Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) conventionally operate between 800 and 1000°C. The barriers for full-scale commercialization of SOFCs are the high cost and relatively poor long-term stability due to the high temperatures used in current state-of-the-art SOFCs. One solution is to decrease the operating temperature, e.g. to 550-750°C but this requires developing new electrolytes and electrode materials. Also, to increase efficiency and practicality, the anode should be able to internally reform hydrocarbon fuels especially methane because it is the most common hydrocarbon in natural gas. The overall goal of this research is to develop a coke-tolerant Ni1-x-yCuxMgyO-SDC anode for methane fuelled IT-SOFCs. The Ni-Cu-Mg-O-SDC anode has been chosen based on the premises that doped-ceria is suitable for intermediate operating temperatures (550-800°C), Ni is known as an active metal and good electronic conductor, Cu increases resistance to coking, MgO helps prevent agglomeration of Ni during reduction, and finally SDC improves oxide ion transport to the cell at this intermediate temperature range. In this work, these materials were characterized in three primary ways: material physical and chemical properties, methane steam reforming activity and electrochemical performance. Two different methods have been used to add Cu to Ni1-yMgyO: a one-step co-precipitation method and a two-step co-precipitation/impregnation method. For the first method, Ni1-x-yCuxMgyO was synthesized via co-precipitation of Ni, Mg and Cu. In the two-step method, Ni0.9Mg0.1O was first prepared by co-precipitation, followed by addition of copper to Ni0.9Mg0.1O by impregnation. However, co-precipitation of all metal in one step limits the sintering temperature of the anode in the cell fabrication due to the low boiling point of CuO. Therefore, co-precipitation of Cu is not a practical method and only Cu impregnation should be considered for practical SOFC applications. It was found that the addition of Mg (Ni0.9Mg0.1O) lowers the reducibility of NiO. Addition of Cu to Ni0.9Mg0.1O up to 5% shows similar reducibility as Ni0.9Mg0.1O. The reducibility of Ni1-x-yCuxMgyO becomes lower when the Cu content is increased to 10%. Nonetheless, all materials are fully reduced at 750ºC. The XRD patterns of pure NiO, Ni0.9Mg0.1O, and the Cu-containing material when Cu is less than 10 mol% are similar. The lower reducibility of Ni-Mg-O and Ni-Cu-Mg-O compared to NiO indicates that they form a solid solution with NiO as the matrix. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) conventionally operate between 800 and 1000°C. The barriers for full-scale commercialization of SOFCs are the high cost and relatively poor long-term stability due to the high temperatures used in current state-of-the-art SOFCs. One solution is to decrease the operating temperature, e.g. to 550-750°C but this requires developing new electrolytes and electrode materials. Also, to increase efficiency and practicality, the anode should be able to internally reform hydrocarbon fuels especially methane because it is the most common hydrocarbon in natural gas. The overall goal of this research is to develop a coke-tolerant Ni1-x-yCuxMgyO-SDC anode for methane fuelled IT-SOFCs. The Ni-Cu-Mg-O-SDC anode has been chosen based on the premises that doped-ceria is suitable for intermediate operating temperatures (550-800°C), Ni is known as an active metal and good electronic conductor, Cu increases resistance to coking, MgO helps prevent agglomeration of Ni during reduction, and finally SDC improves oxide ion transport to the cell at this intermediate temperature range. In this work, these materials were characterized in three primary ways: material physical and chemical properties, methane steam reforming activity and electrochemical performance. Two different methods have been used to add Cu to Ni1-yMgyO: a one-step co-precipitation method and a two-step co-precipitation/impregnation method. For the first method, Ni1-x-yCuxMgyO was synthesized via co-precipitation of Ni, Mg and Cu. In the two-step method, Ni0.9Mg0.1O was first prepared by co-precipitation, followed by addition of copper to Ni0.9Mg0.1O by impregnation. However, co-precipitation of all metal in one step limits the sintering temperature of the anode in the cell fabrication due to the low boiling point of CuO. Therefore, co-precipitation