Since 1987, the interaction between the cross-strait turned into a varied pattern. The political interactions displayed an absent status in each of particular periods. However, on another side, the lower level of the economic, trade, social and cultural integration aspects between the strait has become more interdependent and animated. In reviewing theories of the cross-strait relationship, this paper will take the approach of the integration theories, and employ the viewpoint of Karl W. Deutsch of the Communications. The paper also attempts to examine the critical factors that have influenced the integration on the relations between China and the Taiwan in the integration system. And have a thorough understanding of the effect and development in the integration process. The conclusion is that the integration situation has been separated into two sides of pro-independence and pro-unification. The aspect of political integration is in the position to choose one side or the other while non-political aspects of economic, society, and culture have developed to closed relationship. In other words, this paper will explore how the two actors interact from lower politics to higher politics such as political integration and cooperation.

Pb-210 and Po-210, a parent-daughter pair, are particle-reactive radionuclides. Pb-210 tends to be associated with inorganic particles but Po-210 prefers organic particles. In the context of these characteristics the purpose of this study is to determine Po-210 and Pb-210 in the surface water plankton of the northern South China Sea (SCS) and the Luzon Strait (LS) areas in order to understand their temporal and spatial distributions and the extent of their radioactive disequilibrium. As the LS has provided a pathway for the exchange between the Kuroshio and the SCS waters, the study area has the characteristics of an open ocean and a marginal sea. The plankton Po-210 activities in the study area are about 10~400 dpm/g, but may reach 1200dpm/g in an El Nino year, the effect of which on Po-210 is not clear at present. The Po-210 in the plankton is mainly affected by the surface water Po-210 , biomass concentration, and the Po-210 in the surface water as well as plankton transported from other area(s). If the biomass concentration (as indicated by Chlorophyll-a) increases, the Po-210 in the plankton decreases, i.e. they are inversely correlated. Based on the planktonic Po-210 distribution, the Kuroshio water which has both high Po-210 and high Po-210-bearing plankton has evidently intruded into the northern SCS. The Pb-210 activities of in the plankton vary from 5 to 25dpm/g; the variation trend is similar to that of Po-210 but with much lower activity, resulting in a Po-210/Pb-210 ratio much greater than unity. Compared to the suspended particles, the plankton is highly enriched in Po-210 but it strongly repels Pb-210. Based on earlier studies and this one, the extent of Po-210 enrichment (as indicated by the Po-210/Pb-210 activity ratio) in various organisms increases sequentially from plankton to mussel, large swimmer and then to marine fish, i.e. the higher the level of organism in the food chain, the higher the ratio becomes. However, the Po-210 and Pb-210 activities per unit mass of these organisms are generally lower than those of plankton. Organisms of higher food-chain level may accumulate Po-210 in the digestive system, but part of it may be excreted. Po-210 accumulation does not occur in other parts of these organisms. In terms of adsorption, the plankton with greater surface area to volume ratio, can adsorb more Po-210 resulting in a higher specific activity, whereas large organisms with smaller surface area to volume ratio can adsorb less Po-210 yielding a lower specific activity. The enrichment of Po-210 in various organisms must have been achieved by absorption and adsorption with unknown proportion. Based on a simple box model calculation for the northern SCS water within the upper 100m layer, the excess Po-210 in the planktonic biomass can account for about 70% of the total deficit in this layer. But in the LS area, the excess and the deficit are balanced. This suggests that the Po-210 deficit in this surface water is due to absorption and adsorption by organisms as evidenced by their large Po-210 enrichment.

