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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Modelagem e avaliação comparativa dos métodos Luus-Jaakola e R2W aplicados na estimativa de parâmetros cinéticos de adsorção / Modeling and comparative evaluation of Luus-Jaakola and R2W methods applied in estimating kinetic parameters of adsorption

Melicia Aline Cortat Ribeiro 18 June 2012 (has links)
Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / As técnicas inversas têm sido usadas na determinação de parâmetros importantes envolvidos na concepção e desempenho de muitos processos industriais. A aplicação de métodos estocásticos tem aumentado nos últimos anos, demonstrando seu potencial no estudo e análise dos diferentes sistemas em aplicações de engenharia. As rotinas estocásticas são capazes de otimizar a solução em uma ampla gama de variáveis do domínio, sendo possível a determinação dos parâmetros de interesse simultaneamente. Neste trabalho foram adotados os métodos estocásticos Luus-Jaakola (LJ) e Random Restricted Window (R2W) na obtenção dos ótimos dos parâmetros cinéticos de adsorção no sistema de cromatografia em batelada, tendo por objetivo verificar qual método forneceria o melhor ajuste entre os resultados obtidos nas simulações computacionais e os dados experimentais. Este modelo foi resolvido empregando o método de Runge- Kutta de 4 ordem para a solução de equações diferenciais ordinárias. / The inverse techniques have been used in the determination of parameters involved in design and performance of many industrial processes. The application of stochastic methods has increased in recent years, demonstrating their potential in study and analysis of different systems in engineering applications. Stochastic routines are able to optimize the solution in a wide range of variables, it is possible to determine the parameters of interest simultaneously. In this work two adopted the stochastic methods, Luus-Jaakola (LJ) and Restricted Random Window (R2W), to obtain the optimum parameters for adsorption kinetics in batch chromatography system, aiming to determine which method would provide the best fit between the results obtained in computer simulations and experimental data. This model was solved using the Runge-Kutta 4th order for ordinary differential equations solution.
22

Caractérisation et contrôle des fluctuations de pression en aval d'une marche montante : application au transport de fret ferroviaire / Characterization and control of pressure fluctuations downstream of a forward facing step flow : application to rail freight transport

Graziani, Anthony 22 March 2018 (has links)
Les travaux présentés dans le cadre de cette thèse de doctorat concernent la problématique d’arrachement de bâches de semi-remorques convoyés par le réseau d’autoroutes ferroviaires. En effet, les phénomènes turbulents générés autour d’un tel convoi provoquent d’importantes fluctuations de pression sur les parois bâchées, entrainant des mouvements de forte amplitude menant à la rupture sur de longues périodes de sollicitation. Ce phénomène pouvant provoquer plusieurs types d’incidents pour l’exploitant du réseau (embrasement par contact caténaire, retard des trains, perte de marchandise, etc...), il est nécessaire de comprendre les phénomènes physiques mis en jeu et de dégager une solution de contrôle de l’écoulement satisfaisant les contraintes de l’industrie ferroviaire. Pour ce faire, une étude expérimentale et numérique de l’écoulement autour d’une configuration bidimensionnelle de marche montante a été réalisée afin de caractériser l’influence des différentes zones décollées sur les fluctuations de pression pariétale induites en aval de la marche. A cet effet, une série de mesures de champs de vitesse et de pression pariétale ont été réalisées dans la soufflerie du Lamih. Les résultats observés expérimentalement ont pu être confrontés à ceux obtenus par une approche numérique dans des conditions équivalentes. L’analyse de l’écoulement s’est principalement focalisée sur deux points. Le premier concerne la dynamique des zones de recirculation en interaction avec la couche de cisaillement. Une approche stochastique a été déployée, et a permis de mettre en évidence les mécanismes prépondérants à l’origine du phénomène. Le second point porte sur les liens entretenus entre ces mécanismes et les fluctuations de pression pariétale. Une approche modale, basée sur une décomposition orthogonale aux valeurs propres étendue, a permis de révéler l’importante contribution des basses fréquences dans ce cas de figure. Enfin, une solution de contrôle passive (déflecteur) a été testée et a permis de montrer que la suppression de ces mécanismes basse fréquence permet d’obtenir un gain en termes de pression pariétale pouvant aller jusqu’à 36% selon les configurations. / The work presented in the framework of this doctoral thesis concerns the problem of the tarpaulins tearing off of semi-trailers conveyed by the motorways network. Indeed, the turbulent phenomena generated around such a convoy cause large pressure fluctuations on the walls, resulting in high amplitude movements leading to breakage over long periods of stress. This phenomenon can cause several types of incidents for the operator of the network (ignition by catenary contact, train delay, loss of goods,...), it is necessary to understand the physical phenomena involved and to define a flow control solution that take into account the rail industry constraints. To do this, an experimental and numerical study of the flow around a two-dimensional forward facing step configuration was carried out in order to characterize the influence of the different separated zones on the wall pressure fluctuations induced downstream of the step. For this purpose, a series of velocity field and wall pressure measurements were carried out in the Lamih wind tunnel. The experimental results could be compared with those obtained by a numerical approach under the same conditions. The flow analysis focused mainly on two points. The first concerns the dynamics of the recirculation zones interacting with the shear layer. A stochastic approach has been used, and has made it possible to highlight the dominant mechanisms at the origin of the phenomenon. The second point concerns the dynamical links between these mechanisms and the wall pressure fluctuations. A modal approach, based on an extended orthogonal decomposition, revealed the important contribution of the low frequencies in this case. Finally, a passive control solution (deflector) was tested and showed that the low frequency mechanisms suppression provide a wall pressure gain up to 36 % depending on configurations.
23

