The present study attempted to measure the overlap of tasks being performed by Librarians Class One and Library Technicians Grades Two and Three in special libraries located in Commonwealth Government Departments and Statutory Authorities in the ACT. Overlap was also measured between the two groups in libraries with six or more staff, since size of library could have affected the results; and between graduates (those employees with university or college of advanced education degrees or graduate diplomas in library and information science), and nongraduates (those without such qualifications). To measure the overlap, a task list questionnaire was devised based on task lists utilised in other research studies or which had been the outcome of professional workshops. Work level guidelines and position classification standards developed by pertinent Australian employing authorities and the Library Association of Australia were also used. Results suggested that there may be considerable overlap in work being performed by Librarians Class One and Library Technicians Grades Two and Three in the nominated libraries. Of the eight functional areas of library work into which the task list questionnaire was divided, only two areas, Reference, and Current Awareness and User Services, resulted in proportions of the groups tested being assigned the tasks in significantly different proportions. For the six other functional areas, representing 125 of the 160 tasks Librarians Class One and Library Technicians Grades Two and Three performed the same tasks in similar proportions. Testing for size of library and qualifications of respondents made very little difference to these results. Conclusions drawn from the present study are limited because the questionnaire ignored the level of importance and the time occupied in completing these tasks. Other constraints occurred in relation to conclusions which could be made. The questionnaire methodology as utilised by the present study is more likely to evoke responses to what is there; and it does not identify what should be done or how well tasks are performed. The study is limited to special libraries within Commonwealth Government Departments and Statutory Authorities and is confined to three levels of staff only, Librarians Class One and Library Technicians Grades Two and Three. Despite these limitations, it seems clear that the levels of staff included in the present study are often assigned tasks on the basis of what tasks have to be done, rather than with regard to matching level of task to level of position within the boundaries of the work level guidelines; and this situation is also true of the larger libraries with six or more staff. These results have implications for those involved in educating professional librarians and library technicians, for the interpretation given by the profession to the meaning of professionalism and for staff relations between librarians and library technicians. Debate by the profession concerning the roles of librarians and library technicians is an issue demanding urgent attention.

During the 1980s some remarkable public administration reforms took place in the Commonwealth primary industries portfolio statutory research and marketing authorities. These reforms implemented dual accountability arrangements which legislated the requirement for the authorities to be held accountable directly to government and Parliament, as well as to industry and community bodies which held either a financial stake in the authorities or a stake in the outcomes of their activities. This dissertation discusses the nature of the dual accountability arrangements in the broader context of administrative and accountability theory, with particular emphasis on its place in the evolution of public enterprise and of more open, participatory and socially responsive public administration. It also considers the 1980s reforms in the historical context of Australian primary industry institutionalisation and agrarian socialism. The dissertation concludes that dual accountability can strengthen an organisation's accountability while at the same time reduce the need for close administrative control. Dual accountability acknowledges that the fundamental processes of an organisation's accountability should apply in more than one direction, and that the decentralisation of these processes actually fills the voids left by removing control mechanisms. The dissertation also identifies variations in the application of dual accountability principles across primary industry authorities and suggests that there is potential for the principles to be applied to other areas of government administration.

Making Copies: The Impact of Photocopying on Copyright Law in Australia In recent years, there has been a growing interest in looking at the history of copyright law through the lens of different technologies. Rather than looking at the historical development of, for example, copyright defences, the development of a specific piece of legislation or the way in which copyright law as distinct body of law took shape, there is a growing interest in looking at the way in which copyright law was shaped and influenced by specific types of technology. This literature is based on the idea that by focusing on the way that the law responded to a particular technology, that this enables us to get a better sense of the way in which the different legal rules and procedures operate and intersect: something that tends to be lost in more focused doctrinal or policy accounts. While there have been a number of important studies that focus on the impact of specific technologies, notably the printing press, on the development of copyright law, there are many other technologies that have not been given the attention they deserve. The thesis aims to contribute to the growing body of copyright scholarship that looks at the impact that specific technologies have had on copyright law. More specifically, it aims to look at the impact that the photocopier had on the development of copyright law across the second half of twentieth century. In effect, the question that the thesis asks is: what impact did photocopying have on the development of copyright law in Australia? The thesis shows that in responding to the problems created photocopier, a number of important changes were made to copyright law. In addition to contributing to the introduction of published edition copyright, it will be argued that the photocopier not only led to the introduction of library copying provisions which have played and continue to play an important role in ensuring access to information, but also helped to clarify that the fair dealing defence extended beyond hand copying to include machine copies. As well as highlighting the impact that the photocopying licences, which were introduced to deal with multiple copies, had on copyright law, it will be also be argued that the photocopier led to other changes, such as the politicisation of literary copyright. In highlighting the various changes brought about as a result of the attempt to respond to the problems created by the photocopier, the thesis will highlight the important role that technological change has had on the development of copyright law.

