Ce mémoire porte sur la conception de la performance chez les jeunes universitaires en lien avec la consommation de médicaments sans prescription. Pour étudier ce phénomène, nous avons analysé le discours d'étudiants et d'étudiantes faisant usage de médicaments pour contrer le déficit d'attention, sans avis médical préalable. Ce type d'automédication est déjà bien présent aux États-Unis. D'une part, l'objectif de ce mémoire consiste à explorer la situation dans les universités québécoises. D'autre part, cette recherche propose une analyse qui aide à comprendre comment peuvent se construire les représentations sociales de performance entourant cette pratique chez les jeunes adultes. La base théorique de ce mémoire s'appuie sur le courant de l'interactionnisme symbolique ainsi que sur les théories de la représentation sociale. Douze entretiens semi-dirigés ont été effectués auprès d'étudiants et d'étudiantes faisant usage de Ritalin, d'Adderall XR ou de Concerta pour améliorer leur performance académique. Les résultats de la recherche révèlent la présence d'un grand paradoxe face à l'utilisation de ces médicaments. Bien que cette automédication soit encore stigmatisée, elle est grandement soutenue par l'acceptation sociale de la médicamentation effectuée quotidiennement par bons nombres d'individus. À travers le discours des étudiants, nous avons soulevé l'existence d'une pression de l'environnement social pouvant expliquer les pratiques. Au même moment, ils remettent en question l'obsession de la performance qu'ils perçoivent dans leur monde. D'un point de vue symbolique, cette contradiction est un agencement très puissant pouvant faire perdurer, voire évoluer la pratique. Enfin, le rôle des interactions entre pairs est un élément fort important dans la reproduction du message. En clôture de ce mémoire, nous posons des pistes de recherche en lien avec l'évolution d'une nouvelle culture chez la population étudiée. Nous questionnons également le rôle de la chercheuse par rapport à cette problématique pouvant potentiellement favoriser l'accélération de ce type de consommation. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : étudiants, médicament, performance, représentations sociales, paradoxe

abstract: There is a growing trend among community samples of young, adult women to initiate drug use for weight loss (Boys, Marsden, & Strang, 2001; Mendieta-Tan, Hulbert-Williams, & Nicholls, 2013). Research has suggested that consequential weight loss may maintain drug use (Cohen, et al., 2010; Ersche, Stochl, Woodward, & Fletcher, 2013; Sirles, 2002), which is compounded by women's perception that drugs are convenient and guarantee weight loss (Mendieta-Tan, et al., 2013). Stimulants, including cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, and ecstasy, are notable drugs of use among college students (Johnston, et al., 2014; Teter, McCabe, LaGrange, Cranford, & Boyd, 2006). With known appetitive and metabolic effects, stimulants may be particularly attractive to college women, who are at elevated risk for increased body dissatisfaction and experimenting with extreme weight loss techniques (Grunewald, 1985; National Eating Disorder Association, 2013). A preliminary epidemiological study of 130 college women between 16- and 24-years old (Mage = 18.76, SDage = 1.09) was conducted to begin to investigate this phenomenon. Results showed women who reported use for weight control (n = 19, 14.6 %) predominantly used stimulants (68.4%), and this subgroup was severely elevated on global and subscales of eating pathology compared with college norms. Moreover, the odds of stimulant use were doubled when women engaged in a compensatory behavior, such as excessive exercise, self-induced vomiting, and laxative use. Although preliminary, these results suggest that a desire for weight control may be associated with stimulant use among college women. Women engaging in more extreme weight loss behaviors are at high risk for initiating and maintaining illicit stimulant use for weight-related reasons. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Psychology 2016

Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T12:59:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RobertoBaldo.pdf: 9476624 bytes, checksum: 029e395b66e356c33d1392d6f0221d44 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this work was to evalue the effect of bio-stimulant Stimulate applicated or not in differents development stages of cotton plant cv Delta Opal, cultivated in a vegetation house and submitted or not to hydric stress. There were applicated 25, 60 and 100% of total volume of pores (VTP) filled out with water and Stimulate (registrated mark) applicated on the seed and on the flower botton stage and without biostimulant application 69 days after sowing. The hydric stress period of time was 15, 30 and 45 days after hydric stress application. The experimental delineation was wholly randomized in a 3x3x3 factorial scheme, with four repetitions of five plants each one. The cotton plant cv Delta Opal did not support hydric eack of 25% VTP on the flower botton beginning, being observed the minor heights, lap diameters, number of flowers, and endangering the formation of reproductive frames. The bio-stimulant dose and application form did not offer improvement on plants development when submitted to eack of water, but on plants submitted to water excess, a lap diameter increase occurred / O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do bioestimulante Stimulate (marca registrada), aplicado ou não em diferentes fases do desenvolvimento do algodoeiro cv. Delta Opal, cultivado em casa de vegetação e submetido ou não ao estresse hídrico. Foram aplicados 25, 60 e 100% do volume total de poros (VTP) preenchidos com água.e o Stimulate® aplicado na semente, na semente e na fase de botão floral e sem a aplicação do bioestimulante, aos 69 dias após a semeadura. O período de duração do estresse hídrico foi de 15, 30 e 45 dias após a aplicação do estresse hídrico. O delineamento experimental empregado foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 x 3 x 3, com quatro repetições de cinco plantas cada. O algodoeiro cv Delta Opal não tolerou deficiência hídrica de 25% VTP iniciando na fase de botão floral, sendo observadas as menores alturas, diâmetros de colo, número de folhas, e comprometendo também a formação de estruturas reprodutivas. O bioestimulante na dose e na forma aplicada não proporcionou melhoras no desenvolvimento das plantas quando submetidas à falta de água, já em plantas submetidas ao excesso de água, houve aumento do diâmetro do colo das plantas

Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T12:59:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RobertoBaldo.pdf: 9476624 bytes, checksum: 029e395b66e356c33d1392d6f0221d44 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this work was to evalue the effect of bio-stimulant Stimulate applicated or not in differents development stages of cotton plant cv Delta Opal, cultivated in a vegetation house and submitted or not to hydric stress. There were applicated 25, 60 and 100% of total volume of pores (VTP) filled out with water and Stimulate (registrated mark) applicated on the seed and on the flower botton stage and without biostimulant application 69 days after sowing. The hydric stress period of time was 15, 30 and 45 days after hydric stress application. The experimental delineation was wholly randomized in a 3x3x3 factorial scheme, with four repetitions of five plants each one. The cotton plant cv Delta Opal did not support hydric eack of 25% VTP on the flower botton beginning, being observed the minor heights, lap diameters, number of flowers, and endangering the formation of reproductive frames. The bio-stimulant dose and application form did not offer improvement on plants development when submitted to eack of water, but on plants submitted to water excess, a lap diameter increase occurred / O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do bioestimulante Stimulate (marca registrada), aplicado ou não em diferentes fases do desenvolvimento do algodoeiro cv. Delta Opal, cultivado em casa de vegetação e submetido ou não ao estresse hídrico. Foram aplicados 25, 60 e 100% do volume total de poros (VTP) preenchidos com água.e o Stimulate® aplicado na semente, na semente e na fase de botão floral e sem a aplicação do bioestimulante, aos 69 dias após a semeadura. O período de duração do estresse hídrico foi de 15, 30 e 45 dias após a aplicação do estresse hídrico. O delineamento experimental empregado foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 x 3 x 3, com quatro repetições de cinco plantas cada. O algodoeiro cv Delta Opal não tolerou deficiência hídrica de 25% VTP iniciando na fase de botão floral, sendo observadas as menores alturas, diâmetros de colo, número de folhas, e comprometendo também a formação de estruturas reprodutivas. O bioestimulante na dose e na forma aplicada não proporcionou melhoras no desenvolvimento das plantas quando submetidas à falta de água, já em plantas submetidas ao excesso de água, houve aumento do diâmetro do colo das plantas

Current evidence suggests that non-medical prescription stimulant (NMPS) use is on the rise, particularly among college students. Identifying individuals at risk for regular and problematic use is a critical step towards the development of effective intervention efforts. A growing body of work has noted that individuals with elevated levels of social anxiety (SA) or social anxiety disorder are at an enhanced risk for developing substance use problems, including NMPS use disorder. Despite the relevance of SA and NMPS use among college students, no studies have attempted to examine subclinical SA or the relation between SA and NMPS use among college students specifically. Thus, the present study sought to extend this area by testing the relation of SA symptoms and NMPS use frequency among college students. A large online study of college students was conducted (N=1604) to identify 252 NMPS users (18-25 years; 68.3% female). A hierarchical linear regression was used to test the moderation of positive prescription stimulant expectancies on SA symptoms in predicting past year NMPS use frequency. A subsample of 15 participants was also brought into the lab to assess subjective (State Anxiety) and physiological (salivary cortisol) responding to a social stressor task. Overall, the current study did not provide evidence that SA, via retrospective self-report or real-time responding was related to past year NMPS use frequency. Additional research is needed to resolve the discrepancies between the present findings and prior work.

Excerpt:The prognosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHA) continues to "show heightened risk of multiple mental health and social difficulties as well as premature mortality in adult life" after nearly 50 years of primary pharmacological treatment. If the prognosis of ADHA is not changed by stimulants, then 2016 research that stimulants may cause cardiac arrhythmia and myocardial infarcation associated with subquent death in children younger than 17 years prescribed methylphenidate (MPH)^2 raises the question of whether stimulants should be used. Furthermore, a 2015 Cochran Review found 98.6% of ADHD randomized clinical trials could also have been considered high risk by using a stricter definition. ^3 Has medicalization and marketing of the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD become the basis of putting children at risk by using stimulants, especially in the United States?