Solução de problemas inversos de transferência radiativa em meios heterogêneos unidimensionais e uma e duas camadas utilizando o algoritmo dos vagalumes / Solution for radiative transfer inverse problems in one-dimensional heterogeneous media in one and two layers using the firefly algorithm

Rubens Luiz Cirino 14 March 2014 (has links)
Esta tese apresenta um estudo sobre modelagem computacional onde são aplicadas meta-heurísticas de otimização na solução de problemas inversos de transferência radiativa em meios unidimensionais com albedo dependente da variável óptica, e meios unidimensionais de duas camadas onde o problema inverso é tratado como um problema de otimização. O trabalho aplica uma meta-heurística baseada em comportamentos da natureza conhecida como algoritmo dos vagalumes. Inicialmente, foram feitos estudos comparativos de desempenho com dois outros algoritmos estocásticos clássicos. Os resultados encontrados indicaram que a escolha do algoritmo dos vagalumes era apropriada. Em seguida, foram propostas outras estratégias que foram inseridas no algoritmo dos vagalumes canônico. Foi proposto um caso onde se testou e investigou todas as potenciais estratégias. As que apresentaram os melhores resultados foram, então, testadas em mais dois casos distintos. Todos os três casos testados foram em um ambiente de uma camada, com albedo de espalhamento dependente da posição espacial. As estratégias que apresentaram os resultados mais competitivos foram testadas em um meio de duas camadas. Para este novo cenário foram propostos cinco novos casos de testes. Os resultados obtidos, pelas novas variantes do algoritmo dos vagalumes, foram criticamente analisados. / This thesis presents a study on computational modeling where optimization metaheuristics are applied to the solution of inverse radiative transfer problems in heterogeneous media: in one-layer media with space-dependent single scattering albedo, and two-layer media, where the inverse problem is formulated as an optimization problem. It is applied a metaheuristic based on the natural behavior of fireflies, known as the firefly algorithm. Initially, comparative studies of performance were made with two other classic stochastic algorithms. The results indicated that the choice of the firefly algorithm was appropriate. Then, it was proposed other strategies that have been inserted into the original firefly algorithm. A first case was proposed where all the strategies were investigated and tested. The strategies with the best results were investigated in other two different cases. All the three proposed cases involved one-layer media with space-dependent scattering albedo. The strategies have been tested and evaluated, and those which presented the best competitive results were then implemented for radiative problems in two-layer media. For this new scenario five test cases were investigated, and the results obtained with the new strategies developed in this work were critically analyzed.
24

Decomposição aleatória de matrizes aplicada ao reconhecimento de faces / Stochastic decomposition of matrices applied to face recognition

