<p>The purpose of this project is to examine how educationalists work with children’s language development in a Reggie Emilia- and in one Montessori preschool. I am going to compare these two educational philosophies and search for differences and similarities in how they approach language development. The background of the study is the key role that language development plays when preparing children for later studies in comprehensive school. Information has been gathered both through present specialist literature as well as through interviews with educationalists from the different educational philosophies.  I have also made direct observations of some of the different activities performed by the educationalists. It was harder than I thought to get answers for the questions at issue because language developement in preschool is an extensive field of study and there is much to examine. The analysis and result has been carried out and presented according to language expert Veli Tuomelas principles in language. The study shows that there are some differences but that the preschools mainly operate in similar ways.</p>

In den letzten Jahren ist eine Vielzahl neuer organischer Polymere und niedermolekularer Verbindungen synthetisiert worden, die sich als aktive Komponente für Elektrolumineszenz-Bauelemente und andere elektronische Anwendungen eignen. Trotz der großen technologischen Bedeutung und des erheblichen Fortschrittes, der bei der Herstellung solcher Materialien erzielt worden ist, sind grundlegende physikalische Eigenschaften dieser Materialklassen noch nicht ausreichend erforscht. Insbesondere das Auftreten lokalisierter Zustände innerhalb der Bandlücke hat besondere Bedeutung für ihre elektronischen Eigenschaften. Sowohl die Präsenz dieser flachen traps (Fallen, Löcher) als auch der Einfluß der Herstellungsbedingungen auf die tiefen und flachen lokalisierten Zustände wurden bisher nicht systematisch untersucht.<br /> Thermische Techniken sind wichtige Methoden, um lokalisierte Niveaus in organischen und anorganischen Materialien zu erforschen. Themisch-Stimulierte Lumineszenz (TSL), Thermisch-Stimulierte Ströme (TSC) und Thermisch-Stimulierte Depolarisierte Ströme (TSDC) ermöglichen die Untersuchung flacher und tiefer traps; in Verbindung mit DiElektrischer Spektroskopie (DES) können außerdem Polarisations- und Depolarisationseffekte studiert werden.<br /> Mit Hilfe numerischer Simulationen haben wir die kinetischen Gleichungen erster und zweiter Ordnung untersucht, die sich durch schwaches bzw. starkes Wieder-Fangen beschreiben lassen. In diesen Gleichungen haben wir Gaussian-, exponentielle und quasi-kontinuierliche Verteilungen von lokalisierten Zustände berücksichtigt. Durch Veränderung der beiden wichtigsten Parameter (Tiefe der traps E und Häufigkeit) konnte die Form der thermischen Maxima untersucht werden. Auch die die Gaussian-Verteilung bestimmenden Faktoren wurden verändert. <br /> Diese theoretischen Ergebnisse wurden auf die experimentellen Glow-Kurven angewandt. Dünne Filme aus polymeren und niedermolekularen Verbindungen (Polyphenylquinoxaline, Trisphenylquinoxaline und Oxadiazole), die wegen ihrer technologischen Bedeutung ausgewählt wurden, zeigen komplexes thermisches Verhalten.<br /> Insbesondere hoch geordnete Filme eines amphiphil substituierten 2-(p-nitrophenyl)-5-(p-undecylamidophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazols (NADPO) zeichnen sich durch komplexe TSL-Diagramme aus. Im Bereich von Em = 4 meV wurde eine Region flacher traps gefunden. Zwei weitere TSL-Maxima treten bei Tm = 221.5 K bzw. Tm = 254.2 K auf. Sie besitzen Aktivierungsenergien von Em= 0.63 eV bzw. Em = 0.66 eV, ihre Frequenzfaktoren betragen s = 2.4x1012 s-1 bzw. s = 1.85x1011 s-1, sie zeigen Breiten der Verteilung von s = 0.045 eV bzw. s = 0.088 eV. <br /> Des weiteren zeigt diese Arbeit, daß die Form der Glow-Kurven stark von der Anregungstemperatur und vom thermischen Kreislauf beeinflußt wird. / New polymers and low molecular compounds, suitable for organic light emitting devices and organic electronic applications, have been synthesised in this years in order to obtain electron transport characteristics compatible with requirements for applications in real plastic devices. However, despite of the technological importance and of the relevant progress in devices manufacture, fundamental physical properties of such class of materials are still not enough studied. In particular extensive presence of distributions of localised states inside the band gap has a deep impact on their electronic properties. Such presence of shallow traps as well as the influence of the sample preparation conditions on deep and shallow localised states have not been, until now, systematically explored.