Thesis (Ph. D.)--Michigan State University. Dept. of Fisheries and Wildlife, 2008. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on July 23, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 160-179). Also issued in print.

Thesis (M.A.)--Humboldt State University, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 58-61). Also available via Humboldt Digital Scholar.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1986. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [124]-137).

Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Bibliography: Includes bibliographical references (leaves 53-56).

Resumo: Os objetivos gerais deste estudo visaram verificar o parasitismo gastrintestinal em diferentes intensidades de pastejo no capim Tanzânia (Panicum maximum (Jacq.) cv. Tanzânia-1), em caprinos e avaliar o método Famacha em cabras ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen e Saanen, criadas em sistema de pastejo, sob condições subtropicais. Foram utilizadas 65 cabras, sendo 21 cabras da raça Saanen e 44 cabras de composição genética ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen, pesando entre 35 a 40 kg. No tratamento de baixa intensidade de pastejo (massa residual 3000 kg MS/ ha) foram, inicialmente, utilizados, 23 animais, sendo 11 Saanen e 12 ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen. No tratamento de alta intensidade de pastejo (massa residual 1500 kg MS/ ha) foram, inicialmente, utilizados, 42 animais, sendo 10 Saanen e 32 ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen. Não houve diferença (P > 0,05) no parasitismo animal entre as intensidades de pastejo. Os resultados obtidos para a sensibilidade e especificidade do Famacha para as cabras ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen foi de 51,6% e 48,3%, respectivamente (P < 0,01). Para as cabras Saanen a sensibilidade e especificidade do Famacha foram de 16,7% e 82,6%, respectivamente (P < 0,01). No exame de coprocultura foi verificado predominância de mais de 60% de Haemonchus sp., seguido de mais de 30% de Trichostrongylus sp. Nas condições deste estudo a intensidade de pastejo não afetou o parasitismo gastrintestinal em caprinos e o método Famacha mostrou-se eficaz para as cabras ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen e não eficaz para as cabras Saanen. / Abstract: The general objectives of this study had aimed at to verify the gastrointestinal parasitism in different intensities of grazing in Tanzânia grass (Panicum maximum (Jacq.) cv. Tanzânia-1), in goats and evaluating the Famacha method in goats ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen and Saanen, created in system of grazing, under subtropical conditions. Sixty five goats (21 Saanen and 44 ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen) were used in a randomized block design and divided into two different intensities of grazing (treatments). In the treatment of low intensities of grazing had been used 3000 kg matter dry/ ha, they were, initially, used, 23 animals, being 11 Saanen and 12 ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen. In the high intensities of capacity had been used 1500 kg matter dry/ ha, they were, initially, used, 42 animals, being 10 Saanen and 32 ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen. It did not have difference (P> 0,05) in the animal parasitism enters the intensities of grazing. The results gotten for sensitivity and specificity of the Famacha for the goats ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen was of 51,6% and 48,3%, respectively and low sensibility (16,7%) and strong specificity (82,6%) for Saanen goats. Identification of the larvae by coproculture indicated that Haemonchus sp. predominate in the animals from both in different intensities of pastejo followed by Trichostrongylus sp. In the conditions of this study the grazing intensity didn't affect the gastrointestinal parasitism in goats and the method Famacha was shown effective for the goats ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen and not effective for the goats Saanen. / Orientador: Izabelle Auxiliadora Molina de Almeida Teixeira / Coorientador: Kleber Tomás de Resende / Banca: Ana Claudia Ruggieri / Banca: Marcelo Beltrão Molento / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-04-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:40:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_hm_me_jabo.pdf: 429822 bytes, checksum: 9a01550afb4e4e1ba15e6325062ee454 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Os objetivos gerais deste estudo visaram verificar o parasitismo gastrintestinal em diferentes intensidades de pastejo no capim Tanzânia (Panicum maximum (Jacq.) cv. Tanzânia-1), em caprinos e avaliar o método Famacha em cabras ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen e Saanen, criadas em sistema de pastejo, sob condições subtropicais. Foram utilizadas 65 cabras, sendo 21 cabras da raça Saanen e 44 cabras de composição genética ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen, pesando entre 35 a 40 kg. No tratamento de baixa intensidade de pastejo (massa residual 3000 kg MS/ ha) foram, inicialmente, utilizados, 23 animais, sendo 11 Saanen e 12 ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen. No tratamento de alta intensidade de pastejo (massa residual 1500 kg MS/ ha) foram, inicialmente, utilizados, 42 animais, sendo 10 Saanen e 32 ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen. Não houve diferença (P > 0,05) no parasitismo animal entre as intensidades de pastejo. Os resultados obtidos para a sensibilidade e especificidade do Famacha para as cabras ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen foi de 51,6% e 48,3%, respectivamente (P < 0,01). Para as cabras Saanen a sensibilidade e especificidade do Famacha foram de 16,7% e 82,6%, respectivamente (P < 0,01). No exame de coprocultura foi verificado predominância de mais de 60% de Haemonchus sp., seguido de mais de 30% de Trichostrongylus sp. Nas condições deste estudo a intensidade de pastejo não afetou o parasitismo gastrintestinal em caprinos e o método Famacha mostrou-se eficaz para as cabras ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen e não eficaz para as cabras Saanen. / The general objectives of this study had aimed at to verify the gastrointestinal parasitism in different intensities of grazing in Tanzânia grass (Panicum maximum (Jacq.) cv. Tanzânia-1), in goats and evaluating the Famacha method in goats ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen and Saanen, created in system of grazing, under subtropical conditions. Sixty five goats (21 Saanen and 44 ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen) were used in a randomized block design and divided into two different intensities of grazing (treatments). In the treatment of low intensities of grazing had been used 3000 kg matter dry/ ha, they were, initially, used, 23 animals, being 11 Saanen and 12 ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen. In the high intensities of capacity had been used 1500 kg matter dry/ ha, they were, initially, used, 42 animals, being 10 Saanen and 32 ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen. It did not have difference (P> 0,05) in the animal parasitism enters the intensities of grazing. The results gotten for sensitivity and specificity of the Famacha for the goats ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen was of 51,6% and 48,3%, respectively and low sensibility (16,7%) and strong specificity (82,6%) for Saanen goats. Identification of the larvae by coproculture indicated that Haemonchus sp. predominate in the animals from both in different intensities of pastejo followed by Trichostrongylus sp. In the conditions of this study the grazing intensity didn't affect the gastrointestinal parasitism in goats and the method Famacha was shown effective for the goats ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen and not effective for the goats Saanen.