Abstract In this study, we have analyzed systematically the oxygen isotopic compositions of South China Sea (SCS) and Luzon Strait (LS) seawater so that a comprehensive interpretation of their temporary and spatial variability can be delineated. The oxygen isotopic compositions of the samples collected in the two areas were determined using the Epstein-Mayeda technique, and the overall precision of the d18OSMOW measurements is +0.1 ?. Our data suggest that LS seawater is a mixture of SCS and Kuroshio waters. The precipitation (1.5 mm) on SCS in April 1998 (during ORI517 cruise) is much less than that (169.5 mm) in April 1999 (during ORI546 cruise). As LS and SCS waters are concerned, the profiles of d18OSMOW generally share the same trend as those of salinity. The d18OSMOW values of the SCS surface water decrease toward the south, while those of the LS surface water decrease toward the west. These suggest that the effect of the Kuroshio water decreases are it moves from northeast toward southwest after its intrusion through LS. The salinity of Kuroshio water reaches the maximum at 34.92 with the corresponding d18OSMOW value of 0.42 ?, whereas the salinity of the representative SCS surface water is 33.34 and the corresponding d18OSMOW is -0.25 ?. As these two data were selected as end members, the estimated proportion of the intruding Kuroshio water in the composition of LS water could be high up to 80 % at 121.5o E. The plot of d18OSMOW versus salinity for cruises OR517 and 546 shows a difference between the slopes of the two regression lines, indicating the effect of variability in precipitation and the depth of the mixed layer. The average d18OSMOW value for surface water decreases toward the west as the water moves from Western Philippine Sea (WPS) to LS and SCS. The average d18OSMOW values for the surface, subsurface, intermediate, and deep waters are listed in the corresponding order in parentheses preceded by the studied area as follows: WPS (0.29 ?, 0.25 ?, -0.06 ?, -0.10 ?); LS (0.15 ?, 0.17 ?, -0.02 ?, -0.08 ?); SCS (-0.03 ?, 0.18 ?, -0.05 ?, -0.08 ?).

The studies of tidal current and sea level variation in the Taiwan Strait are popular topics in recent years. The sea level data, to be applied to data analysis or model forcing and validation, are mostly observed in the near shore region. It is relative not easier to obtain real tidal data in the offshore area. This study intended to obtain sea level data within Taiwan Strait, using in-situ water depth measurements collected by EK500 of research vessels OR1, OR2 and OR3 during 1989-2003. The basic assumption of this work is that the changes of sea level and topographical depth equal to observed water depth. By using a large set of field measurements, it is possible to get bottom topography such that tidal data can be extracted by harmonic analysis of long-term discrete time series of water depth data. A total of 1513 cruises of water depth data were collected, which account for nearly 6 million samples. These data were screened through a series of criteria for quality control. Firstly, data were plotted cruise by cruise ( longitude vs latitude , longitude vs depth , time vs depth), then reasonable range of time, depth and region were choosed manually. Second, outliers, defined as values greater than 3 standard deviations on 5 point moving mean along the cruise track (or time), were replaced by linear interpolation values. Finally, a 2-minute moving average was applied to the along track time series water depth data. This step was trying to remove the effect of surface waves. The original huge records were reduced to about 550,000 valuable samples for the 1513 cruises data. According to the density distribution of water depth samples in Taiwan Strait, 32 sub-region were selected for topography and harmonic analyses. In each sub-region, the bottom topography was mapped by an optimal interpolation method through a Gaussian weighting function. The radius of Gaussian weighting function applied is 3 time of the distance of grid. Water depth samples subtracted topographical depth of nearby grid to form a set of sea level data ready for harmonic analysis. The phase and amplitude of semi-diurnal tides (M2) and diurnal tides (K1¡BO1) in each sub-region were computed for the 32 regions in Taiwan Strait. The water depth measurements derived sea level variations were compatible with that of a global tidal model (OSU) and a set of moored long-term pressure records in the middle of the strait. Especially, the tidal phase among these results were quite close. However, the tidal amplitudes of water depth data derived were smaller. Sensitivity analysis showed that the errors, differences between OSU model and depth derived sea levels, were small with regions of high density of water depth measurements. Both harmonic derived sea level variations and OSU model predictions indicated a southward propagating tidal wave, which matched with the scenario of Kevin wave propagation in Taiwan Strait. Our analysis also showed that the sea level variations in the northern part of the strait were dominated by M2 and K1 components while the southern part of the strait were dominated by M2 and O1 components.

Nonprofit Organization¡]NPO¡^is a important part for civic society. This paper tries to review the relation between NPO and social development, and try to find some way to develop and help the economic of Kaohsiung. It will be a start point for social and NPO¡¦s development. ¡§An integrated public affairs management framework¡¨ is adopted to describe and analyze the social condition in society. To doing this, we try to present a broad overview of developmental issue in Kaohsiung. And we uses IIT¡]Information Integration Theory¡^and IM¡]Interactive Management¡^to help us to understand what people think about NPO and what can NPO do about the economic of Kaohsiung. The conclusion is that, (1) the result of IIT and IM is not significant between pre-test and post-test; it means it is not change the cognition of participants. (2) The social condition of Kaohsiung is declining gradually, including behavioral and cognitive aspect. (3) Economy is the core driver in that society and political evolve and better thrive when the material or economic aspect is strong or well address.The key point is the relation between cross-strait for the development of Kaohsiung. So NPO need to promote the cooperative between cross-strait and to find solution for both China and Taiwan.