<br /> The thermal techniques are powerful tools in order to study localised levels in inorganic and organic materials. Thermally stimulated luminescence (TSL), thermally stimulated currents (TSC) and thermally stimulated depolarisation currents (TSDC) allow to deeply look to shallow and deep trap levels as well as they permit to study, in synergy with dielectric spectroscopy (DES), polarisation and depolarisation effects. <br /> We studied, by means of numerical simulations, the first and the second order kinetic equations characterised by negligible and strong re-trapping respectively. We included in the equations Gaussian, exponential and quasi-continuous distributions of localised states. The shapes of the theoretical peaks have been investigated by means of systematic variation of the two main parameters of the equations, i. e. the energy trap depth E and the frequency factor a and of the parameters regulating the distributions, in particular for a Gaussian distribution the distribution width s and the integration limits. <br /> The theoretical findings have been applied to experimental glow curves. Thin films of polymers and low molecular compounds. Polyphenylquinoxalines, trisphenylquinoxalines and oxadiazoles, studied because of their technological relevance, show complex thermograms, having several levels of localised states and depolarisation peaks. <br /> In particular well ordered films of an amphiphilic substituted 2-(p-nitrophenyl)-5-(p-undecylamidophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (NADPO) are characterised by rich TSL thermograms. A wide region of shallow traps, localised at Em = 4 meV, has been successfully fit by means of a first order kinetic equation having a Gaussian distribution of localised states. <br /> Two further peaks, having a different origin, have been characterised. The peaks at Tm = 221.5 K and Tm = 254.2 have activation energy of Em= 0.63 eV and Em = 0.66 eV, frequency factor s = 2.4x1012 s-1 and s = 1.85x1011 s-1, distribution width s = 0.045 eV and s = 0.088 eV respectively. <br /> Increasing the number of thermal cycle, a peak, probably connected with structural defects, appears at Tm = 197.7 K. The numerical analysis of this peak was performed by means of a first order equation containing a Gaussian distribution of traps. The activation energy of the trap level is centred at Em = 0.55 eV. The distribution is perfectly symmetric with a quite small width s = 0.028 eV. The frequency factor is s = 1.15 x 1012 s-1, resulting of the same order of magnitude of its neighbour peak at Tm = 221.5 K, having both, probably, the same origin.<br /> Furthermore the work demonstrates that the shape of the glow curves is strongly influenced by the excitation temperature and by the thermal cycles. For that reason Gaussian distributions of localised states can be confused with exponential distributions if the previous thermal history of the samples is not adequately considered.

The primary objective of this work was to develop a laser source for fundamental investigations in the field of laser – materials interactions. In particular it is supposed to facilitate the study of the influence of the temporal energy distribution such as the interaction between adjacent pulses on ablation processes. Therefore, the aim was to design a laser with a highly flexible and easily controllable temporal energy distribution. The laser to meet these demands is an SBS-laser with optional active mode-locking. The nonlinear reflectivity of the SBS-mirror leads to a passive Q-switching and issues ns-pulse bursts with µs spacing. The pulse train parameters such as pulse duration, pulse spacing, pulse energy and number of pulses within a burst can be individually adjusted by tuning the pump parameters and the starting conditions for the laser. Another feature of the SBS-reflection is phase conjugation, which leads to an excellent beam quality thanks to the compensation of phase distortions. Transverse fundamental mode operation and a beam quality better than 1.4 times diffraction limited can be maintained for average output powers of up to 10 W. In addition to the dynamics on a ns-timescale described above, a defined splitting up of each ns-pulse into a train of ps-pulses can be achieved by additional active mode-locking. This twofold temporal focussing of the intensity leads to single pulse energies of up to 2 mJ at pulse durations of approximately 400 ps which corresponds to a pulse peak power of 5 MW. While the pulse duration is of the same order of magnitude as those of other passively Q-switched lasers with simultaneous mode-locking, the pulse energy and pulse peak power exceeds the values of these systems found in the literature by an order of magnitude. To the best of my knowledge the laser presented here is the first implementation of a self-starting mode-locked SBS-laser oscillator. In order to gain a better understanding and control of the transient output of the laser two complementary numerical models were developed. The first is based on laser rate equations which are solved for each laser mode individually while the mode-locking dynamics are calculated from the resultant transient spectrum. The rate equations consider the mean photon densities in the