Mauro de Amorim 22 March 2013 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Métodos estocásticos oferecem uma poderosa ferramenta para a execução da compressão de dados e decomposições de matrizes. O método estocástico para decomposição de matrizes estudado utiliza amostragem aleatória para identificar um subespaço que captura a imagem de uma matriz de forma aproximada, preservando uma parte de sua informação essencial. Estas aproximações compactam a informação possibilitando a resolução de problemas práticos de maneira eficiente. Nesta dissertação é calculada uma decomposição em valores singulares (SVD) utilizando técnicas estocásticas. Esta SVD aleatória é empregada na tarefa de reconhecimento de faces. O reconhecimento de faces funciona de forma a projetar imagens de faces sobre um espaço de características que melhor descreve a variação de imagens de faces conhecidas. Estas características significantes são conhecidas como autofaces, pois são os autovetores de uma matriz associada a um conjunto de faces. Essa projeção caracteriza aproximadamente a face de um indivíduo por uma soma ponderada das autofaces características. Assim, a tarefa de reconhecimento de uma nova face consiste em comparar os pesos de sua projeção com os pesos da projeção de indivíduos conhecidos. A análise de componentes principais (PCA) é um método muito utilizado para determinar as autofaces características, este fornece as autofaces que representam maior variabilidade de informação de um conjunto de faces. Nesta dissertação verificamos a qualidade das autofaces obtidas pela SVD aleatória (que são os vetores singulares à esquerda de uma matriz contendo as imagens) por comparação de similaridade com as autofaces obtidas pela PCA. Para tanto, foram utilizados dois bancos de imagens, com tamanhos diferentes, e aplicadas diversas amostragens aleatórias sobre a matriz contendo as imagens. / Stochastic methods offer a powerful tool for performing data compression and decomposition of matrices. These methods use random sampling to identify a subspace that captures the range of a matrix in an approximate way, preserving a part of its essential information. These approaches compress the information enabling the resolution of practical problems efficiently. This work computes a singular value decomposition (SVD) of a matrix using stochastic techniques. This random SVD is employed in the task of face recognition. The face recognition is based on the projection of images of faces on a feature space that best describes the variation of known image faces. These features are known as eigenfaces because they are the eigenvectors of a matrix constructed from a set of faces. This projection characterizes an individual face by a weighted sum of eigenfaces. The task of recognizing a new face is to compare the weights of its projection with the projection of the weights of known individuals. The principal components analysis (PCA) is a widely used method for determining the eigenfaces. This provides the greatest variability eigenfaces representing information from a set of faces. In this dissertation we discuss the quality of eigenfaces obtained by a random SVD (which are the left singular vectors of a matrix containing the images) by comparing the similarity with eigenfaces obtained by PCA. We use two databases of images, with different sizes and various random sampling applied on the matrix containing the images.
25

Decomposição aleatória de matrizes aplicada ao reconhecimento de faces / Stochastic decomposition of matrices applied to face recognition

Mauro de Amorim 22 March 2013 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Métodos estocásticos oferecem uma poderosa ferramenta para a execução da compressão de dados e decomposições de matrizes. O método estocástico para decomposição de matrizes estudado utiliza amostragem aleatória para identificar um subespaço que captura a imagem de uma matriz de forma aproximada, preservando uma parte de sua informação essencial. Estas aproximações compactam a informação possibilitando a resolução de problemas práticos de maneira eficiente. Nesta dissertação é calculada uma decomposição em valores singulares (SVD) utilizando técnicas estocásticas. Esta SVD aleatória é empregada na tarefa de reconhecimento de faces. O reconhecimento de faces funciona de forma a projetar imagens de faces sobre um espaço de características que melhor descreve a variação de imagens de faces conhecidas. Estas características significantes são conhecidas como autofaces, pois são os autovetores de uma matriz associada a um conjunto de faces. Essa projeção caracteriza aproximadamente a face de um indivíduo por uma soma ponderada das autofaces características. Assim, a tarefa de reconhecimento de uma nova face consiste em comparar os pesos de sua projeção com os pesos da projeção de indivíduos conhecidos. A análise de componentes principais (PCA) é um método muito utilizado para determinar as autofaces características, este fornece as autofaces que representam maior variabilidade de informação de um conjunto de faces. Nesta dissertação verificamos a qualidade das autofaces obtidas pela SVD aleatória (que são os vetores singulares à esquerda de uma matriz contendo as imagens) por comparação de similaridade com as autofaces obtidas pela PCA. Para tanto, foram utilizados dois bancos de imagens, com tamanhos diferentes, e aplicadas diversas amostragens aleatórias sobre a matriz contendo as imagens. / Stochastic methods offer a powerful tool for performing data compression and decomposition of matrices. These methods use random sampling to identify a subspace that captures the range of a matrix in an approximate way, preserving a part of its essential information. These approaches compress the information enabling the resolution of practical problems efficiently. This work computes a singular value decomposition (SVD) of a matrix using stochastic techniques. This random SVD is employed in the task of face recognition. The face recognition is based on the projection of images of faces on a feature space that best describes the variation of known image faces. These features are known as eigenfaces because they are the eigenvectors of a matrix constructed from a set of faces. This projection characterizes an individual face by a weighted sum of eigenfaces. The task of recognizing a new face is to compare the weights of its projection with the projection of the weights of known individuals. The principal components analysis (PCA) is a widely used method for determining the eigenfaces. This provides the greatest variability eigenfaces representing information from a set of faces. In this dissertation we discuss the quality of eigenfaces obtained by a random SVD (which are the left singular vectors of a matrix containing the images) by comparing the similarity with eigenfaces obtained by PCA. We use two databases of images, with different sizes and various random sampling applied on the matrix containing the images.
26

