Purpose of the thesis lies in analysis of allocation system of state funds. The State fund of environment of Czech Republic has been chosen for analysis. It has been providing enough relevant documents for executing the analysis. The thesis researches way of allocation of the public resources with an emphasis on economy, effectiveness and efficiency (3E) and in compliance with legislation, especially with act no. 320/2001 Sb. The mentioned act contains definition of 3E and rules for budgetary control in Czech Republic. In conclusion of thesis the practice recommendation for state funds are formulated, respectively for State fund of enviroment of Czech Republic.

A reserva legal florestal é um importante instrumento voltado para a manutenção da cobertura florestal no país e constitui área a ser protegida em toda propriedade ou posse rural de acordo com a Lei Federal n° 4.771/65, o Código Florestal. Conforme o artigo 44 da referida lei, é possível compensar a reserva legal por outra área equivalente em importância ecológica e extensão em outra propriedade, desde que pertença ao mesmo ecossistema e esteja localizada na mesma microbacia, conforme critérios estabelecidos em regulamento e pelo órgão ambiental estadual responsável pela gestão/fiscalização dessas áreas. Diante das possibilidades cada órgão ambiental estadual tem diferentes características e procedimentos para averbação da reserva legal e acredita-se que devem ser mais exitosos na averbação de reservas legais e na compensação os estados com pessoal, infra-estrutura e organização suficientes e adequados. Assim o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a influência das características institucionais dos sistemas de gestão de reservas legais adotados nos estados do Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais e Paraná no êxito na averbação e na aplicação do mecanismo de compensação de reserva legal, por meio do estabelecimento de indicadores de êxito e analise das características que podem interferir nos resultados. Verificou-se que no estado do Paraná há maior êxito na averbação e compensação de reservas legais e os sistemas de informação, as leis e normas referentes aos procedimentos de averbação e, assim como a comunicação interna e externa estão melhor estruturados em comparação com os demais estados avaliados, conforme o esperado. / The legal forest reserve is an important tool towards the conservation of forest cover in Brazil and it is comprised by an area to be protected across all rural property or possession, according to the Brazilian Federal Law No. 4.771/65, named the Forest Code. Under article 44 of that National Act, it is possible to compensate for the lack of legal reserve using the area of another property which is supposed to be similar in ecological significance and size, provided that it belongs to the same ecosystem and is located in the same watershed, according to the criteria set out in regulations and the state environmental agency, which is responsible for the management/supervision of these areas. Considering these possibilities each state environmental agency has distinct processes and procedures for Legal and administrative settlement of the forest area of the legal reserve and it is believed to be analysed in this work is that those states with sufficient and appropriate staff, infrastructure and organization provide more successful processes of compensation and legal and administrative settlement of the forest area of legal forest reserves. Therefore the objective was to analyze the influence of institutional arrengements of the legal reserve management systems provided by the states of Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais and Paraná on the success of Legal and administrative settlement of the forest area and compensation process of legal reserves, through the establishment of outcome indicators and the analysis of the processes that may affect the results. It was found that the state of Parana is the most successful case in legal and administrative settlement of the forest area and compensation of legal forest reserves, and information systems, laws and general guidance relating to registration procedures as well as internal and external communication are better structured in comparison with other states evaluated.