resonator, therefore the propagation of the light inside the resonator is not properly displayed. The second model, in contrast, introduces a spatial resolution of the resonator and hence the propagation inside the resonator can more accurately be considered. Consequently, a mismatch between the loss modulation frequency and the resonator round trip time can be conceived. The model calculates all dynamics in the time domain and therefore the spectral influences such as the Stokes-shift have to be neglected. Both models achieve an excellent reproduction of the ns-dynamics that are generated by the SBS-Q-switch. Separately, each model fails to reproduce all aspects of the ps-dynamics of the SBS-laser in detail. This can be attributed to the complexity of the numerous physical processes involved in this system. But thanks to their complementary nature they provide a very useful tool for investigating the various influences on the dynamics of the mode-locked SBS-laser individually. These aspects can eventually be recomposed to give a complete picture of the mechanisms which govern the output dynamics. Among the aspects under scrutiny were in particular the start resonator quality which determines the starting condition for the SBS-Q-switch, the modulation depth of the AOM and the phonon lifetime as well as the Brillouin-frequency of the SBS-medium. The numerical simulations and the experiments have opened several doors inviting further investigations and promising a potential for further improvement of the experimental results: The results of the simulations in combination with the experimental results which determined the starting conditions for the simulations leave no doubt that the bandwidth generation can primarily be attributed to the SBS-Stokes-shift during the buildup of the Q-switch pulse. For each resonator round trip, bandwidth is generated by shifting a part of the revolving light in frequency. The magnitude of the frequency shift corresponds to the Brillouin-frequency which is a constant of the SBS material and amounts in the case of SF6 to 240 MHz. The modulation of the AOM merely provides an exchange of population between spectrally adjacent modes and therefore diminishes a modulation in the spectrum. By use of a material with a Brillouin-frequency in the GHz range the bandwidth generation can be considerably accelerated thereby shortening the pulse duration. Also, it was demonstrated that yet another nonlinear effect of the SBS can be exploited: If the phonon lifetime is short compared to the resonator round trip time we obtain a modulation in the SBS-reflectivity that supports the modulation of the AOM. The application of an external optical feedback by a conventional mirror turns out to be an alternative to the AOM in synchronizing the longitudinal resonator modes. The interesting feature about this system is that it is ― although highly complex in the physical processes and the temporal output dynamics ― very simple and inexpensive from a technical point of view. No expensive modulators and no control electronics are necessary. Finally, the numerical models constitute a powerful tool for the investigation of emission dynamics of complex laser systems on arbitrary timescales and can also display the spectral evolution of the laser output. In particular it could be demonstrated that differences in the results of the complementary models vanish for systems of lesser complexity. / Ziel der Arbeit ist die Entwicklung einer Laserstrahlquelle, die zur Untersuchung von Laser-Material-Wechselwirkungen eingesetzt werden soll. Im Mittelpunkt des Interesses steht hierbei der Einfluss der zeitlichen Pulsstruktur des Lasers auf Materialabtragsprozesse. Daraus ergibt sich die Anforderung einer möglichst hohen Flexibilität in der Pulsstruktur des Lasers sowie einer möglichst guten Strahlqualität. Eine gute Strahlqualität zeichnet sich durch eine homogene räumliche Intensitätsverteilung aus und ist Voraussetzung für eine gezielte Energiedeponierung auf dem Material. Diese Anforderungen wurden mit einem SBS-Laser erfüllt. Dabei handelt es sich um einen Laser, der einen SBS-Spiegel verwendet, dessen Reflektivität auf der Streuung des Lichts an Schallwellen beruht, die von dem einfallenden Licht selbst erzeugt werden. Als Resultat hat dieser Spiegel eine Reflektivität, die abhängig von der Energie des eingestrahlten Lichts ist. In einem Laser verwendet führt diese energieabhängige Reflektivität zu einer sogenannten Güteschaltung, die sich in der Ausbildung von kurzen Lichtpulsen mit Dauern von etwa 100 Nanosekunden äußert. Die Abstände zwischen den Pulsen, die Pulsdauern und die Pulsenergien können sehr leicht durch die Randbedingungen, wie etwa die Reflektivität der konventionellen Spiegel des Lasers, gesteuert werden. Durch eine zusätzliche, aktiv herbeigeführte Verlustmodulation im Laserresonator wird eine Aufspaltung der Nanosekundenpulse in eine Reihe von Pulsen mit Dauern von nur noch einigen 100 Pikosekunden erreicht. Diese Technik ist unter