Kaohsiung has positioned itself vis-à-vis Mainland China which is situated in East Asia and has embraced two rapidly increasing global commercial centers: one of the massive cities group of Greater Hong Kong, including Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Zhuhai and Macau and the other, Greater Shanghai, including Shanghai, Wuxi, Suzhou, Nanjing, and Ningbo. It is estimated that by 2020 the development of the coastal areas of Southeast Mainland China and the Yangtze River Delta will bring a second wave of rapid economic growth. Utilizing such a massive market power and regardless an economic integration via a CEPA formation, a West coastal economic area model or a shared market model across the Taiwan Strait, Kaohsiung should deem it important to seize the opportunity and function as a pioneer for direct cross-strait transportation with its advantageous position in the above-mentioned area. It should join the ensuing market and, through the massive market power of a harbor city, strengthen its advantages to attract more students from Mainland China to study in Kaohsiung. It is hoped that those who come to study in Kaohsiung will recognize Kaohsiung¡¦s advantageous position and learn democracy at campus and how to tolerate multi-culturalism. Moreover, it is hoped that through interpersonal interactions they will see Kaohsiung as their dwelling place for their work and life and subsequently utilize the city as a nexus point to reach the rest of the world. Employing the research method of Interactive Management (IM), the present study conducted two interactive symposiums on researching how to enhance the human resources in Kaohsiung in the aftermath of the direct cross-strait transportation. The participants to the interactive symposiums have come up with 12 strategies as the prerequisite preparations for the ultimate purpose of the symposiums ¡V to enhance the economic development of Kaohsiung and to attract high-quality human power to move to and dwell in Kaohsiung in order to contribute to the development of Kaohsiung. Concerning the issue of recruiting the students of Mainland China to receive the higher education in Kaohsiung, the result of the study indicates that the symposium participants demonstrate a higher degree of consensus on 1) how the universities and colleges in Kaohsiung should enhance their competitiveness and 2) a mutual recognition of the academic certificates as the most important pre-condition of the communication of the higher education across the strait. Moreover, in the second interactive symposium, in spite of the escalation of opinion diversion, it also shows that the symposium participants gradually adjusted their individual opinions to respecting and understanding others¡¦ opinions. Subsequently, a consensus was reached through brainstorming, independent thinking, rational debating and publicly opinion-expressing.

In 2008,the KMT became the ruling party of R.O.C. again, and many new cross-strait policies had been addressed . The cross-strait direct transportation was established since December 15th, 2008. Of all visitors to Taiwan, there are 35 thousand tourists from mainland in December, 2008. The numbers of tourists from mainland in 2008 is three times more than those in 2007 . Although financial crisis is world-wide, the direct transportation is benefit to tourism industry of Taiwan. Around the world, the mainland tourists have the No. 1 expenditure in Hong Kong. After Hong Kong signed the CEPA with P.R.C. , tourists to Hong Kong increases from 150 million in 2003 to 252 million in 2006. The growth rate is 63% . Developing tourism can improve Taiwan economy and the direct transportation is good to most industries. This study discusses the history of direct cross-strait transportation and new policies of airline limitation and the number of persons in a tourist group. We also review articles to explain the market of tourism in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Asia and the world. The study send 250 questionnaires to people living in Beijing , Nanking , Shanghai , Guangzhou , and Xaimen . The main purpose of this questionnaire is to understand mainland tourist¡¦s favors about resorts ,foods ,landscapes , consumptions in Taiwan. The interview with experts is based on the result of questionnaires. According to results, we also make a SWOT analysis of Kaohsiung tourism. The conclusion is that the key points of developing tourism in Kaohsiung city are those operators in tourism-related industries . The development of tourism in Kaohsiung city is feasible.