<p>Purpose: To investigate whether or not the credit granters believe the quality in audits will deteriorate after the abolishment of statutory audit and, if that is the case, how the abolishment will strike the purpose and goal of accounting.</p><p>Approach: To answer our purpose we carried out a literature study to later implement interviews with four granters of credits specialised in business accounts.</p><p>Findings: The process of credit granting will not change after the abolishment of statutory audit for companies still using audit reports. Though, for other companies the process will change dramatically since the lean time of the process will increase. Higher demands will be put on these companies since the reliability in the economic information will decrease when it is no longer being reviewed in the same sense. Though, the credit granters believe that some form of substitute for audit will be demanded in order for the companies to be granted credits from the bank.</p>

<p>Purpose: The purpose with this study is to see what the small limited companies</p><p>prefer of the alternatives to the statutory audit that has been created in</p><p>the others EU-countries. These alternatives can be current in Sweden to</p><p>maintain the credibility.</p><p>Method: Quantitative procedure.</p><p>Conclusions: By the result to judge from the small limited companies prefer the alternative</p><p>to the statutory audit where they do not need to hire further help</p><p>to complete the audit. That is probably why the bookkeeping agency has</p><p>been chosen to give a guarantee for quality endorsement.</p> / <p>Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att se vad småaktiebolag föredrar av de</p><p>alternativ till revisionsplikten som skapats i övriga EU-länder. Dessa</p><p>alternativ kan bli aktuella i Sverige för att upprätthålla trovärdigheten.</p><p>Metod: Kvantitativ metod</p><p>Slutsats: Av resultatet att döma föredrar småföretagen det alternativ där de</p><p>slipper anlita ytterligare extern hjälp för att utföra granskningen. Det är</p><p>troligen därför man har valt att redovisningsbyrån ska kunna ge en</p><p>garanti för kvalitetssäkring.</p>

Purpose: The purpose with this study is to see what the small limited companies prefer of the alternatives to the statutory audit that has been created in the others EU-countries. These alternatives can be current in Sweden to maintain the credibility. Method: Quantitative procedure. Conclusions: By the result to judge from the small limited companies prefer the alternative to the statutory audit where they do not need to hire further help to complete the audit. That is probably why the bookkeeping agency has been chosen to give a guarantee for quality endorsement. / Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att se vad småaktiebolag föredrar av de alternativ till revisionsplikten som skapats i övriga EU-länder. Dessa alternativ kan bli aktuella i Sverige för att upprätthålla trovärdigheten. Metod: Kvantitativ metod Slutsats: Av resultatet att döma föredrar småföretagen det alternativ där de slipper anlita ytterligare extern hjälp för att utföra granskningen. Det är troligen därför man har valt att redovisningsbyrån ska kunna ge en garanti för kvalitetssäkring.