dem Begriff Modenkopplung bekannt. Es liegt jetzt also eine doppelte Pulsstruktur vor: Nanosekundenpulse, die sich jeweils aus vielen Pikosekundenpulsen zusammensetzen. Durch diese doppelte zeitliche Bündelung der Ausgangsleistung werden während der Pulse Spitzenleistungen von bis zu 5 MW erreicht. Die Pulsenergien der ps-Pulse erreichen bis zu 2 mJ. Diese Werte liegen um den Faktor 10 über denen vergleichbarer Systeme. Meines Wissens ist dies die erste Umsetzung eines selbsttätigen SBS-Lasers mit zusätzlicher Modenkopplung. Um die verschiedenen Einflüsse auf diese Emissionsdynamik besser verstehen und kontrollieren zu können, wurden zwei Modelle mit komplementären Ansätzen entwickelt, auf deren Basis diese Dynamik durch numerische Simulationen wiedergegeben werden kann. Insbesondere können auf diese Weise auch die Einflüsse von einzelnen Materialparametern isoliert betrachtet werden, was im Experiment im allgemeinen nicht möglich ist. Der SBS-Laser wurde bereits erfolgreich in Laser-Materialbearbeitungsexperimenten eingesetzt. So konnte beispielsweise gezeigt werden, dass sich die Bearbeitungsdauer beim Wendelbohren durch die Verwendung von Pulszügen, also einer Reihe kurz aufeinander folgender Pulse, gegenüber dem Einsatz von Pulsen mit gleichmäßigen Abständen erheblich verbessern lässt.

The purpose of this project is to examine how educationalists work with children’s language development in a Reggie Emilia- and in one Montessori preschool. I am going to compare these two educational philosophies and search for differences and similarities in how they approach language development. The background of the study is the key role that language development plays when preparing children for later studies in comprehensive school. Information has been gathered both through present specialist literature as well as through interviews with educationalists from the different educational philosophies.  I have also made direct observations of some of the different activities performed by the educationalists. It was harder than I thought to get answers for the questions at issue because language developement in preschool is an extensive field of study and there is much to examine. The analysis and result has been carried out and presented according to language expert Veli Tuomelas principles in language. The study shows that there are some differences but that the preschools mainly operate in similar ways.

Surface plasmon-polaritons are optical surface waves formed through the interaction of photons with free electrons at the surface of metals. They offer interesting applications in a broad range of scientific fields such as physics, chemistry, biology, and material science. However, many of such applications face limitations imposed by the high propagation losses of these waves at visible and near-infrared wavelengths, which result mainly from power dissipation in the metal. In principle, the propagation losses of surface plasmon-polaritons can be compensated through optical amplification. The objective of this thesis is to provide deeper insights on the physics of surface plasmon-polariton amplification and spontaneous emission in surface plasmon-polariton amplifiers through theoretical and experimental vehicles applied (but not necessarily restricted) to a particular plasmonic mode termed long-range surface plasmon-polariton. On the theoretical side, the objective is approached by developing a realistic theoretical model to describe the small-signal amplification of surface plasmon-polaritons in planar structures incorporating dipolar gain media such as organic dye molecules, rare-earth ions, and quantum dots. This model takes into account the inhomogeneous gain distribution formed near the metal surface due to a non-uniform excitation of dipoles and due to a position-dependent excited-state dipole lifetime that results from near-field interactions between the excited dipoles and the metal. Also, a theoretical model to describe the amplified spontaneous emission of surface plasmon-polaritons supported by planar metallic structures is developed. This model takes into account the different energy decay channels into which an exited dipole located in the vicinity of the metal can relax. The validity of this model is confirmed through experimentation. On the experimental side, the objective is approached by providing a direct experimental demonstration of complete loss compensation in a plasmonic waveguide. The experiments are conducted using the long-range surface plasmon-polariton supported by a symmetric thin gold waveguide incorporating optically pumped organic dye molecules in solution as the gain medium. Also, an experimental study of spontaneous emission in a long-range surface plasmon-polariton amplifier is presented. It is shown that this amplifier benefits from a low spontaneous emission into the amplified mode, which leads to an optical amplifier with low noise characteristics. The experimental setup and techniques are explained in detail.