of Cu is not a practical method and only Cu impregnation should be considered for practical SOFC applications. It was found that the addition of Mg (Ni0.9Mg0.1O) lowers the reducibility of NiO. Addition of Cu to Ni0.9Mg0.1O up to 5% shows similar reducibility as Ni0.9Mg0.1O. The reducibility of Ni1-x-yCuxMgyO becomes lower when the Cu content is increased to 10%. Nonetheless, all materials are fully reduced at 750ºC. The XRD patterns of pure NiO, Ni0.9Mg0.1O, and the Cu-containing material when Cu is less than 10 mol% are similar. The lower reducibility of Ni-Mg-O and Ni-Cu-Mg-O compared to NiO indicates that they form a solid solution with NiO as the matrix. Addition of Mg also lowers the BET specific surface area from 11.5 m2/g for NiO:SDC to 10.4 m2/g for Ni0.9Mg0.1O. The surface area is further reduced when Cu is added; for example, at 10% Cu, the surface area is 8.2 m2/g. The activity of 50wt% Ni1-x-yCuxMgyO/50wt% SDC samples for methane steam reforming (SMR) and water-gas-shift reaction (WGS) was evaluated in a fully automated catalytic fixed-bed reactor where the exiting gases were analyzed online by a gas chromatograph (GC). The tests were performed at steam-to-carbon ratios (S/C) of 3, 2 and 1, and at temperatures of 750°C and 650°C for twenty hours. Higher methane conversions were obtained at the higher temperature and higher S/C ratio. Higher methane conversion are obtained using NiO:SDC and Ni0.9Mg0.1O:SDC than Ni-Cu-Mg-O. The conversion decreases with increasing Cu content. Over NiO:SDC and Ni0.9Mg0.1O:SDC the methane conversions are the same; for example 85% at 750°C for S/C of 3. At the same conditions, impregnation of 5%Cu and 10%Cu yields lower conversions: 62% and 48%, respectively. The activity for the WGS reaction was determined by mornitoring CO2/(CO+CO2) ratio. As expected because WGS is a moderately exothermic reaction, this ratio decreases when increasing the temperature. However, the CO2/(CO+CO2) ratio increases with higher S/C. The results indicate that adding Mg does not affect the WGS activity of NiO. The WGS activity of Ni0.9Mg0.1O:SDC is higher when Cu is added. The effect of additional Cu is more pronounced at 650ºC. At 750°C, changing the amount of Cu does not change the WGS activity because the WGS reaction rapidly reaches equilibrium at this high temperature. At 750°C for S/C of 1, carbon filaments were found in all samples. At 650ºC, different types of deposited carbon were observed: carbon fibers and thin graphite layers. Spent NiO:SDC had the longest carbon fibers. Addition of Mg significantly reduced the formation of carbon fibers. Impregnating 5% Cu on Ni0.9Mg0.1O:SDC did not change the type of deposited carbon. Monitoring the amount of deposited carbon on Ni0.9Mg0.1O:SDC, 3%Cu and 5%Cu impregnated on Ni0.9Mg0.1O:SDC for S/C of 0 at 750ºC showed that Cu addition deactivated methane cracking causing a reduction in the amount of carbon deposited. Electrochemical performance in the presence of dry and humidified hydrogen was determined at 600, 650, 700 and 750ºC. Electrolyte-supported cells constructed with four different anodes were tested using polarization curve and electrochemical impedance spectra. The four anodes were NiO:SDC, Ni0.9Mg0.1O:SDC, 3%Cu and 5%Cu on Ni0.9Mg0.1O:SDC. Adding Mg improved the maximum power density from 356 mW.cm-2 with NiO:SDC to 369 mW.cm-2 with Ni0.9Mg0.1O:SDC at 750ºC in dry hydrogen. Addition of Cu, on the other hand, lowered the maximum power density to 325 mW.cm-2 with 3%Cu impregnated and to 303 mW.cm-2 with 5% Cu impregnated. The cell with Ni0.9Mg0.1O:SDC was also tested under dry methane. To minimize methane cracking under this extreme condition, a current density of 0.10 A.cm-2 was always drawn when methane was present in the feed. The voltage decreased during the first hour from 0.8 to 0.5 V, then remained stable for 10 hours, and then started to drop again. Many small cracks were observed on the anode after completion of the electrochemical test, but there was no evidence of much carbon being deposited. In addition to dry methane, tests were also carried out, using the same material, with a H2O/CH4 mixture of 1/6 in order to generate a polarization curve at 750°C. Under these conditions, the maximum power density was 226 mW.cm-2. This is lower than the maximum power density obtained with humidified hydrogen, which was 362 mW.cm-2.