Abstract Long-term monitoring of the wild salmon (Salmo salar L.) stock of the Simojoki river and the stocked hatchery-reared salmon parr and smolts has provided a considerable amount of information on the development of the stock and factors affecting it. Data on the relationships between wild and reared salmon were collected by tagging and trapping both smolts and adult salmon having either a wild or reared background. The tag recapture rate of wild smolts was about twice as high as that of smolts stocked as two-year-olds and slightly greater than for smolts stocked as parr. When survival was measured in relation to the smolt size, the difference between the wild and reared smolts was even greater, and it seemed to be emphasized in years with a low survival rate. The difference observed between the wild and reared salmon in the smolt phase generally disappeared in the adult phase. When adult salmon returned to the river to spawn the difference in the timing of the ascent depended more on the age or sex of the salmon, and less on their origin. Similarly, the survival of adult salmon in the river before or after spawning and later after returning to the sea depended on the sex and age of the fish. The origin of fish affected their behaviour, the reared salmon wandering more than wild adults before settling down into spawning areas. When the yield of wild and reared smolts as returning adults was compared, the wild smolts gave the best results, although the survival from smolt to adult was low in all smolt groups, probably due to the high fishing pressure in the sea. The smolts stocked as parr and those stocked as two-year-old fish were similar in this respect. The former group gave better results if the yield was measured as the number of returning multi-sea-winter adults, while the latter group gave better results if one-sea-winter grilse were also included in the yield. The low yield of adult salmon from stocking and the generally low survival of smolt groups irrespective of their origin emphasises the importance of fishing regulations as a tool in the maintenance or enhancement of naturally reproducing salmon stocks. However, despite the low profitability of stocking, it probably safeguarded the existence of the wild Simojoki salmon stock during its critical phase in the early 1990s. At that time the fishing regulations were not strict enough to prevent the alarming decrease in the salmon stock, and the adult spawners produced by stocking of young salmon may have had a relatively higher value than their number suggests.