Av Sveriges idag 300 000 aktiebolag är 80-85 procent mikrobolag med färre än 10 anställda och mindre än 3 miljoner i omsättning. Mikrobolagen har därför stor be-tydelse för svenskt näringsliv och samhällets utveckling. Förutsättningarna för dessa bolags tillväxt och utveckling bör av denna anledning främjas, vilket kräver att regelverken är anpassade till deras villkor. Revisionsplikten för små aktiebolag är en av de regelförenklingar som diskuteras, där nyttan och kostnaden för revision står i fokus. Syftet med uppsatsen är att beskriva hur ägarna till mikrobolag upplever revisionsplikten, hur de väljer att agera vid ett avskaffande, samt analysera bakomliggande orsaker. I denna uppsats används en kvantitativ metod då antal förekomster av visst agerande vill undersökas. Den empiriska studien är gjord i form av en webbenkät skickad till 200 mikrobolag i Jönköpings län. Resultaten visar att ägarna till mikrobolag upplever att de har störst nytta av revision jämfört med övriga intressenter, dock anses även stat och kommun ha stor nytta av revision. Vidare framkom att de vanligaste argumenten för revision är att den ses som ett kvitto eller kvalitetsstämpel. 74 procent av ägarna uppger att de skulle fortsätta revideras om revisionsplikten avskaffades, detta då nyttan upplevs vara större än kostnaden. Dock anser 68 procent att revision bör vara efterfrågebaserad istället för tvingande. Mikrobolagen upplever revisorns roll som övervägande granskande. Emellertid spelar även rådgivning en stor roll, då hela 89 procent av respondenterna anser att reglerna för mikrobolag är alltför komplexa och hjälp behövs från kompetent rådgivare. Sannolikheten att mikrobolagen skulle vända sig till en redovisningsbyrå istället för revisionsbyrå om plikten avskaffas är enligt 44 procent stor eller mycket stor. 13 procent skulle inte alls kunna tänka sig ett byte. Slutsatsen är att mikrobolagen upplever revision som positivt och att de skulle fortsätta revideras om plikten avskaffades, dock vill de flesta att revisionen ska vara frivillig och efterfrågebaserad, vilket för en del mikrobolag skulle innebära ett byte från att ha anlitat en revisionsbyrå för revisions- och rådgivningstjänster till att istället vända sig till en redovisningsbyrå. / Sweden has today 300 000 limited companies of which 80-85 percent are considered as micro companies with less than 10 employees and a yearly turnover not larger than 3 million SEK. The micro companies are therefore of great importance for Swedish business life and development of Swedish society. The requirements for these companies’ growth and development should therefore be supported, which require that regulations are adapted to their conditions. Statutory audit for small private limited companies is one of the simplifications of regulations that is discussed, where the benefits and costs of audit are in focus. The purpose of this thesis is to describe how owners of micro companies perceive statutory audit, to examine how they chose to act if it is abolished, and to analyze underlying causes. In this thesis a quantitative method was used since the numbers of occur-rences of certain actions were examined. The empirical study was constructed as a web based questionnaire sent to 200 micro companies in Jönköping County. The results show that owners of micro companies perceive greatest benefits from audit compared to other interested parties, however, the government and municipality also are considered as benefiting from audit. Further, the most common arguments pro audit are that audit is considered as a receipt or a quality guarantee. 74 percent of the owners state that they would continue to demand audit even if the statutory audit was abolished, since the benefits are perceived as greater than the costs. However, 68 percent believe that audit should be based on demand instead of being compulsory. The micro compa-nies experience the role of the auditor as mainly reviewing. Though, the role as adviser is also of great importance when as much as 89 percent of the respon-dents believe that small companies’ regulations are too complex and that help from a qualified advisor is needed. The probability that micro companies would turn to a firm of accountancy instead of a firm of audit if the obligation was abolished is according to 44 percent large or very large. 13 percent would not consider a change at all. The conclusion is that micro companies perceive audit as a positive service, and that they still would be reviewed if the obligation was abolished. Though, most of the companies want audit to be voluntary and based on demand, which to some micro companies would imply a change from consulting a firm of audit for accounting and consulting services, and instead turn to a firm of accountancy.

Purpose: To investigate whether or not the credit granters believe the quality in audits will deteriorate after the abolishment of statutory audit and, if that is the case, how the abolishment will strike the purpose and goal of accounting. Approach: To answer our purpose we carried out a literature study to later implement interviews with four granters of credits specialised in business accounts. Findings: The process of credit granting will not change after the abolishment of statutory audit for companies still using audit reports. Though, for other companies the process will change dramatically since the lean time of the process will increase. Higher demands will be put on these companies since the reliability in the economic information will decrease when it is no longer being reviewed in the same sense. Though, the credit granters believe that some form of substitute for audit will be demanded in order for the companies to be granted credits from the bank.