The dynamics of marginal seas is complex in terms of carbon dioxide absorption and release. This thesis analyzes data collected in the southern Taiwan Strait and in the South China Sea. In order to deduct the influence of temperature on the fCO2, fCO2 is normalized to the average water temperature (fCO2 mean). In the spring of 2008, in the Taiwan Strait, when salinity was smaller than approximately 33.8, measured fCO2 mean and salinity had a negative correlation; but when the salinity was higher than approximately 33.8, the correlation was positive. When salinity was smaller than apprx. 33.8, fCO2 cal. mean correlated slightly negatively to chlorophyll. This indicates that the low fCO2 cal. was not only caused by the increase of the CO2 solubility at lower temperatures, but also by the biotic photosynthesis. On the contrary, when the salinity was higher than apprx. 33.8, fCO2 cal. mean and the chlorophyll held positive correlation. It indicates that the influence of photosynthesis was reduced. In this case, the primary factor of fCO2 cal. change was due to the mixing of the high normalized dissolved inorganic carbon (NDIC=35¡ÑDIC/S) China Coastal Current with low NDIC seawater. With a raise of seawater temperature, then a decrease of the CO2 solubility, seawater became a source of carbon dioxide. In the summer of 2008, the northern South China Sea was influenced by Pearl River plume, resulting in lower fCO2 and salinity. The fCO2 of the China coast was influenced not only by the Pearl River plume, but also by the Jiulong River plume and upwelling. The Taiwan Strait water mass mainly contains the South China Sea water, a Kuroshio branch and the China Coast Current. During an El Niño year, the monsoon weakens, so that the volume of Kuroshio entering the South China Sea increases. However, for La Niña years, the monsoon strengthens, therefore the volume of the Kuroshio entering the South China Sea decreases. As a result, the Taiwan Strait water changes interannually due to different mixture of seawater of the Kuroshio and the South China Sea. The southern Taiwan Strait could be divided into the Penghu Channel and the western strait. During an El Niño summer, the Penghu Channel is occupied by waters with high temperature, salinity and pH, but low NDIC and nutrients. This is because more Kuroshio waters enter the South China Sea, then move northward to the southern Taiwan Strait. The hydrology in the Penghu Channel in normal years shows different result from season to season. In the summer, the Penghu Channel contains low temperature, salinity and pH water. In winter, waters with high salinity and pH, but low AOU, NDIC and nutrients prevail. This indicates that less Kuroshio waters enter the South China Sea in summer than in winter. The hydrology of the Penghu Channel changes decidedly from season to season in a normal year but spring, summer and fall have no clear change in the El Niño period, because more Kuroshio waters enter the South China Sea in summer. The wind effect during the El Niño period becomes weakened, have the hydrology during summer monsoon is similar to the hydrology in spring and summer. The waters of the Penghu Channel reach the highest pH, but the lowest AOU, NDIC and nutrients in winter. Older waters from upwelling move to the north in the western Strait during spring and fall in a normal year. However, during the El Niño period, possibly due to the weaker monsoon, such upwelling signal is reduced. Waters of the western strait in winter have higher temperature, salinity and pH, but lower NDIC during the El Niño period compared to a normal year. This indicates that the El Niño influences not only the Penghu Channel but also the entire southern Taiwan Strait in winter.

Inaug.-diss.--Greifswald. / Lebenslauf. "Literaturyerzeichnis": p. ix-xii.

The effects of habitat features on the distribution of ringed seals (Phoca hispada) in the fast ice of Barrow Strait were examined between March and June 1984 to 1986. Breathing hole density in thirty-two, 2-4 km$ sp2$ study plots provided an index of seal abundance. Densities of seal holes were determined using a combination of trained dogs to locate the subnivean breathing holes and removal sampling. / Birth lairs were not seen before 4 April, but the incidence of these structures increased as the season progressed. Structures maintained by male seals were evident in late March, but were not found after mid-May. In 1984, densities of seal holes were correlated with ice thickness. In 1985, no relationship was detected between seal hole density and habitat. In 1986, the highest densities of subnivean structures including birth lairs, were associated with deep snow conditions located in areas of late consolidating ice. No relationship was identified between the density of male structures and any habitat variables. / The mean reproductive rate for females $>$7 years old was 0.64. Between March and June for adult males lost 204 g per day with 72% of this weight being lost from blubber. Pregnant females lost 467 g per day with 68% of the loss occurring from the blubber. In adult seals no differences in body condition were detected between sexes or between years, but juveniles collected in 1986 were in significantly better condition than juveniles collected in 1984 and 1985.