<p>Numera Nette Wermeld Enström.</p>

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Abstract Women’s political participation in Iran is limited.  They are struggling to see an improvement of the male-dominated society of Iran.  Therefore, is the women’s political participation crucial for the development of the democracy process in the Iranian governance.      By using Robert Dahl’s democracy theory and Liberal feminism theory, this thesis has the purpose of giving an explanation on how the women’s political participation is developing in Iran.  The studies show that the women’s political participation has developed forward rather than backwards due to their engagement and thrives in the political sphere.  However, the result of the measure of the women’s right to political participation do not add up to the level of requirements of Dahl’s democratic theory demands.  The women of Iran are in a crucial need of democratic rights in Iran, when it comes to their political participation.  The thesis gives an explanation on the improvement of the women’s political participations in the Majles (parliament) which has increased.  Even in in the City Council (Shurā-ye Shāhār) women’s political participation has increased in the last few years.  Women’s political commitment has played a significant role in riots and demonstrations in carrying forward revolution and reformation in Iran.  Despite fewer rights and less power than men, women’s political participation, especially during and after the revolution 1978-1979, was a variation of women from diverse backgrounds which gave them a new sense of pride at their ability to gain power and the ability to be an important influence in the women’s civil rights movement.       This study gives also an insight on the arguments of the women.  Why do they want to bring a reformation on women’s right of democracy in Iran?  By facing the obstacles of anti-feminist ideology, they will be able to gain the same democracy and rights on the same level as the men.  Women in Iran are full aware of the driving force they accomplished during the revolution, both during the Constitutional Revolution and the Islamic Revolution.  Knowing this, it will bring self-esteem, stability and hope for a better future for women’s political rights in Iran.

This thesis examines the municipal organizational management through a case study of the municipality of Motala within the areas of school, health and social care. The thesis has a qualitative research design and the empirical material consists of leading officials’ perceptions of the organization based on three levels in the administration (unit, function and management). It is the intention to categorize the governing of the municipality through three governing models: market, bureaucracy, and profession. The thesis discusses similarities and differences in governing within the areas of school, health and social care. Furthermore, problems and tensions in the governing are distinguished. Finally, various presumptions for a trust based municipal governing is being discussed. The thesis principally finds that the area regarding school is characterized by a governing model with resemblances to bureaucracy, as well as showing elements of market logics. The area regarding health and social care is characterized in its totality by a bureaucratic and a market governing model. Moreover, the governing also demonstrates similarities to professionalism. The overall experience of both areas is the presence of a tension in the assignment between the state and the municipal. Furthermore, it is the notion that the communication between management areas is problematic, creating a negative cooperation between the two. The premises for a trust based governing are considered generally good although many managers already believe they are operating such a governing model. Simultaneously there are some concern regarding the notion that the politics must accept the governing at the same time as some control still must remain.

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Background: The Swedish Armed Forces is considered an attractive employer, yet chooseofficers to leave their employment. The Swedish Armed Forces is an employer that has uniqueemployment conditions, including an obligation to serve in international conflicts, which meansperiodically long absence from the family. Competence is lost as experienced officers choose toterminate their employment in advance, while the recruitment does not keep up to handleemployee turnovers. A growing problem in society is the difficulty of balancing a working lifewith family life and it helps to wake up the idea or to terminate its employment.Purpose: The purpose of the study is to investigate whether the conflict between working lifeand family life affects an experienced officer in an army unit to terminate his employment.Method: The study is based on combined methods where the focus is on qualitative datacollection via semi-structured interviews. The interviews were conducted with officers at anarmy unit who chose to terminate their employment in the Swedish Armed Forces. The study issupplemented by a minor survey with partners of former officers.Result and Conclusion: The results show that the majority of interviewed officers have had aconflict between working life and family life during their employment. The conflict has affectedthe officer's decision to terminate their employment. The conflict has been present during theemployment but is primarily a presumptive conflict in the future. In view of their own ambitionregarding development and challenge, the majority of army officers have taken a proactivedecision to terminate their employment in the Armed Forces. This in order to prevent theconflict while achieving its ambitions in another workplace with other conditions. Partners offormer officers do not fully share the same opinion as the officer regarding the conflict betweenworking life and family life during the employment. The partner, like the officer, was anxiousabout the future in the army and what consequences it would have meant for the family withcontinued employment. The results also point towards the fact that the question may be morecurrent than previous surveys and research shows. The Swedish Armed Forces should carefullyreview how much conflict between work life and family life affect the decision to terminateofficers employment in a broader perspective and what measures could be taken to retain moreexperienced officers. In order to increase operational capacity, the importance of recruiting andretaining staff over time is the single most important prerequisite

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No description available.

<p>Betyg 180607.</p>

<p>Betyg 180607.</p>