Malgré ce que l’on a pu croire, le régime commun pourrait présenter un grand intérêt pour le droit international de l’environnement sous réserve de la prise en compte de certaines considérations environnementales. Il s’agit d’une part, du déclenchement de la responsabilité et, d’autre part, de la réparation. Si, en raison de certaines insuffisances normatives environnementales, l’engagement de la responsabilité pourrait soulever des difficultés, le fondement du régime commun, à savoir le fait illicite, facilite la prévention des dommages environnementaux. Quant à l’invocation de la responsabilité, une évolution concernant les droits des États agissant pour un intérêt collectif pourrait empêcher que de nombreux espaces et espèces échappent à la sphère de la responsabilité des États. Concernant les modalités de la réparation, l’importance d’une réparation en nature ou par équivalent en nature impose une adaptation à l’appréciation ou à la mise en œuvre de la restitution et de l’indemnisation. En revanche, la présente thèse propose une nouvelle forme de satisfaction : la compensation écologique. / Despite some authors’ scepticism, the international environmental law can find certain solutions in the law of state responsibility. However, the success of finding such solutions depends on the introduction of a number of environmental considerations to as conditions of state responsibility, its invocation and reparation. Regarding the first, although the state responsibility, which is based on breach of obligations, may lack normative environmental aspect, its preventive role vis-a-vis the environmental harm should not be underestimated. As to the invocation, the positive law has to acknowledge the right of an injured state acting for the collective interest in order to include spaces and species beyond the state’s sovereignty to the law of state responsibility. Regarding the forms of reparation, restitution and compensation must be adapted taking into consideration the importance of environmental restoration towards baseline conditions. However, satisfaction needs to transform into a multiform and flexible form of reparation. For this purpose the present study suggests the biodiversity offset mechanism as a form of satisfaction.

Santrauka 1990 m. balandžio 5 d. įstatymu „Dėl Lietuvos Respublikos Aukščiausiajai Tarybai atskaitingų valstybės organų įsteigimo“ buvo įsteigtas Lietuvos Respublikos aplinkos apsaugos departamentas, pirma institucija, kuri vykdė aplinkos apsaugos valstybinę kontrolę po Nepriklausomybės atkūrimo. Šiandien aplinkos apsaugos valstybinę kontrolę Lietuvos Respublikoje vykdo Aplinkos ministerijai pavaldūs teritoriniai valstybinio administravimo subjektai – regionų aplinkos apsaugos departamentai. Aplinkos apsaugos valstybinės kontrolės pareigūnams aplinkos apsaugos valstybinę kontrolę padeda vykdyti visuomeniniais pagrindais veikiantys aplinkos apsaugos valstybinės kontrolės pareigūnų pagalbininkai – neetatiniai aplinkos apsaugos inspektoriai. Pagrindinis įstatymas, kuriuo savo veikloje vadovaujasi aplinkos apsaugos valstybinės kontrolės pareigūnai yra aplinkos apsaugos valstybinės kontrolės įstatymas. Remiantis šiuo įstatymu Departamentai vykdo žemės, žemės gelmių, paviršinių ir požeminių vandenų, aplinkos oro, miško, kraštovaizdžio, augalijos, gyvūnijos bei kitų gamtos išteklių naudojimo, atkūrimo ir apsaugos valstybinę kontrolę, tikrina, ar fiziniai ir juridiniai asmenys, įmonės, neturinčios juridinio asmens teisių, vykdo aplinkos apsaugą ir gamtos išteklių naudojimą reglamentuojančiuose teisės aktuose nustatytus reikalavimus, teisingai apskaičiuoja mokesčius už gamtos išteklių naudojimą. Aplinkos apsaugos valstybinės kontrolės teisinę bazę nuolat tobulinama. Paskutinis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Summary On April 5, 1990 by the law „Trough organs of state accountable to the Supreme Council of the Republic of Lithuania establishment“ was founded environmental protection department of the Republic of Lithuania, the first institution which performed environment protection state control after re-establishment of state independence. Today environment protection state control in the Republic of Lithuania perfom regional subjects of state administration – environmental protection departments of the regions, which subordinate to Ministry of Environment. Nonregular environment protection inspectors acting on public base as assistants of environment protection state control officials, help to perform environment protection state control for officials of environment protection state control. The main law which follow environment protection state control officials is the law of environment protection state control. According this law, departments perform the use, renew and protection state control of land, entrails of the earth, surface and underground water, environmental air, forests, landscape, flora, fauna and other natural reserves, verify whether natural and legal persons, enterprises without legal person rights perfom environment protection and use natural reserves according rule requirements, calculate taxes for the use of natural reserves correctly. Law base of environment protection state control is costantly improving. The last most important event of this field is... [to full text]