Surface plasmon-polaritons are optical surface waves formed through the interaction of photons with free electrons at the surface of metals. They offer interesting applications in a broad range of scientific fields such as physics, chemistry, biology, and material science. However, many of such applications face limitations imposed by the high propagation losses of these waves at visible and near-infrared wavelengths, which result mainly from power dissipation in the metal. In principle, the propagation losses of surface plasmon-polaritons can be compensated through optical amplification. The objective of this thesis is to provide deeper insights on the physics of surface plasmon-polariton amplification and spontaneous emission in surface plasmon-polariton amplifiers through theoretical and experimental vehicles applied (but not necessarily restricted) to a particular plasmonic mode termed long-range surface plasmon-polariton. On the theoretical side, the objective is approached by developing a realistic theoretical model to describe the small-signal amplification of surface plasmon-polaritons in planar structures incorporating dipolar gain media such as organic dye molecules, rare-earth ions, and quantum dots. This model takes into account the inhomogeneous gain distribution formed near the metal surface due to a non-uniform excitation of dipoles and due to a position-dependent excited-state dipole lifetime that results from near-field interactions between the excited dipoles and the metal. Also, a theoretical model to describe the amplified spontaneous emission of surface plasmon-polaritons supported by planar metallic structures is developed. This model takes into account the different energy decay channels into which an exited dipole located in the vicinity of the metal can relax. The validity of this model is confirmed through experimentation. On the experimental side, the objective is approached by providing a direct experimental demonstration of complete loss compensation in a plasmonic waveguide. The experiments are conducted using the long-range surface plasmon-polariton supported by a symmetric thin gold waveguide incorporating optically pumped organic dye molecules in solution as the gain medium. Also, an experimental study of spontaneous emission in a long-range surface plasmon-polariton amplifier is presented. It is shown that this amplifier benefits from a low spontaneous emission into the amplified mode, which leads to an optical amplifier with low noise characteristics. The experimental setup and techniques are explained in detail.

Techniques to control dispersion in a medium have attracted much attention due to potential applications to devices such as ring laser gyroscopes, interferometric gravitational wave detectors, data buffers, phased array radars and quantum information processors. Of particular interest is an optical resonator containing a medium with an anomalous dispersion corresponding to fast-light, which behaves as a White Light Cavity (WLC). A WLC can be tailored to improve the sensitivity of sensing devices as well as to realize an optical data buffering system that overcomes the delay-bandwidth product of a conventional cavity. This dissertation describes techniques to tailor the dispersion for fast-light in intracavity media. We present first a demonstration of fast-light in a photorefractive crystal. When placed inside a cavity, such a medium could be used to enhance the bandwidth of a gravitational wave detector. We then describe how a superluminal laser can be realized by adding anomalously dispersive medium inside a ring laser. We identify theoretical conditions under which the sensitivity of the resonance frequency to a change in the cavity length is enhanced by as much as seven orders of magnitude. This paves the way for realizing a fast-light enhanced ring laser gyroscope, for example. This is followed by the development of a novel data buffering system which employs two WLC systems in series. In this system, a data pulse can be delayed an arbitrary amount of time, without significant distortion. The delay time is independent of the data bandwidth, and is limited only by the attenuation experienced by the data pulse as it bounces between two high-reflectivity mirrors. Such a device would represent a significant breakthrough in overcoming the delay-time bandwidth product limitation inherent in conventional data buffers. We then describe our experimental effort to create a fiber-based WLC by using stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS). Experimental results, in agreement with our theoretical model presented here, show that the WLC effect is small under the conditions supported by current fiber optic technology. We conclude that future efforts to induce a large WLC effect would require fibers with high Brillouin coefficient and low transmission loss, as well as optical elements with very low insertion loss and high power damage thresholds.