Price and inventory decisions are key levers of profit for firms. A manager needs to understand the impacts of pricing, ordering and stocking decisions not only on today's operations but also on future demand. In this dissertation we investigate these intertwining decisions by incorporating inter-temporal effects of pricing decisions through reference prices. We introduce three significant extensions to reference price models to provide more meaningful insight into pricing, inventory and ordering decisions. We first present a threshold reference model. The threshold model incorporates zones of insensitivity around expected price that moderate the reference impacts on demand. This provides a rigourous model that is flexible enough to handle different pricing strategies such as single everyday low pricing (EDLP), high-low pricing (HiLo) and other general price cycles. We develop two solution approaches and provide computational results. We next introduce a reference model with stochastic demand. There is considerable previous research supporting the consideration of variability in pricing and inventory decisions and this is especially true in the context of inter-temporal demand interactions based on pricing decisions. We find that the introduction of stochastic elements can actually increase or decrease the length of the price cycle for some consumers in a reference model depending on the parameters of the model. This extends the stochastic demand model and bridges to reference models for improved managerial insight. The final model presented is the dynamic lot sizing model. When prices and production decisions or order quantities are determined simultaneously the interactions need to be considered to optimize profits. The reference model incorporates the inter-temporal price effects to provide a clearer picture of the optimal decision. The inclusion of reference effects does change the optimal decision. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The early life history dynamics of stocked, fingerling striped bass (Morone saxatilis) were evaluated in Smith Mountain Lake, Virginia, from 1994-96 and incorporated into an individual-based model to assess various stocking strategies in terms of their largest percent increases in first-year growth, overwinter survival, and recruitment to age 1. Age-0 striped bass exhibited dissimilar patterns of dispersion and size-dependent spatial distribution as a result of differences in habitat availability between stocking sites and water temperature preferences. Although size increased over the growing season, a bimodal length distribution developed by fall during both 1994 and 1995; this distribution consisted of large-mode juveniles (> 180 mm TL) that weighed several times more than small-mode fish (<140 mm TL). Differential growth was attributed primarily to size-dependent differences in food habits and diet quality: small-mode striped bass maintained a mixed, low quality diet of invertebrates and small, age-0 cyprinids, while large-mode juveniles consumed only larger, energetically more profitable age-0 alewives. This disparity in food habits, largely due to the inability of small-mode striped bass to consume distributionally- and morphologically-invulnerable age-0 alewives, resulted in size-dependent differences in physiological well-being as large-mode juveniles had amassed greater absolute energy stores than small-mode fish by the end of the growing season. Spring sampling revealed that the bimodal length distribution had become unimodal and was comprised almost entirely of large-mode juveniles. Because the few surviving small-mode striped bass collected during spring were extremely emaciated, it appears that this size group exhausted their energy stores and, consequently, starved over the winter. Individual-based model simulation results indicated that stocking juvenile striped bass at a median total length of 52 mm on 08 June, while maintaining the current stocking density at 300,000 fingerlings, would result in the largest percent increases in first-year growth, survival, and number of age-1 recruits. This strategy was also less sensitive to perturbations in alewife population parameters and water temperature regime, and was more robust to these variations than the existing stocking scheme (300,000 fingerling striped bass with a median total length = 42 mm introduced on 15 June). / Ph. D.

Mob stocking is a variation of rotational stocking known for restricting a large number of animals to a small area before being moved to new grass after a few hours. This method allows a long (90-day) recovery period but was hypothesized to diminish the nutritional value of herbage relative to continuous and rotational stocking with lesser stocking density at similar stocking rates. This thesis summarizes two studies conducted in Blacksburg and Raphine, and in Steeles Tavern, VA, respectively, at a single beef cattle stocking rate of 12 animal unit months per hectare live body weight. The objectives were to: (1) compare the yield and nutritional value of herbage in pastures managed with three stocking methods, termed mob, rotational, and continuous stocking; (2) compare the abundance of seeded clover species among the stocking methods; and (3) estimate the nutritional value of herbage that is consumed by beef cattle during mob stocking using extrusa sampled from esophageally-cannulated animals. Analysis of standing herbage during two years produced several important findings. Although standing herbage mass was significantly greater in mob stocked pastures at Blacksburg and Raphine, aboveground net primary productivity in 2014 did not differ significantly among mob, rotational, and continuous stocking at any of the project locations. Herbage nutritive value did not differ significantly among stocking methods over two years at Blacksburg and Raphine; however, herbage from mob stocked pastures at Steeles Tavern contained significantly greater concentrations of crude protein in September and October relative to herbage from continuous- and rotationally-stocked pastures at those times. Differences in herbage mass likely contributed to significant differences in establishment of seeded clovers: red clover [Trifolium pratense L. Cinnamon Plus] establishment was similar among stocking methods but white clover [Trifolium repens L. Will] establishment was greater in continuously stocked pastures than mob and rotationally stocked pastures. Hand-clipped samples collected at Blacksburg in September 2014 significantly underestimated the crude protein content of the herbage selected by the steers, although the concentrations of fiber constituents in herbage did not differ significantly between clipped samples and esophageal samples. Although the nutritive value of the herbage on offer did not generally differ among stocking methods at this stocking rate, diet selected was at times less nutritious during mob stocking than continuous and rotational stocking methods. At this stocking rate, stocking method had less influence on pastures than seasonal variation in weather and plant maturity. / Master of Science