Mikromicetai turi didelę reikšmę miglinių javų sėklos kokybei. Susidarius palankioms sąlygoms sėkla plintantys grybai gali sumažinti sėklos dygimo energiją ir daigumą, susilpninti augalo šaknų sistemą, sumažinti augalų žaliąj�� masę ir derlių. Kai kurie grybai sėklai gali padaryti netiesioginę žalą - pakeisti spalvą, kvapą, deformuoti jos paviršių. Gamindami ir išskirdami į aplinką mikotoksinus, mikroskopiniai grybai menkina javų grūdų kaip maisto, pašarų realizacinę vertę. Sėklos beicavimas cheminiais preparatais neleidžiamas ekologiniuose ūkiuose. Kaip alternatyva beicavimui, javų sėklai apdoroti naudojami įvairūs fiziniai metodai. Tačiau kai kurių metodų poveikiai sėkla plintantiems mikromicetams išaiškinti nepakankamai, nenustatytos šių poveikių optimalios ekspozicijos, atskirais atvejais po jų poveikių sumažėja sėklos daigumas, kuris yra labai svarbus grūdams, naudojamiems kaip sėklinė medžiaga. Be to, literatūroje yra mažai duomenų apie 100°C temperatūros drėgnojo vandens garo terminių impulsų panaudojimą siekiant mažinti sėkla plintančius mikromicetus. Lietuvoje literatūros apie atskirų fizinių procesų poveikių javų sėkla plintančių mikromicetų kontrolei tyrimus randama negausiai. Įvairios mikromicetų kontrolės priemonės tirtos skirtingu laiku, skirtingais parametrais, kai kurie iš parametrų tyrimų metu keitėsi, todėl tarpusavyje palyginti priemonių poveikių efektyvumus neįmanoma. Darbo naujumas. Vienalaikių tyrimų metu, esant vienodoms sąlygoms, naudojant įvairias... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Seed-borne fungi are highly important for the seed quality of Poaceae. Fungi under favourable conditions may reduce germination capacity and viability of seeds, weaken the root system of plants, decrease their yield and green mass. Some fungi may cause indirect damage to seeds, i.e. change the colour, deform seed coat. Producing and exuding mycotoxins, microscopic fungi degrade the realization value of grain crops. Fumigation of seeds using chemicals is prohibited in ecological farms. As an alternative to this, different physical methods are applied to treat the seed. However, the influence of some of the methods on seed-borne fungi has been ascertained insufficiently, optimal expositions of the influences have not been determined. In some cases their influence reduces seed viability, which is highly important for grains used as seed material. Besides, literature sources provide very few data on the use of 100°C damp steam thermal impulses to reduce the amount of seed-borne fungi. In Lithuania, literature on studies of the influence of different physical processes to control seed-borne fungi is rather scarce. Different measures to control pathogenic and saprophytic fungi were studied at different times, using different parameters, some of the parameters were changed during the studies, thus it is impossible to compare efficiency of the measures applied. Novelty. During simultaneous studies, under the same conditions, applying different electrophysical and thermophysical... [to full text]

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Superheated steam (SS) drying of distillers’ spent grain (DSG) is a more energy efficient alternative to conventional hot air drying. SS drying at sub-atmospheric pressure (also referred to as low pressure) can prevent burning and lowering the quality of the food product. The objective of this study was to design, fabricate, and test a SS drying system that could operate at sub-atmospheric pressure for drying DSG. After the custom designed system was constructed, major problems associated with the system were identified. A number of tests were carried out and modifications were made to the system to resolve technical problems. Distillers’ spent grain was then successfully dried using the system under various levels of temperature from 95 to 115°C and pressure of either -25 or -20 kPa, with a SS velocity from 0.100 to 0.289 m/s.