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(生命科学) / 甲第20782号 / 生博第388号 / 新制||生||51(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院生命科学研究科統合生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 藤田 尚志, 教授 朝長 啓造, 教授 永尾 雅哉 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy in Life Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

In this study, the effects of individual and combinatorial electrolyte solution comprised of carbohydrate, salt, and a stimulant injected into broiler hatching eggs on subsequent late term embryogenesis and post hatch performance up to D 10 were evaluated in separate trials. The effects of solution concentration and volume on embryo body weight and yolk reserves were likewise considered, and limited posthatch growth, body weight, and yolk sac effects of a compound electrolyte solution were evaluated. The individual and combinatorial effects of injected solutions were examined in an effort to yield the maximum physiological growth effects on embryogenesis from the metabolic pathways in which these compounds are involved. Limited effects on embryo and post hatch mortality were found. However, both post hatch yolk reserves and liver weights were affected by in ovo injection. These effects could be key in increasing bird weight by processing day.

No description available.

Seeds of the root parasitic plants of the genus Orobanche germinate specifically in response to host-derived germination signals, which enables parasites to detect and attack preferred hosts. The best characterized class of germination stimulants is the strigolactones (SLs), although some species respond to non-SL compounds, such as dehydrocostus lactone (DCL). Recent work indicates that SLs are perceived by members of the KARRIKIN-INSENSITIVE2 (KAI2) gene family, and suggests that within parasitic Orobanchaceae the KAI2 genes have undergone duplication and specialization. The "diverged" clade of these genes, termed KAI2d, has been shown to bind SL germination stimulants in model system assays, but the precise role for KAI2d in regulating germination specificity in a parasitic plant has not been demonstrated. To address this issue, we used genetic and genomic approaches involving two closely related species, Orobanche cernua and O. cumana, which differ primarily in host range and stimulant preference. Orobanche cernua parasitizes tomato (and other Solanaceous crops) and responds to orobanchol, the major SL from tomato roots, whereas O. cumana specifically parasitizes sunflower and responds to DCL. Crosses between O. cernua and O. cumana produced hybrid populations that segregate for stimulant specificity, creating a tractable genetic system. Orobanche cernua contains four KAI2d genes (numbered OrceKAI2d1-4), while O. cumana contains six genes (OrcuKAI2d1-6). The DNA from 94 F2 hybrids was genotyped to identify the KAI2d gene composition and these were correlated with germination phenotype. The pattern of segregation indicated that the KAI2d genes are linked, but pointed to OrceKAI2d2 as a likely orobanchol receptor. Response to DCL was associated with inheritance of all O. cumana KAI2d genes together. Each KAI2d gene was expressed in the Arabidopsis thaliana kai2 mutant background and tested for ability to recover the mutant phenotype when exposed to SLs (including orobanchol, 5-deoxystrigol and GR24) or DCL. One O. cernua gene, OrceKAI2d2, responded to all SLs, but not DCL in this system. No DCL-specific KAI2 genes were identified. In summary, we have identified the likely SL receptor in O. cernua, and show evidence that the DCL receptor is either not a KAI2d protein, or uses KAI2d in combination with other signaling pathway components. / Ph. D. / The mechanisms by which parasitic plants of the family Orobanchaceae detect their hosts is a long-standing mystery in plant science. For over half a century it has been known that seeds of parasitic plants will lie dormant until they detect a host-derived germination stimulant. Upon perception of an appropriate germination stimulant, the parasite seeds will send out a radical that has approximately 72 hours to reach a host root before the limited nutrients within the seed are exhausted. The practical impact of this plant signaling regulation is profound, as the parasites in this family include some of the most destructive weeds in the world, including broomrapes (Orobanche and Phelipanche species) and witchweeds (Striga species). Scientists have sought to understand the signaling mechanisms in order to produce crop plants that don’t produce/exude the signal or to create chemicals that can mimic stimulants and artificially trigger parasite seed germination. Our goal was to further the understanding of the parasite germination mechanism by determining the genes involved in parasite host specificity in Orobanche, of which most members germinate in response to strigolactones (SLs). Recent work indicates that SLs are perceived by members of the KARRIKIN-INSENSITIVE2 (KAI2) gene family and suggests that within parasitic Orobanchaceae the KAI2 genes have undergone duplication and specialization. The “diverged” clade of these genes, termed KAI2d, has been shown to bind SL germination stimulants in model system assays, but the precise role for KAI2d in regulating germination specificity in a parasitic plant has not been demonstrated. To this end we used two closely related species that differ in their germination stimulant and host preferences. Orobanche cernua which like most members of Orobanchaceae responds to a SL, and O. cumana which has switched to responding to a novel germination stimulant, dehydrocostus lactone (DCL). Through genetic and genomic studies of these two species, we demonstrated that one O. cernua gene, OrceKAI2d2, responded to all SLs, but not DCL in this system. No DCL-specific KAI2 genes were identified. In summary, we have identified the likely SL receptor in O. cernua, and show evidence that the DCL receptor is either not a KAI2d protein, or uses KAI2d in combination with other signaling pathway components.