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This thesis aims to analyze the 1930s famine in the Soviet Union. Specifically, the famine that occurred on the territory of Ukraine, which is known as the Holodomor. Thus, the main goal is to investigate the impacts of the Holodomor on the contemporary situation in Ukraine. In particular, what connection it has to the Ukrainian crisis 2014-2022, namely the armed conflict in the Luhansk-Donetsk region, known as Donbas, which transformed into a subsequent war Ukraine-Russia, and why the Holodomor topic is considered taboo in Russia. Interesting is the fact that Russia not only denies and keeps quiet about the Holodomor but also somehow justifies Joseph Stalin's actions. Therefore, to answer the research questions, a content analysis method will first and foremost be applied, which will, in turn, be supplemented by a qualitative method concerning the gathering of information. When it comes to the theoretical frameworks, in order to more thoroughly investigate the political situation of the Soviet Union at that time, totalitarianism will be used. Furthermore, Stalin's acts will be analyzed from a totalitarian standpoint. The main reason is that Stalinism can rightfully be considered the most severe form of totalitarianism in the Soviet Union. Let us emphasize that in order to analyze the position of the Russian Federation on this event, the image theory will be used.

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According to Swedish law, all health care should be equal, and discrimination is illegal. If a patient is subjected to discrimination, they have the right to inform Diskrimineringsombudsmannen (Ombudsman against Ethnic Discrimination, DO). The purpose of this study is to investigate what types and form of discrimination patients has perceived with focus on what consequences the discrimination leads to, and if the patients have informed DO.Analytical framework: According to DO, discrimination is when people are treated differently and that a difference is made between people. DO has identified seven causes for discrimination, these are gender, transgender identity or expressions, ethnicity, religion or other beliefs, disability, age and sexual orientation. The six forms of discrimination are direct and indirect, lack of accessibility, harassment, sexual harassment and instructions to discriminate according to DO. This study will use the definition from DO. According to several studies, discrimination in health care occurs.Method and analysis: The sample used for this study is convenience sample. The method for data collection used is a survey constructed in Google forms. The survey was shared on social media. The method for analysis was quantitative content analysis.Results: The answers from the survey were analysed into three categories: “The most common grounds for perceived discrimination”, “The effects of discrimination” and “Inclination to leave complaints to DO.”Analysis and conclusion: The study found that respondents that have perceived discrimination in health care was less inclined to seek health care and that the trust in health care was affected negatively after experiences of discrimination. Respondents who have perceived themselves to be subjected to discrimination was more inclined to change care provider. The leading reasons for patients not to inform DO about discrimination were a) because they thought it would not make a difference and b) because they did not know that they could turn to DO. More research is needed in this subject.

Kvinnor har länge varit exkluderade från politikens finrum. Däremot går världen på många håll mot ett mer jämställt samhälle. Denna studie ämnar därför att studera fördelningen mellan kvinnliga och manliga försvars-, finans- och utrikesministrar ur ett globalt perspektiv mellan åren 1966–2016 samt undersöka om det finns ett samband mellan demokrati och kvinnliga ministrar på manligt kodade poster. Detta görs med hjälp av ett dataset som skapades 2020 av Nyrup och Bramwell. Studien grundar sig i två frågeställningar: (1) Hur ser fördelningen ut mellan män och kvinnor på posterna som försvars-, finans- och utrikesminister i världens länder mellan 1966–2016? och (2) Hur ser sambandet ut mellan demokrati och kvinnliga ministrar på manligt kodade poster? Dessa frågeställningar testas utifrån en statistisk undersökning med hjälp av en logistisk regression. Studien visar att en stor majoritet män fortfararande innehar dessa ministerposter jämfört med kvinnor men att det ser ut att ske en förändring från början av 2000-talet. Vidare visar sig demokrati ha ett starkt positivt samband för kvinnliga ministrar på manligt kodade poster som dessutom är statistiskt signifikanta.

Abstract: With this case study of Bosnia and Herzegovina, I contribute to the discussion about the influence of bridging and bondings effect on tolerance levels among different groups in a post conflict and fragmented society. By studying the relationship between bridging and bonding trust and participation in associations and tolerance level for five chosen groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the study shows that: 1) the impact of social capital is dependent on rural and urban context; 2) bridging social capital has a higher influence on tolerance levels than bonding social capital; 3) trust has a higher influence on tolerance levels than participation; and 4) the social capital effect on tolerance is not significant for all groups. The study shows that the social capital variables of trust and participation effect the tolerance level for the groups Atheist and Ethnic group and this effect is larger in the smaller city of Tuzla where a large part of the respondents came from different homogenous villages in the municipality.

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Indigenous people in the Arctic are recognized as being on front line of confronting the effects of changing climate as well as of the global measures taken for its management, however, remaining marginalized under the conventional ways of governing. This thesis examines the positionalities of indigenous people(s) and traditional knowledge in the science-policy discourse of climate change. Three separate discursive platforms will be examined with the understanding that all actors fill the domain with meaning. Focus on the regional area of the Arctic is constructed through case studies of the Sámi in Finland and the Inuit in the Kingdom of Denmark. The theoretical framework draws from the post-structural debate on agency and structure and is further connected to the Neo-Gramscian concept of hegemony. Through this International relations theorization, power distributional aspects of climate governance are presented, and the domination of the western scientific framework (IPCC) is questioned. Post-colonialism is utilized to highlight the unwished potential of reinforcing outcomes of western and non-western oppositionalities. By utilizing post-structural discourse analysis with a Foucauldian understanding of discourse, this thesis concludes that both indigenous peoples and their intellectual contribution remain constructed around recognition under the framework of western institutionalism.

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