During the case of a hypothetical severe accident in a light water reactor, core damage may occur and molten fuel may interact with water resulting in explosive interactions. A Fuel-Coolant Interactions (FCI) consists of many complex phenomena whose characteristics determine the energetics of the interactions. The fuel melt initially undergoes fragmentation after contact with the coolant which subsequently increases the melt surface area exposed to coolant and causes rapid heat transfer. A substantial amount of research has been done to understand the phenomenology of FCI, still there are gaps to be filled in terms of the uncertainties in describing the processes such as breakup/fragmentation of melt and droplets. The objective of the present work is to substantiate the understanding in the premixing phase of the FCI process by studying the deformation/pre-fragmentation of melt droplets and also the mechanism of melt jet breakup. The focus of the work is to study the effect of various influential parameters during the premixing phase that determine the intensity of the energetics in terms of steam explosion. The study is based on numerical analysis starting from smaller scale and going to the large scale FCI. Efforts are also taken to evaluate the uncertainties in estimating the steam explosion loads on the reactor scale. The fragmented core is expected to form a porous debris bed. A part of the present work also deals with experimental investigations on the coolability of prototypical debris bed. Initially, the phenomenology of FCI and debris bed coolability is introduced. A review of the state of the art based on previous experimental and theoretical developments is also presented. The study starts with numerical investigation of molten droplet hydrodynamics in a water pool, carried out using the Volume Of Fluid (VOF) method in the CFD code ANSYS FLUENT. This fundamental study is related to single droplets in a preconditioning phase, i.e. deformation/pre-fragmentation prior to steam explosion. The droplet deformation is studied extensively also including the effect of the pressure pulse on its deformation behavior. The effect of material physical properties such as density, surface tension and viscosity are investigated. The work is then extended to 3D analysis as a part of high fidelity simulations, in order to overcome the possible limitations of 2D simulations. The investigation on FCI processes is then continued to the analysis on melt jet fragmentation in a water pool, since this is the crucial phenomenon which creates the melt-coolant pre-mixture, an initial condition for steam explosion. The calculations are carried out assuming non-boiling conditions and the properties of Wood’s metal. The jet fragmentation and breakup pattern are carefully observed at various Weber numbers. Moreover, the effect of physical and material properties such as diameter, velocity, density, surface tension and viscosity on jet breakup length, are investigated. After the fundamental studies, the work was extended to reactor scale FCI energetics. It is mainly oriented on the evaluation of uncertainties in estimating the explosion impact loads on the surrounding structures. The uncertainties include the influential parameters in the FCI process and also the code uncertainties in calculations. The FCI code MC3D is used for the simulations and the PIE (propagation of input errors) method is used for the uncertainty analysis. The last part of the work is about experimental investigations of debris coolability carried out using the POMECO-HT facility at KTH. The focus is on the determination of the effect of the bed’s prototypical characteristics on its coolability, in terms of inhomogeneity with heap like (triangular shape) bed and the radial stratified bed, and also the effect of its multi-dimensionality. For this purpose, four particle beds were constructed: two homogeneous, one with radial stratification and one with triangular shape, respectively. The effectiveness of coolability-enhanced measures such as bottom injection of water and a downcomer (used for natural circulation driven coolability, NCDC) was also investigated. The final chapter includes the summary of the whole work. / Under ett svårt haveri i en kärnkraftsreaktor kan en härdsmälta bildas och smältan växelverka på ett explosivt sätt med kylvattnet. En sådan FCI (Fuel-Coolant-Interaction) inbegriper flera fysikaliska processer vilkas förlopp bestämmer hur stor den frigjorda energin blir. Vid kontakt med vattnet fragmenteras först härdsmältan vilket i sin tur leder till att en större yta exponeras för kylvattnet och att värmeöverföringen från smältan snabbt ökar. Mycket forskning har ägnats åt att förstå vad som sker under en FCI men det finns fortfarande luckor att fylla vad beträffar t ex osäkerheter i beskrivningen av fragmentering av såväl smälta som enskilda droppar av smält material. Syftet med detta arbete är främst att underbygga en bättre förståelse av den inledande delen av en FCI genom att studera dels hur enskilda droppar av smält material deformeras och splittras och dels hur en stråle av smält material fragmenteras. Vi