Over the past two decades, conditional cash transfer (CCT) has become one of the most widespread approaches to social development in Latin America. Spurred in large part by the evident and immediate success of Mexico’s CCT initiative, a multitude of countries began to invest heavily in this strategy hoping to reduce poverty and inequality in the short and long run. This paper examines the relationship between CCT program breadth and poverty, inequality, and secondary school enrollment over a thirteen year span in order to determine whether or not programs with the largest coverage were the most efficient. This question is of grave importance being that as many as eighteen countries are betting on CCT as a means in sustainably breaking poverty cycles. This thesis finds that conditional cash transfer has been exceptionally successful in diminishing extreme poverty in Latin America. Furthermore, although result are inconclusive in terms of moderate poverty, secondary school enrollment, and inequality a trend analysis of fluctuations in poverty and inequality from 1997 to 2010 shows promising results as all development indicators appear to be in decline.

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Orientador: Maria Lygia Quartim de Moraes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T20:37:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariano_SilvanaAparecida_D.pdf: 4197805 bytes, checksum: 072dcd22636c1ec6d987a78451e18de6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O processo de globalização do capital e suas conseqüências para o Estado nacional atuam no sentido de produzir seres humanos descartáveis para a atual ordem econômica. Com a precarização das relações de trabalho e a perda de proteção social por esse mecanismo, a assistência social assiste diariamente ao crescimento do público que demanda benefícios assistenciais. Essas mudanças da ordem econômica, com efeitos políticos e sociais, redefine a chamada ¿questão social¿. Uma estratégia que passa a ser utilizada largamente em resposta a esse contexto é a revalorização da família, na esteira da inovação da assistência social brasileira por meio da criação de programas de transferência condicionada de renda. Um exemplo é o Programa Bolsa Família (PBF), focalizado, seletivo, com exigências de condicionalidades e transferido a famílias pobres e extremamente pobres, e não a indivíduos. O problema sob investigação neste estudo é compreender se a inclusão das mulheres na política de assistência social, notadamente via PBF, contribui para avanços da cidadania, historicamente negada para a população pobre. O objetivo é compreender a prática encerrada na execução das ações da assistência social, concebendo de modo relacional os comportamentos e condutas de assistentes sociais e usuárias e entendendo que essa relação é orientada por valores políticos quanto às noções de cidadania, direito, justiça e gênero. A constatação é que os traços que definem a política de assistência social e o PBF são fatores que impõem obstáculos para a efetivação da cidadania das mulheres pobres. Sem romper com um padrão androcêntrico de organização do Estado, a assistência social, via PBF, aposta no bom desempenho das funções femininas para a realização de seus objetivos estatais e, ao fazê-lo, cria efeitos que dificultam a consolidação da assistência enquanto direito social. Pelo caráter predominantemente qualitativo do trabalho, este é um estudo de caso que foi realizado em Londrina, estado do Paraná / Abstract: The capital globalization process and its consequences for the national State act towards producing disposable human beings for the current economical order. With the precariousness of work relations and the loss of social protection due to this mechanism, social services watch daily the increase in the number of people who demand assistance. These economical changes, with political and social effects, redefine the so-called ¿social issue¿. A strategy that has been widely used in response to this context is the family revaluation, following the steps of the innovation of the Brazilian social services by means of the development of conditioned income transference programs. An example of this is the Family Stipend Program (FSP) which is a conditional cash transfer program, providing financial aid to poor and extremely poor families, but not to individuals. The issue analyzed in this study is to understand if the inclusion of women in the social services policy, notably through the FSP, promotes citizenship, historically denied to the poor population. The main purpose of this research is to understand the practice included in the accomplishment of social services actions, idealizing in a relational way, the social workers and users¿ behaviors and conducts, understanding that this relation is guided by political values as to the notions of citizenship, rights, justice and gender. It is observed that the characteristics that define the social services and the FSP policy are factors that hinder the effectuation of the poor women¿s citizenship. Without disrupting with the State male-centered pattern of organization, social services, through the FSP, trusts in the good performance of the women¿s duties for the accomplishment of their state purposes and, by doing it, creates effects that hinder the assistance consolidation while a social right. As for the predominantly qualitative aspect of the work, this is a case study that was carried out in Londrina, State of Paraná / Doutorado / Doutor em Sociologia

