individuels tels que l’âge et la dépression. / Music has the capacity to evoke and modulate emotions, divided by two dimensions: arousal (relaxing-stimulating), and valence (unpleasant-pleasant). Musical valence can be objectively measured by the acoustic startle reflex, a defensive reaction consisting of an eye blink provoked by a short and loud noise. This reflex is facilitated by unpleasant music and inhibited by pleasant music. However, the arousal effect while listening to music on the startle reflex remains unknown. This study therefore aims to explore the affective startle modulation by stimulating and relaxing music. In a within-subjects design, 47 participants listened to stimulating music, relaxing music and non-musical sounds. White noises (50 ms, 105 dB(A)) were added over the excerpts to induce startle while eyeblink magnitude and latency were measured by electromyography. Excerpts’ acoustic features were then extracted and compared through experimental conditions to explore their effect on startle modulation. Startle latency was longer in the stimulating condition compared to the relaxing one, but no differences in magnitude were found, partially confirming our predictions. Exploratory analyses suggest that startle modulation is also attributed to bottom-up processes of acoustic features, and that these latter impact differently magnitude and latency. In conclusion, this study highlights startle latency measure efficiently emotional arousal while listening to music, allowing future research to use the paradigm of affective startle reflex modulation to evaluate the effect of music on emotions considering individual factors, such as age and depression. It also paves the way for comparisons of the effect of emotions and acoustic features processes on the startle reflex modulation.