The aim of this current work is to analyze the behavior of OSL (Optically Stimulated Luminescence) signals of irradiated spices with respect to time, temperature, origin and the type. Throughout the experiments, 3 different type spices from four different origins were stored at 4&deg / C and 25&deg / C for six months after irradiation. During experiments, unirradiated red pepper, thyme and cumin samples were analyzed by using OSL technique in order to determine the background OSL signal values of samples. Samples were irradiated 10 kGy by Cobalt 60 gamma source in TAEK (Turkey Atomic Energy Association). After irradiation process, OSL signal values of different samples were analyzed according to the given parameters. In order to determine the effect of temperature on OSL signal loss, temperature (4&deg / C- 25&deg / C) was set as storage temperature. The analyses were made monthly. According to the statistical analyses (ANOVA- General Linear Model), origin and type of samples were detected as significant parameters of design experiment. Time and temperature effect on OSL signal loss changed with respect to origin and type of samples. After six months storage period, OSL signal was lost for most of the origin and sample type. At the end of sixth month, an ESR analysis was performed to detect the accuracy of the OSL technique. With respect to the results of these experiments, it was seen that, due to optical fading, most of the samples was observed as unirradiated by OSL technique, however ESR analyze the samples as irradiated at the end of sixth month. Irradiation had a detrimental effect on the microbiological load of the samples and resulted 6 log reduction on the microbial population. After irradiation, no colony formation was observed in total bacteria and yeast- mold count. During six month period, no injury recovery was observed.

In this thesis, in order to study the structural, optical and electrical transport properties of Tl2In2S3Se, TlInSeS and Tl2In2SSe3 crystals, X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopic analysis (EDSA), transmission, reflection, photoluminescence (PL), thermally stimulated current (TSC) and photoconductivity decay (PC) measurements were carried out. Lattice parameters and atomic composition of these crystals were determined from XRD and EDSA experiments, respectively. By the help of transmission and reflection experiments, the room temperature absorption data were analyzed and it was revealed the coexistence of indirect and direct band gap energies of the studied crystals. Moreover, the refractive index dispersion parameters - oscillator energies, dispersion energies, oscillator strengths, oscillator wavelengths and zero-frequency refractive indexes were determined. Temperature-dependent transmission measurements made it possible to find the rate of change of indirect band gaps with temperature, absolute zero values of the band gap energies and Debye temperatures of these crystals. From the analysis of the transmission and reflection measurements, it was established that, there is a decrease in the values of indirect and direct band gaps energies and an increase in zero-frequency refractive indexes with increasing of selenium content. PL measurements were carried out to obtain the detailed information about recombination levels in crystals studied. The behavior of PL spectra were investigated as a function of laser excitation intensity and temperature. The variation of the spectra with laser excitation intensity and temperature suggested that the observed emission bands in these crystals were due to the donor-acceptor pair recombination. TSC measurements were carried out with various heating rates at different illumination temperatures to obtain information about trap levels in these crystals. The mean activation energies, attempt-to-escape frequencies, concentrations and capture cross sections of the traps were determined as a result of TSC spectra analysis. The analysis of experimental TSC curves registered at different light illumination temperatures revealed the exponential trap distribution in the studied crystals. From the analysis of PC measurements, carrier lifetimes were obtained.

Luminescence is the emission of light resulting from radiative transition of an atom from an excited state to a ground state. This radiative transition yields emission of photons and the luminescence is the general name which is used to classify &ldquo / cold emission&rdquo / other than the blackbody radiation. Spectroscopy involves the measurement of intensity of emitted, absorbed or scattered electromagnetic radiation as a function of wavelength. Thus, it is a valuable tool in the study of understanding the luminescence production mechanisms. Measurement of emission spectra gives information about the energy levels of transition and structure, geometry and composition of the sample. In this study, a versatile luminescence emission spectrometer was designed and developed with the main aim of measuring Photoluminescence (PL), Thermoluminescence (TL) and Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) emission spectra of materials relevant for dosimetry. The spectrometer was constructed around a Littrow type monochromator by developing the necessary hardware, firmware and software. Wavelength calibration, measurement of spectral response and determination of resolution of the spectrometer were done using calibration lamps and a calibrated spectroradiometer. Finally the performance of the constructed spectrometer was tested by measuring the emission spectra of materials such as BeO, Al2O3 and CaF2 wherever possible the measured spectra were compared with the ones reported in the literature.