Titel: Företagens behov av revision, efter avskaffandet av revisions-plikten för mindre företag i Sverige. Nivå: C-uppsats i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Jonas Lööw-Ohlson, Malin Vestlund Handledare: Markku PenttinenDatum: 2013-02-20 Syfte: Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka hur revisionspliktens avskaffande påverkat de olika aktörer som berörs av denna förändring och att utifrån detta identifiera de faktorer som styr behovet och valet av frivillig revision i små aktiebolag i Sverige. Metod: Undersökningen har ett deduktivt angreppssätt med kvalitativ inriktning då insamlandet av empirisk data utgått ifrån den satta referensramen. Resultat och slutsats: Fördelar för företagen att välja frivillig revision är främst att revision anses tillföra tillförlitlighet till räkenskaperna och fungera som en kvalitetsstämpel för företaget i dess kontakter med yttre intressenter. Företagens behov av revision beror på vilka krav och förväntningar som ställs på deras redovisning från olika intressenter och hur väl revisionen hjälper företagen att uppfylla dessa krav. Det avgörande är om företagen upplever att den nytta de får av att välja frivillig revision uppväger kostnaden. Många av de farhågor och förhoppningar som de olika intressenterna hade inför avskaffandet har infriats. Det är dock ännu för tidigt att se hur skatteintäkter, skattefel och ekobrottslighet påverkats, men det ser inte ut som att det ska få så stor inverkan som förväntat, om någon alls. Det har även visat sig att inte heller räntor och lånevillkor påverkats så mycket som några intressenter trott dådetta hänt i andra länder. Bankerna riktar in sig mer på nuläget i företagen och det enda som påverkats är att det kan ta längre tid att få lån och krediter godkända om inte det finns tillräckligt bra bedömningsunderlag tillgängliga.Avskaffandet har lett till att marknaden för revisions- och redovisningsbyråer har förändrats. Det fanns olika bud om vilka som skulle vara de största förlorarna i denna förändring. Det som framkommer är att varken redovisningsbyråer eller större revisions-byråer påverkats i så stor utsträckning. Redovisningsbyråerna kan märka av en större konkurrens då många revisionsbyråer nu erbjuder redovisningstjänster i större utsträckning än tidigare. Revision ersätts av redovisningstjänster. Det har startats samarbeten mellan olika intressenter och en utveckling av regelverk i syfte att kvalitetssäkra redovisning och inkomstdeklarationer. Alla aktörer i undersökningen är positiva till en höjning av gränsvärdena till EU-nivå. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Det skulle vara intressant att se en liknande undersökning lite längre fram i tiden med mer statistiskt underlag. Exempelvis vid 5 år och 10 år efter förändringen. Det skulle också vara intressant med en jämförelse av de företag som väljer att inte ha revisor. Hur stor andel som anlitar en redovisningsbyrå och hur stor andel sköter bokföringen själva? Finns det skillnader här mellan och inom olika branscher? Det skulle också vara intressant att se en större kvantitativ undersökning bland de berörda företagen i Sverige, gällande vilka faktorer som gjort att de valt att ha revision respektive valt att ta bort den, likt den gjord av Collis i England. Det kan vara intressant att se hur stor betydelse de påverkansfaktorer som identifierats har i företagens val och om det finns andra faktorer som kan spela in och vara mer avgörande. Exempelvis direkta krav från kreditgivare, upplevd nytta mm. Uppsatsens bidrag: Uppsatsen bidrar till en ökad förståelse hur revisionspliktens avskaffande påverkat de olika aktörerna och hur de ser på en framtida höjning av gränsvärdena till EU-nivå. Den identifierar de faktorer som styr de berörda företagens behov av revision. Den visar också de anpassningar som skett och fortfarande sker av både angreppssätt och arbetssätt, hos de berörda aktörerna, i en strävan att hjälpa företagen att leva upp till lagstiftade kvalitetskrav som finns på årsredovisning och inkomstdeklaration. Nyckelord: Revisionsplikt, obligatorisk, frivillig, revision, redovisning, avskaffande / Title: Companies needs of the audit, after the abolition of the statutory audit for smaller companies in Sweden. Level: Final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration Authors: Jonas Lööw-Ohlson &amp; Malin Vestlund Supervisor: Markku PenttinenDate: 2013-02-20 Aim: The purpose of this work is to investigate how the abolishment of the statutory audit affected the different actors involved in this change, and that on this basis identify the factors that control the need and choice of voluntary audit for small companies in Sweden. Method: This study has a deductive, qualitative approach, as the gathering of empirical data is based on the set framework. Results and Conclusions: Benefits for companies to choose voluntary audit is primarily that the audit is considered to bring reliability to the accounts and it provides a quality stamp for the company in its dealings with external stakeholders. The companies need for audit depends on the demands and expectations placed on their accounts from different stakeholders and how well the audit helps them to meet these requirements. The decisive factor is if the companies feel that the benefits they get from choosing voluntary audit outweigh the cost. Many of the concerns and aspirations that the various stakeholders had prior to the abolishment of the statutory audit has actually become a reality. However it is still too early to see what impact the abolishment will have on taxes and financial crime, but it does not seem like it will have as big of an effect as they thought it would have, if any at all. It has also been shown that neither interest rates nor loan terms have been affected as much as some of the stakeholders expected, as that had happened in other countries. Banks focus more on the current situation of the companies and the only thing that it could affect is that it may take longer for the companies to get loans and credits approved if not good enough documentation needed for assessment is available. The abolishment has led to that the market for audit and accounting firms has changed. There were different views on what kind of firms would be the biggest losers of this change. What emerges is that neither accounting firms nor larger audit firms are affected very much. Accounting firms may notice some more competition as audit firms now offer accounting services to a greater extent than before. Audit services are replaced by accounting services. Collaborations between different stakeholders and a development of regulatory framework in order to ensure the quality of the accounts and income tax returns has been started after the abolishment. All participants in the survey are in favor of raising the limit to the EU level. Suggestions for future research: It would be interesting to see a similar study a little further ahead in time with more statistical data. For example at five and ten years after the change. It would also be interesting to have a comparison of the companies that choose not to have an auditor. How many of the companies that hires an accounting firm for help and how many that handles the bookkeeping themselves. Are there differences here between and within different industries? It would also be interesting to see a larger quantitative survey among the companies in Sweden, regarding the factors that led to the choice of keeping the audit or removing it, like the survey made by Collis in England. It might be interesting to see how significant the impact factors identified have been for the companies and if there are other factors that have made a difference and been more decisive. For example, direct claims by creditors, perceived benefits etc. Contribution of the thesis: This paper contributes to a better understanding of how the abolishment of the statutory audit affected the different actors and what they think of a future increase of the limits to EU level. It identifies the factors driving the companies need for audit. It also shows the adjustments that have occurred and still occurs in both approaches and practices, of the actors involved, in an effort to help companies meet statutory quality requirements on the annual accounts and tax returns. Keywords: Statutory Audit, mandatory, voluntary, audit, accounting, abolishment