The theme of this thesis is to analyze the impact of policy interventions such as financing human development (HD), tax reform and conditional cash transfer programmes, under the framework of growth and sustainable development. These policy instruments are evaluated through the application of both partial and general equilibrium models, and the last paper concentrates on developing regional social accounting matrices (SAMs) as a core database for spatial general equilibrium modelling. Essay 1: Trade-offs in Achieving Human Development Goals for Bangladesh investigates the benefits and costs associated with alternative investment financing options for achieving HD goals by applying the MAMS (Maquette for Millennium Development Goals Studies) model. We find that full achievement of these goals would have led to a GDP loss that would have been significantly larger in the domestic borrowing scenario than in the tax scenario. The tax-financing alternative is thus the better option for financing large development programs. In terms of public spending composition, we find that, under some circumstances, a trade-off arises between overall Millennium Development Goal (MDG) progress and poverty reduction. Essay 2: Welfare impact of broadening VAT by exempting Small-Scale food markets: The case of Bangladesh analyses the welfare impacts of different VAT reforms. A general and uniform VAT on all commodities is preferred as it is more efficient and less administratively costly. However, due to equity concerns, food is normally exempted from VAT. On the other hand, exemptions on food mean that an implicit subsidy is provided to high-income households. Hence, we analyze a broad-based VAT regime with a high threshold that excludes small-scale operators (where the low-income households buy their products most, including food) and the simulation result shows that welfare improves for the low-income households. Essay 3: Effect of Girls’ Secondary School Stipend on Completed Schooling and Age at Marriage: Evidence from Bangladesh estimates the effect of a conditional cash transfer programme on education and age at marriage. We apply both difference in differences (DiD) and regression discontinuity methods to evaluate the impact of the policy instrument. Our estimation results show that the girls in the treatment group who were exposed to the programme had a higher average number of completed years of schooling and also delayed their first marriage compared to the girls in the control group. We also show that the DiD approach might produce a biased result as it does not consider the convergence effect. Essay 4: Estimation of Multiregional Social Accounting Matrices using Transport Data proposes a methodology for estimating multiregional SAMs from a national SAM by applying the cross-entropy method. The methodology makes possible the construction of regional SAMs that are consistent with official regional accounts and minimize deviations from transport data.

This investigation focused on identifying model foundational strategies to assist Canton Public School District (CPSD) officials in recruiting new teachers, successfully hiring them, and then retaining them the district. Located within the boundaries of the city of Canton, Mississippi, CSPD is geographically located in the central portion of the state. The district consists of 1 high school, 2 middle schools, 4 elementary schools and Canton Education Services Center. CSPD is continually affected by an ever-increasing teacher shortage because new teachers tend to leave the district after they are hired. More than 50% of new teachers leave their teaching positions in the district’s schools within 5 years. The investigation utilized published literature and other archival data (e.g., scholarly papers presented at conferences) accessible to the public in the form of books, chapters in published books, journal articles, and scholarly papers presented at learned societies and associations. Two research questions guided the investigation. The first research question asked: What does the published literature and related archival data (e.g., available scholarly papers retrievable from sources such as colleges, universities, foundations, conferences, etc.) accessible to the public reveal about recruiting, hiring, and retaining teachers? Overall, the material collected and analyzed yielded abundant information. Much of the available information proved valuable because the material focused attention the “how-to-do-it” aspects of recruiting, hiring, and retaining quality new teachers. The second research question asked: Will information gleamed from an analysis of the published literature and other archival data (e.g., unpublished scholarly papers) lead to the development of foundational strategies for assisting school district officials in recruiting, hiring, and retaining new teachers for CPSD? It was possible to develop a model holding potential for improving teacher recruitment, hiring, and retention at CPSD. The model that was developed features seven foundational strategies that if implemented, hold potential for improving teacher recruitment, hiring, and retention at CPSD. The seven strategies are: (1) identify the vacancy and write the job description, (2) announce and advertise the teacher vacancy, (3) develop a customized application form, (4) paper screening process, (5) interviewing process, (6) salary and benefit package, and (7) induction and mentoring.