studerar särskilt vilka parametrar som mest påverkar den energi som frigörs vid ångexplosionen. Problemet studeras med numerisk analys med början i liten skala och sedan i full skala. Vi söker också uppskatta de laster som explosionen utsätter reaktorns komponenter för. En annan viktig fråga gäller kylbarheten hos den slaggansamling som bildas under reaktorhärden efter en FCI. Slagghögen förväntas ha en porös struktur och en del av avhandlingen redogör för experimentella försök som genomförts för att utvärdera kylbarheten i olika prototypiska slaggformationer. I avhandlingens inledning beskrivs de fysikaliska processerna under en FCI och kylningen av en slaggansamling. Det aktuella kunskapsläget på dessa områden presenteras också utgående från tidigare experimentella och teoretiska studier. Studierna i avhandlingen inleds med numerisk analys av hydrodynamiken för en enskild droppe smälta i en vattentank där VOF-metoden i CFD-programmet ANSYS FLUENT används. Denna grundläggande studie rör en enskild droppe under förstadiet till fragmentering och ångexplosion då droppen deformeras alltmer. Deformationen studeras ingående också med hänsyn tagen till inverkan av en tryckpuls. Inverkan av olika egenskaper hos materialet, som densitet, ytspänning och viskositet studeras också. Arbetet utvidgas sedan till en beskrivning i 3D för att undvika de begränsningar som finns i en 2D-simulering. Studierna av FCI utvidgas sedan till en analys av fragmentering av en stråle smälta i vatten. Detta är en kritisk del av förloppet då smälta och vatten blandas för att ge utgångstillståndet för ångexplosionen. Beräkningarna genomförs under antagande att kokning inte sker och med materialegenskaper som för Wood´s metall. Mönstret för fragmentering och uppsplittring studeras ingående för olika Weber-tal. Dessutom studeras effekten på strålens uppsplittringslängd av parametrar som diameter och hastighet för strålen samt densitet, ytspänning och viskositet hos materialet. Efter dessa grundläggande studier utvidgas arbetet till FCI-energier i reaktorskala. Här ligger tonvikten på utvärdering av osäkerheter i bestämningen av den inverkan explosionen har på omgivande konstruktioner och komponenter. Osäkerheterna inkluderar eventuell bristande noggrannhet hos såväl de viktiga parametrarna i FCI-processen som i själva beräkningarna. Den sista delen av arbetet handlar om experimentella undersökningar av slaggformationens kylbarhet som genomförts i uppställningen POMECO-HT vid avdelningen för kärnkraftsäkerhet på KTH. Vi vill bestämma effekten av formationens prototypiska egenskaper på kylbarheten. För detta ändamål konstruerades fyra olika formationer: två homogena, en med radiell variation i partikelstorlek och en med triangulär variation. Vi undersökte också hur förbättrad kylning kan uppnås genom att tillföra kylvatten underifrån respektive via ett fallrör (kylning genom naturlig cirkulation). I det avslutande kapitlet ges en sammanfattning av hela arbetet. / <p>QC 20150507</p>

Biomass such as spent grain is difficult to dry when it is in the slurry form. Proposed industrial solutions are to compact wet biomass first and then dry it. Compaction develops desired granular form and increases surface area for drying but also brings new technical challenges. Superheated steam (SS) drying is advantageous over hot-air drying as it is more energy efficient. A problem associated SS drying is the initial condensation leading to disintegration of biomass compacts. The current research investigates the disintegration characteristics of distiller’s spent grain (DSG) compacts while being dried in SS. The study focuses on the DSG flowability, densification characteristics and disintegration behavior of DSG compacts as affected by SS drying conditions, soluble content and particle size distribution (PSD). DSG fractions with particle sizes from 300 to 850 µm were dried in SS at 150°C and hot-air at 45 and 150°C. Under these drying conditions bulk density and angle of repose (AOR) varied from 0.379 to 0.435 g/cm3 and 46.0 to 50.4°, respectively. The stress-relaxation data obtained during the compaction of DSG at different levels of compressive pressure (60.3-135.7 MPa), initial moisture content (15, 20 and 25% wet basis- wb) and soluble content (15 and 30%) were normalized and analyzed to determine the asymptotic modulus (EA) of the compacts. The highest EA of 174 MPa was obtained for DSG compacts produced with a compressive force of 135.7 MPa, initial moisture of 25% wb and soluble content of 0%. The percentage increase in volume of DSG compacts during drying in SS at 110 to 150°C temperature range was between 78 to 130%. A comparison between the physical properties of SS dried and hot-air dried compacts revealed the role of SS in accelerating the release of mechanical energy stored in the compacts. An increase of dimensions and a considerable increase in the hardness and EA of the compacts was obtained by adding up to 70% (w/w) solubles or by decreasing the PSD of wet distiller’s spent grain from d(0.9)=1283.6 to 812.8 µm. This study establishes that compaction of wet biomass followed by SS drying can lead to its effective utilization.