Solução de problemas inversos de transferência radiativa em meios heterogêneos unidimensionais e uma e duas camadas utilizando o algoritmo dos vagalumes / Solution for radiative transfer inverse problems in one-dimensional heterogeneous media in one and two layers using the firefly algorithm

Rubens Luiz Cirino 14 March 2014 (has links)
Esta tese apresenta um estudo sobre modelagem computacional onde são aplicadas meta-heurísticas de otimização na solução de problemas inversos de transferência radiativa em meios unidimensionais com albedo dependente da variável óptica, e meios unidimensionais de duas camadas onde o problema inverso é tratado como um problema de otimização. O trabalho aplica uma meta-heurística baseada em comportamentos da natureza conhecida como algoritmo dos vagalumes. Inicialmente, foram feitos estudos comparativos de desempenho com dois outros algoritmos estocásticos clássicos. Os resultados encontrados indicaram que a escolha do algoritmo dos vagalumes era apropriada. Em seguida, foram propostas outras estratégias que foram inseridas no algoritmo dos vagalumes canônico. Foi proposto um caso onde se testou e investigou todas as potenciais estratégias. As que apresentaram os melhores resultados foram, então, testadas em mais dois casos distintos. Todos os três casos testados foram em um ambiente de uma camada, com albedo de espalhamento dependente da posição espacial. As estratégias que apresentaram os resultados mais competitivos foram testadas em um meio de duas camadas. Para este novo cenário foram propostos cinco novos casos de testes. Os resultados obtidos, pelas novas variantes do algoritmo dos vagalumes, foram criticamente analisados. / This thesis presents a study on computational modeling where optimization metaheuristics are applied to the solution of inverse radiative transfer problems in heterogeneous media: in one-layer media with space-dependent single scattering albedo, and two-layer media, where the inverse problem is formulated as an optimization problem. It is applied a metaheuristic based on the natural behavior of fireflies, known as the firefly algorithm. Initially, comparative studies of performance were made with two other classic stochastic algorithms. The results indicated that the choice of the firefly algorithm was appropriate. Then, it was proposed other strategies that have been inserted into the original firefly algorithm. A first case was proposed where all the strategies were investigated and tested. The strategies with the best results were investigated in other two different cases. All the three proposed cases involved one-layer media with space-dependent scattering albedo. The strategies have been tested and evaluated, and those which presented the best competitive results were then implemented for radiative problems in two-layer media. For this new scenario five test cases were investigated, and the results obtained with the new strategies developed in this work were critically analyzed.
27

Stochastic modelling and simulation in cell biology

Szekely, Tamas January 2014 (has links)
Modelling and simulation are essential to modern research in cell biology. This thesis follows a journey starting from the construction of new stochastic methods for discrete biochemical systems to using them to simulate a population of interacting haematopoietic stem cell lineages. The first part of this thesis is on discrete stochastic methods. We develop two new methods, the stochastic extrapolation framework and the Stochastic Bulirsch-Stoer methods. These are based on the Richardson extrapolation technique, which is widely used in ordinary differential equation solvers. We believed that it would also be useful in the stochastic regime, and this turned out to be true. The stochastic extrapolation framework is a scheme that admits any stochastic method with a fixed stepsize and known global error expansion. It can improve the weak order of the moments of these methods by cancelling the leading terms in the global error. Using numerical simulations, we demonstrate that this is the case up to second order, and postulate that this also follows for higher order. Our simulations show that extrapolation can greatly improve the accuracy of a numerical method. The Stochastic Bulirsch-Stoer method is another highly accurate stochastic solver. Furthermore, using numerical simulations we find that it is able to better retain its high accuracy for larger timesteps than competing methods, meaning it remains accurate even when simulation time is speeded up. This is a useful property for simulating the complex systems that researchers are often interested in today. The second part of the thesis is concerned with modelling a haematopoietic stem cell system, which consists of many interacting niche lineages. We use a vectorised tau-leap method to examine the differences between a deterministic and a stochastic model of the system, and investigate how coupling niche lineages affects the dynamics of the system at the homeostatic state as well as after a perturbation. We find that larger coupling allows the system to find the optimal steady state blood cell levels. In addition, when the perturbation is applied randomly to the entire system, larger coupling also results in smaller post-perturbation cell fluctuations compared to non-coupled cells. In brief, this thesis contains four main sets of contributions: two new high-accuracy discrete stochastic methods that have been numerically tested, an improvement that can be used with any leaping method that introduces vectorisation as well as how to use a common stepsize adapting scheme, and an investigation of the effects of coupling lineages in a heterogeneous population of haematopoietic stem cell niche lineages.

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