Problematiken för vår studie grundar sig i den nya revisionslagen som trädde ikraft 1 november 2010, nämligen avskaffandet av revisionsplikten. Lagen innebär att alla aktiebolag som understiger två av tre följande gränsvärden: att ha i genomsnitt 3 anställda, omsättningen understiger 3 miljoner svenska kronor och att balansomslutningen understiger 1,5 miljoner svenska kronor, behöver inte anlita en revisor. I samband med att revisionsplikten avskaffades, diskuteras det mycket vilken betydelse revisionen hade för olika intressenter. Revisionen infördes framförallt för att ge bättre kontrollmöjligheter för externa intressenter. Trots lagändringen, är det idag flertal småföretag som fortsätter att behålla revisorn i företaget och det beror främst på grund av externa intressenternas påverkan. Vårt syfte med studien är att skapa förståelse varför småföretag behåller revisorn i företaget i förhållande till externa intressenter och hur externa intressenter påverkar det, ur småföretagens perspektiv. Undersökningen grundar sig på en kvalitativ studie i form av intervjuer. Intervjuer har utförts med ägare i småföretag. Utifrån det empiriska materialet har det framkommit att externa intressenters påtryckningar påverkar småföretag att behålla revisorn. Intressenter tenderar att påverka småföretag i större utsträckning än stora företag, på grund av det förekommer resursbrist i småföretag. Småföretag har resurser som visserligen är mer begränsad och som en konsekvens av resursbrist påverkas småföretag av externa intressenter genom att vara lyhörd. Småföretag påverkas mer eller mindre av intressenter och företagen ser behovet av revisorn för att tillgodose intressenternas påtryckningar. / The problem with our study is based on the new Audit Act that came into effect November 1st 2010 which abolished the audit requirement. The law includes that any stock company that acquires two out of the three criteria does not have to hire an accountant, the criteria are the following: they need to have an average of 3 employees, a turnover of less than 3 million Swedish kronor and a total assets of less than 1.5 million Swedish kronor. In correlation with the abolishment of the audit, the significance of the audit for various stakeholders was widely debated. The audit was introduced primarily to provide better control of external stakeholders. Despite the amendments, there are now several small businesses that continue to keep the auditor of the company and it is mainly due to external stakeholder impact. The purpose of this study is to create understanding to why small businesses retain the auditor of the company in relation to external stakeholders and what effect they have, from a small business perspective. The study is based on a qualitative study through interviews which were conducted with owners of small businesses. Based on the empirical evidence we have conducted that external stakeholders pressure results in that small businesses decides to keep the auditor. Stakeholders tend to affect small businesses more than large businesses, due to that there is a shortage of resources in small businesses. As a consequence of a lack of resources small businesses are affected by external stakeholders by being responsive. Small businesses are affected more or less by the stakeholders and businesses understand the need for the auditor to meet stakeholder pressure.