A reserva legal florestal é um importante instrumento voltado para a manutenção da cobertura florestal no país e constitui área a ser protegida em toda propriedade ou posse rural de acordo com a Lei Federal n° 4.771/65, o Código Florestal. Conforme o artigo 44 da referida lei, é possível compensar a reserva legal por outra área equivalente em importância ecológica e extensão em outra propriedade, desde que pertença ao mesmo ecossistema e esteja localizada na mesma microbacia, conforme critérios estabelecidos em regulamento e pelo órgão ambiental estadual responsável pela gestão/fiscalização dessas áreas. Diante das possibilidades cada órgão ambiental estadual tem diferentes características e procedimentos para averbação da reserva legal e acredita-se que devem ser mais exitosos na averbação de reservas legais e na compensação os estados com pessoal, infra-estrutura e organização suficientes e adequados. Assim o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a influência das características institucionais dos sistemas de gestão de reservas legais adotados nos estados do Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais e Paraná no êxito na averbação e na aplicação do mecanismo de compensação de reserva legal, por meio do estabelecimento de indicadores de êxito e analise das características que podem interferir nos resultados. Verificou-se que no estado do Paraná há maior êxito na averbação e compensação de reservas legais e os sistemas de informação, as leis e normas referentes aos procedimentos de averbação e, assim como a comunicação interna e externa estão melhor estruturados em comparação com os demais estados avaliados, conforme o esperado. / The legal forest reserve is an important tool towards the conservation of forest cover in Brazil and it is comprised by an area to be protected across all rural property or possession, according to the Brazilian Federal Law No. 4.771/65, named the Forest Code. Under article 44 of that National Act, it is possible to compensate for the lack of legal reserve using the area of another property which is supposed to be similar in ecological significance and size, provided that it belongs to the same ecosystem and is located in the same watershed, according to the criteria set out in regulations and the state environmental agency, which is responsible for the management/supervision of these areas. Considering these possibilities each state environmental agency has distinct processes and procedures for Legal and administrative settlement of the forest area of the legal reserve and it is believed to be analysed in this work is that those states with sufficient and appropriate staff, infrastructure and organization provide more successful processes of compensation and legal and administrative settlement of the forest area of legal forest reserves. Therefore the objective was to analyze the influence of institutional arrengements of the legal reserve management systems provided by the states of Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais and Paraná on the success of Legal and administrative settlement of the forest area and compensation process of legal reserves, through the establishment of outcome indicators and the analysis of the processes that may affect the results. It was found that the state of Parana is the most successful case in legal and administrative settlement of the forest area and compensation of legal forest reserves, and information systems, laws and general guidance relating to registration procedures as well as internal and external communication are better structured in comparison with other states evaluated.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:33:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernanda Salgueiro Borges.pdf: 1787130 bytes, checksum: e181dded4587829b840a9137f1a8e5f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-02 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / Forests play a crucial role in preserving biodiversity and climate, being essential to the effectiveness of everyone's right to an ecologically balanced environment, whose core is the protection of essential ecological processes, which is mainly through the observance of the duty of the Government create specially protected territorial space and the duty of all to preserve, protect and restore these areas entirely. The right to an ecologically balanced environment is inherent in achieving the right to human dignity and citizenship, recognized as fundamental values of a State Environmental. In this context, this paper aims to examine the role of the Forest Code as a legal instrument of the State Environmental in achieving the right to an ecologically balanced environment and the right to sustainable development through the analysis of the legal elements that compose them. The specific objectives of this work are: a)analyze the evolution of legislation protecting the forests from the Forestry Code of 1934 and 1965 and their amendments; b) identify the reasons economic, legal and social changes of the protective rules of territorial spaces special protection of the Forest Code, raising questions about the conflicts between development and protection of forests in the face of territorial spaces protected the Forest: permanent preservation areas and legal reserves; c) to analyze the positioning of the Superior Courts in Brazil in relation to the implementation Forest Code. Therefore, it was used as methodology the normative analysis of Forest Codes of 1934 and 1965, in particular the legal systems of territorial spaces specially protected therein provided,as well as the legislative process to amend the Forest Code of 1965, represented by Bill No.1.876/99, considering the international commitments assumed by Brazil for the purpose of environmental protection, as well as analysis of the role played by the judiciary in the implementation of the Forest Code to 01/11/2011, by searching the jurisprudence of the Courts Higher on the keywords "area of preservation and risk" and the legal reserve and risk . It is the result of discussions initiated in the Research Group Law and Sustainable Development "(UPM / CNPq) in 2010 and the Research Project" Law and Sustainable Development: Policies in Brazil (1990-2010) "in 2011, funded by the Office Mackpesquisa and coordinated by Professor Solange Teles da Silva. / As florestas exercem papel fundamental na preservação da biodiversidade e do clima, sendo essenciais à efetividade do direito de todos ao meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado, cujo núcleo é a proteção dos processos ecológicos essenciais, que se faz notadamente por meio da observância do dever do Poder Público de criar espaços territoriais especialmente protegidos e do dever de todos de preservar, proteger e recuperar integralmente esses espaços. O direito ao meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado é inerente à consecução do direito à dignidade humana e à cidadania, valores reconhecidos como fundamentos de um Estado Socioambiental. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo analisar o papel do Código Florestal como instrumento jurídico do Estado Socioambiental na consecução do direito ao meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado e do direito ao desenvolvimento sustentável, mediante a análise dos elementos jurídicos que os compõem. Para tanto, foram analisados em um primeiro momento, os dispositivos dos Códigos Florestais de 1934 e de 1965, em especial os regimes jurídicos dos espaços territoriais especialmente protegidos neles previstos, bem como contextualizados os embates do jogo político do processo legislativo de alteração do Código Florestal de 1965. Em um segundo momento, foi estudado o Projeto de Lei nº 1.876/99 e o Projeto de Lei da Câmara nº 30/2011, considerando-se os compromissos internacionais assumidos pelo Brasil com o fim de proteção ambiental. Complementando esse trabalho, realizou-se um levantamento jurisprudencial nos Tribunais Superiores, destacandose por um lado, todas as ações diretas de inconstitucionalidade versando sobre o Código Florestal de 1965 e, por outro lado, as decisões sobre área de preservação permanente e risco e área de reserva legal e risco até 01/11/2011. Este trabalho é resultado das discussões iniciadas no Grupo de Pesquisa Direito e Desenvolvimento Sustentável (UPM/CNPq) em 2010 e do Projeto de Pesquisa Direito e Desenvolvimento Sustentável:Políticas Públicas no Brasil (1990-2010) em 2011, financiado pelo Instituto MackPesquisa.

No description available.

Abstract SEA is currently becoming an important tool for sustainable development. The main principles of SEA are to incorporate environmental considerations to the process of development of strategic documents and to make the process of the decision-making more transparent. Over the past years, there have been an increasing number of countries especially transitional and developing countries such as Belarus that consider joining the international conventions for SEA such as EU Directive 2001/42/EC (the SEA Directive) and UNECE SEA Protocol. This research focuses on the capacity assessment for SEA implementation in Belarus. The benchmarks for SEA capacity assessment were defined. For identifying the approaches for SEA implementation in the countries in transition, the experience of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe was analyzed. The capacity assessment for Belarus was made involved three levels, namely, system level, as well as organizational and individual levels. The paper analyses strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for SEA implementation in Belarus. The study concludes with some suggestions that might help to improve capacity for SEA implementation.

The diploma essay named The development and orientation of the Czech environmental politics in the historical and geopolitical context aims to introduce in detail the forms of the Czech environmental politics since 1990. The first chapter of the essay provides readers with the theory of environmental politics and sustainable development, for example with different types of environmental instruments, actors or goals. Three following chapters are grounded in this theory and in detail introduce the main pillars of the environmental politics of the Czech Republic, or rather CSFR. The development of the Czech environmental politics is in the essay divided into a few phases, the accession to the EU represents the main milestone. The fourth chapter summarizes the development of the Czech environmental politics, compares it with the environmental politics of the EU and offers the evaluation of the current form of the Czech environmental politics.